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33-858: Zitadelle ("Citadel") may refer to: Spandau Citadel (German: Zitadelle Spandau), a fortress in Berlin Zitadelle (Berlin U-Bahn) , a railway station serving the Spandau Citadel Zitadelle Mainz , a fortress in Mainz Operation Zitadelle , the German offensive operation for the Battle of Kursk Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

66-583: A civil life with a problem-free marriage, which did not change even when he became King of Prussia in 1797. His wife Louise was particularly loved by the people of Prussia , which boosted the popularity of the whole House of Hohenzollern , including the King himself. Frederick William succeeded to the throne on 16 November 1797. He also became, in personal union , the sovereign prince of the Principality of Neuchâtel (1797–1806 and again 1813–1840). At once,

99-410: A draw bridge used to hinder attackers from entering the citadel. The Gothic hall building palace was used as residential building. Gravestones dating back to 1244 bear witness to Jewish life as an important trade town, and the function of the citadel as a refuge. Julius tower is Spandau's most famous sight. Originally built as a keep or watchtower, it was also used as a residence tower. Its castellated top

132-781: A neutrality policy in the Napoleonic Wars . Although they succeeded in keeping out of the Third Coalition in 1805, eventually, Frederick William was swayed by the queen's attitude, who led Prussia's pro-war party and entered into the war in October 1806. On 14 October 1806, at the Battles of Jena-Auerstädt , the French effectively decimated the Prussian Army 's effectiveness and functionality; led by Frederick William,

165-476: Is famous for its open-air concerts during the Citadel Music Festival. Scenes from the 1985 action film Gotcha! were filmed at and around Spandau Citadel. 52°32′29″N 13°12′44″E  /  52.54139°N 13.21222°E  / 52.54139; 13.21222 Friedrich Wilhelm III Frederick William III ( German : Friedrich Wilhelm III. ; 3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840)

198-467: The Congress of Vienna , Frederick William's ministers succeeded in securing significant territorial increases for Prussia. However, they failed to obtain the annexation of all of Saxony , as they had wished. Following the war, Frederick William turned towards political reaction, abandoning the promises he had made in 1813 to provide Prussia with a constitution. Frederick William was determined to unify

231-534: The Congress of Vienna , which assembled to settle the political questions arising from the new, post-Napoleonic order in Europe. His primary interests were internal – the reform of Prussia's Protestant churches. He was determined to unify the Protestant churches to homogenize their liturgy, organization, and architecture. The long-term goal was to have fully centralized royal control of all the Protestant churches in

264-479: The Convention of Tauroggen , Frederick William turned against France and signed an alliance with Russia at Kalisz . However, he had to flee Berlin, still under French occupation. Prussian troops played a crucial part in the victories of the allies in 1813 and 1814, and the king himself traveled with the main army of Karl Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg , along with Alexander of Russia and Francis of Austria . At

297-515: The Prussian Union of Churches . The king was said to be extremely shy and indecisive. His wife Queen Louise (1776–1810) was his most important political advisor. She led a mighty group that included Baron Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein , Prince Karl August von Hardenberg , Gerhard von Scharnhorst , and Count August Neidhardt von Gneisenau . They set about reforming Prussia's administration, churches, finance, and military. He

330-652: The United States . The king's unsuccessful counterattack worsened tensions at the highest levels of government. The crown's aggressive efforts to restructure religion were unprecedented in Prussian history. In a series of proclamations over several years, the Church of the Prussian Union was formed, bringing together the majority group of Lutherans and the minority group of Reformed Protestants. The main effect

363-609: The " Old Lutherans " in Silesia refused to abandon their liturgical traditions. The crown responded by attempting to silence protest. The stubborn Lutheran minority was coerced by military force, their churches' confiscation, and their pastors' imprisonment or exile. By 1834 outward union was secured based on common worship but separate symbols—the opponents of the measure being forbidden to form communities of their own. Many left Prussia, settling in South Australia , Canada , and

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396-547: The Bear built a frontier fortress at this site, and by the middle of the 15th century, the site was the Margrave of Brandenburg seat of government. By 1560, Joachim II Hector, Elector of Brandenburg engaged Christoph Römer to build an Italian style fortress, incorporating the older castle, Palas, and Julius Tower. In 1562, Römer was replaced by Francesco Chiaramella de Gandino. In 1578 Rochus Graf zu Lynar took over. In 1580,

429-938: The Lieutenant-General Perkhorovitch's 47th Army just after 15:00 on 1 May 1945, saving many lives and leaving the Renaissance bastion fort intact. After the Second World War, the Spandau Citadel was first occupied by Soviet troops. After the division of Berlin by the Allied powers, Spandau and its Citadel were part of the British sector. Despite its history as a prison, the Citadel was not used to hold National Socialist war criminals. Rather, they were housed at Spandau prison in

462-537: The Protestant churches to homogenize their liturgy, organization, and architecture. The long-term goal was to have fully centralized royal control of all the Protestant churches in the Prussian Union of Churches . The merging of the Lutheran and Calvinist (Reformed) confessions to form the United Church of Prussia was highly controversial. Angry responses included a large and well-organized opposition. Especially

495-514: The Prussian army collapsed entirely soon after. Napoleon occupied Berlin in late October. The royal family fled to Memel , East Prussia , where they fell on the mercy of Emperor Alexander I of Russia . Alexander, too, suffered defeat at the hands of the French, and at Tilsit on the Niemen France made peace with Russia and Prussia. Napoleon dealt with Prussia very harshly, despite

528-576: The dramatist Johann Jakob Engel . As a soldier, he received the usual training of a Prussian prince, obtained his lieutenancy in 1784, became a lieutenant colonel in 1786, a colonel in 1790, and took part in the campaigns against France of 1792–1794. On 24 December 1793, Frederick William married Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz , who bore him ten children. In the Kronprinzenpalais (Crown Prince's Palace) in Berlin, Frederick William lived

561-463: The effectiveness of his reign since he was forced to assume the roles he did not delegate. This is the main factor of his inconsistent rule. Disgusted with his father's court (in both political intrigues and sexual affairs), Frederick William's first and most successful early endeavor was to restore his dynasty's moral legitimacy. The eagerness to restore dignity to his family went so far that it nearly caused sculptor Johann Gottfried Schadow to cancel

594-593: The encouragement of Queen Louise (who died, greatly mourned, in 1810). After bereavement, Frederick William fell under the influence of a 'substitute family' of courtiers, among whom included Friedrich Ancillon , a Huguenot preacher that provided the king with strong ideological support against political reforms that might restrain monarchical power, Sophie Marie von Voß , an older woman with conservative views and Prince Wilhelm zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein . In 1813, following Napoleon's defeat in Russia and pressured by

627-466: The expensive and lavish Prinzessinnengruppe project, which was commissioned by the previous monarch Frederick William II. He was quoted as saying the following, which demonstrated his sense of duty and peculiar manner of speech: Every civil servant has a dual obligation: to the sovereign and the country. It can occur that the two are not compatible; then, the duty to the country is higher. At first, Frederick William and his advisors attempted to pursue

660-504: The first troops were assigned to Spandau Citadel, although its construction was not complete until 1594. Swedish troops were the first to besiege the citadel in 1675. In 1806 the citadel's garrison surrendered to the French army under Napoleon without firing a shot during the Fall of Berlin . It was retaken by Prussian and Russian forces in 1813, but the ramparts were heavily damaged during the battle and required extensive restoration. The citadel

693-526: The new king showed that he was earnest of his good intentions by cutting down the royal establishment's expenses, dismissing his father's ministers, and reforming the most oppressive abuses of the late reign. He had the Hohenzollern determination to retain personal power but not the Hohenzollern genius for using it. Too distrustful to delegate responsibility to his ministers, he greatly reduced

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726-802: The pregnant queen's interview with the French emperor, which was believed to soften the defeat. Instead, Napoleon took much less mercy on the Prussians than what was expected. Prussia lost many of its Polish territories and all territory west of the Elbe and had to finance a large indemnity and pay French troops to occupy key strong points within the kingdom. Although the ineffectual king himself seemed resigned to Prussia's fate, various reforming ministers, such as Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein , Prince Karl August von Hardenberg , Gerhard Johann David von Scharnhorst , and Count August von Gneisenau , set about reforming Prussia's administration and military, with

759-504: The same Berlin borough. The Citadel now houses a museum, the Zitadelle ; among the exhibitions is a collection of sculptures that have been removed from public display in Berlin over previous centuries, including statues of Friedrich Wilhelm III and Queen Luise , Nazi art , and the head of a 19-metre statue of Lenin . The citadel is composed of different buildings all related to defence or representative housing. The gate house with

792-468: The title Zitadelle . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zitadelle&oldid=393865079 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Spandau Citadel In 1157, Albert

825-602: Was King of Prussia from 16 November 1797 until his death in 1840. He was concurrently Elector of Brandenburg in the Holy Roman Empire until 6 August 1806, when the empire was dissolved. Frederick William III ruled Prussia during the times of the Napoleonic Wars . The king reluctantly joined the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon in the German campaign of 1813 . Following Napoleon's defeat, he took part in

858-401: Was a tutor and guardian of his brother, Prince Henry . They thus grew up partly with the count's son, who accompanied them on their Grand Tour in the 1780s. Frederick William was happy at Paretz, and for this reason, in 1795, he bought it from his boyhood friend and turned it into an important royal country retreat. He was a melancholy boy, but he grew up pious and honest. His tutors included

891-460: Was also used as a prison for Prussian state prisoners, including German nationalist Friedrich Ludwig Jahn . In 1935, the Army's Gas Protection Laboratory was installed. The site employed about 300 scientist and technicians working on chemical weapons (including synthesis, animal and human testing, munitions development, and development of manufacturing processes). Much of the work developing nerve gas

924-671: Was designed by Karl Friedrich Schinkel in 1838 and is an example of Romantic architecture. After the Franco-Prussian War 1870/71, part of the war reparations paid by France, 120 million marks in gold coin, was stored at Julius tower until its restitution to France in 1919. The word Juliusturm has since been used in Germany for governmental budget surpluses. From 1950 to 1986, the citadel housed vocational school Otto Bartning. Subsequently, more and more buildings were redesigned for museums and exhibition. Today, Spandau Citadel

957-488: Was done here. Close to the end of the Second World War, during the battle in Berlin , the citadel became a part of the city's defences. Although several hundred years old, the Citadel's tracé à l'italienne design made the structure difficult to storm. So instead of bombarding and storming the Citadel, the Soviets invested it and set about negotiating a surrender. After negotiations, the citadel's commander surrendered to

990-408: Was neglected by his father during his childhood and suffered from an inferiority complex his entire life. As a child, Frederick William's father (under the influence of his mistress, Wilhelmine Enke, Countess of Lichtenau ) had him handed over to tutors, as was quite normal for the period. He spent part of the time living at Paretz , the estate of the old soldier, Count Hans von Blumenthal , who

1023-463: Was that the government of Prussia had full control over church affairs, with the king himself recognized as the leading bishop. In 1824 Frederick William III married for the second time, to Countess Auguste von Harrach zu Rohrau und Thannhausen . At the time of their marriage, the House of Harrach was still not recognized as equal to other European royal families for dynastic purposes. The marriage

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1056-533: Was the dedicatee of Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony in 1824. Frederick William was born in Potsdam on 3 August 1770 as the son of Frederick William II of Prussia and Frederica Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt . He was considered to be a shy and reserved boy, which became noticeable in his particularly reticent conversations, distinguished by the lack of personal pronouns. This manner of speech subsequently came to be considered entirely appropriate for military officers. He

1089-602: Was therefore morganatic and she was created Princess of Liegnitz . They had no children. In 1838 the king distributed large parts of his farmland at Erdmannsdorf Estate to 422 Protestant refugees from the Austrian Zillertal , who built Tyrolean style farmhouses in the Silesian village. Frederick William III died on 7 June 1840 in Berlin, from a fever, survived by his second wife. His eldest son, Frederick William IV , succeeded him. Frederick William III

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