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91-539: Zichem belonged to Maria van Loon-Heinsberg, who was a descendant of the Counts of Loon. After her marriage in 1440 to Jan IV of Nassau , Zichem became part of the county of Nassau-Dillenburg . Before the outbreak of the Eighty Years' War , Zichem was a thriving town. During the siege of Zichem in 1578 by Alexander Farnese , almost the entire garrison was killed. In 1580, Zichem was hit by an earthquake which toppled

182-482: A Church, all those who adhere to them". Sacred things are not, however, limited to gods or spirits. On the contrary, a sacred thing can be "a rock, a tree, a spring, a pebble, a piece of wood, a house, in a word, anything can be sacred". Religious beliefs, myths, dogmas and legends are the representations that express the nature of these sacred things, and the virtues and powers which are attributed to them. Echoes of James' and Durkheim's definitions are to be found in

273-491: A concrete deity or not" to which the individual feels impelled to respond with solemnity and gravity. Sociologist Émile Durkheim , in his seminal book The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life , defined religion as a "unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things". By sacred things he meant things "set apart and forbidden—beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community called

364-493: A definition of religion. There are, however, two general definition systems: the sociological/functional and the phenomenological/philosophical. The concept of religion originated in the modern era in the West . Parallel concepts are not found in many current and past cultures; there is no equivalent term for religion in many languages. Scholars have found it difficult to develop a consistent definition, with some giving up on

455-676: A house on the Koudenberg  [ nl ] in Brussels (later called the Palace of Nassau  [ nl ] ), a house in Mechelen , the heerlijkheid of the Lek  [ nl ] , Monster and Polanen , Zundert and Nispen , and the heerlijkheid of Drimmelen . On 27 February 1458, John bought the heerlijkheden of Gageldonk  [ nl ] and Hambroeck . In

546-662: A number of servants to guard the public order. In times of war they formed the core of the army. Because of John's sometimes long absences, these Amtmänner had unlimited power. One of these was Philipp von Bicken, appointed by John. During John's long absence, however, von Bicken used the trust placed in him and his own power base in the Haiger Mark to repeatedly overstep his authority, to such an extent that he arrogated territorial lord rights to himself, in order to increase his family's still very considerable possessions. He fell into disfavour with John in 1466 and von Bicken fled

637-615: A part of his tasks and authority. In this ordinance the provisions on matrimonial law are prominently present. The Reichshofgericht in Rottweil was competent for appeals . For the Blutgerichtsbarkeit (high jurisdiction) the Hochgericht was competent. The Ebersbach district had its own Hochgericht auf dem Stein . During the executions there, the count occasionally wielded the sword himself in order to behead

728-443: A similar union between imperial law and universal or Buddha law, but these later became independent sources of power. Though traditions, sacred texts, and practices have existed throughout time, most cultures did not align with Western conceptions of religion since they did not separate everyday life from the sacred. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the terms Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Confucianism, and world religions first entered

819-655: A subject of interest to philosophers and theologians. The word myth has several meanings: Ancient polytheistic religions, such as those of Greece, Rome , and Scandinavia , are usually categorized under the heading of mythology . Religions of pre-industrial peoples, or cultures in development, are similarly called myths in the anthropology of religion . The term myth can be used pejoratively by both religious and non-religious people. By defining another person's religious stories and beliefs as mythology, one implies that they are less real or true than one's own religious stories and beliefs. Joseph Campbell remarked, "Mythology

910-600: A transcendent deity and all else, between the creator and his creation, between God and man. The anthropologist Clifford Geertz defined religion as a: ... system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic. Alluding perhaps to Tylor's "deeper motive", Geertz remarked that: ... we have very little idea of how, in empirical terms, this particular miracle

1001-641: A trial on his behalf, to interrogate them and to give judgment . The abbot could – if necessary – examine witnesses and – if necessary – threaten these witnesses with punishment in order to force them to testify , as well as to carry out the proceedings in all respects in the event that one of the parties did not appear. The abbot summoned John by letter of 17 August 1464 to appear before him 45 days later in Salmünster . John received this summons on 2 September 1464 in Vianden from

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1092-450: A wide variety of academic disciplines, including theology , philosophy of religion , comparative religion , and social scientific studies. Theories of religion offer various explanations for its origins and workings, including the ontological foundations of religious being and belief. The term religion comes from both Old French and Anglo-Norman (1200s CE ) and means respect for sense of right, moral obligation, sanctity, what

1183-563: A word or even a concept of religion in the original languages and neither did the people or the cultures in which these sacred texts were written. For example, there is no precise equivalent of religion in Hebrew, and Judaism does not distinguish clearly between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities. One of its central concepts is halakha , meaning the walk or path sometimes translated as law, which guides religious practice and belief and many aspects of daily life. Even though

1274-453: Is a range of social - cultural systems , including designated behaviors and practices, morals , beliefs , worldviews , texts , sanctified places , prophecies , ethics , or organizations , that generally relate humanity to supernatural , transcendental , and spiritual elements —although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion. Different religions may or may not contain various elements ranging from

1365-400: Is accomplished. We just know that it is done, annually, weekly, daily, for some people almost hourly; and we have an enormous ethnographic literature to demonstrate it. The theologian Antoine Vergote took the term supernatural simply to mean whatever transcends the powers of nature or human agency. He also emphasized the cultural reality of religion, which he defined as: ... the entirety of

1456-468: Is also the product of the dominant Western religious mode, what is called the Judeo-Christian climate or, more accurately, the theistic inheritance from Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The theistic form of belief in this tradition, even when downgraded culturally, is formative of the dichotomous Western view of religion. That is, the basic structure of theism is essentially a distinction between

1547-520: Is derived from religare : re (meaning "again") + ligare ("bind" or "connect"), which was made prominent by St. Augustine following the interpretation given by Lactantius in Divinae institutiones , IV, 28. The medieval usage alternates with order in designating bonded communities like those of monastic orders : "we hear of the 'religion' of the Golden Fleece , of a knight 'of

1638-559: Is found in texts from the 17th century due to events such as the splitting of Christendom during the Protestant Reformation and globalization in the Age of Exploration , which involved contact with numerous foreign cultures with non-European languages. Some argue that regardless of its definition, it is not appropriate to apply the term religion to non-Western cultures, while some followers of various faiths rebuke using

1729-526: Is possible to understand why scientific findings and philosophical criticisms (e.g., those made by Richard Dawkins ) do not necessarily disturb its adherents. The origin of religious belief is an open question, with possible explanations including awareness of individual death, a sense of community, and dreams. Traditionally, faith , in addition to reason , has been considered a source of religious beliefs. The interplay between faith and reason, and their use as perceived support for religious beliefs, have been

1820-471: Is sacred, reverence for the gods. It is ultimately derived from the Latin word religiō . According to Roman philosopher Cicero , religiō comes from relegere : re (meaning "again") + lego (meaning "read"), where lego is in the sense of "go over", "choose", or "consider carefully". Contrarily, some modern scholars such as Tom Harpur and Joseph Campbell have argued that religiō

1911-558: The Evangelische Stadtkirche  [ de ] in Dillenburg around 1495, where the epitaph made in 1479 with the inscription hie liegt des edeln und wolgeboren Johan graven czu Nassaw czu Dietz czu Vianden her czu Breda sin herz begraben dem Got genedig sie. Obiit anno domini MCCCCXXV of sant Blasius tag 1479 can still be seen. He was succeeded by his sons Engelbert II and John V in accordance with

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2002-509: The Mai und Herbst Bede  [ de ] , which were levied on land tenure . There was also the Leibbede , a personal tax , which was levied when the serf died and had to be paid by his relatives. This originally consisted of the best piece of livestock , but was later replaced by a sum of money. Finally, there was a hearth tax , which had to be paid during Lent . The irregular revenues of

2093-486: The Abrahamic religions Christianity, Islam, and Judaism , while others are arguably less so, in particular folk religions , indigenous religions , and some Eastern religions . A portion of the world's population are members of new religious movements . Scholars have indicated that global religiosity may be increasing due to religious countries having generally higher birth rates. The study of religion comprises

2184-634: The Chapter , as compensation for the losses caused by the Archbishop and the Archdiocese. This was evident to the Emperor from the copies of four charters signed by Thierry, which were presented to him, granting John the rights to these tolls and rights, which he still owned and had been using up until then, for the unhindered use of himself and his heirs . John was one of the princes ordered by

2275-638: The County of Vianden had already been assigned to Henry by the marriage contract on 18 May 1415. John, his brother Henry and their distant cousin Count John ;I of Nassau-Beilstein  [ nl ] were granted Greifenstein Castle as a fief and a part of the proceeds from the toll in Lahnstein by Roman King Frederick III in 1442. Together with his brother, John inherited

2366-568: The Duchy of Jülich , that he possessed 1 ⁄ 4 of that duchy. John was a loyal servant of the Dukes of Burgundy in the Netherlands, who was still called up for military service even when he was well into his fifties, but he was not one of the closest noble advisors. John can best be characterised as a wealthy nobleman who faithfully fought in the campaigns for which he was called up; he

2457-524: The Middle East , where his grandfather had suffered a grievous defeat at Nicopolis in 1396 that was still unreconciled, and the ever-increasing threat to Constantinople from the Ottoman Empire , John undertook a journey to the island of Rhodes on Philip's orders from May 1441 to February 1442, to see how the infidels could best be combated, but this led to nothing. In the lands of Philip

2548-405: The divine , sacredness , faith , and a supernatural being or beings. The origin of religious belief is an open question, with possible explanations including awareness of individual death, a sense of community, and dreams. Religions have sacred histories , narratives , and mythologies , preserved in oral traditions, sacred texts , symbols , and holy places , that may attempt to explain

2639-551: The hearings are mentioned to take place on 12 October in Siegen. And on 30 June 1474, the Emperor informed the mayors and the city council of Cologne that he would soon pay off part of his debt of 2,000  Rhenish guilders by having John pay them the sum of 600 guilders. John also seems to have been on the best of terms with the church. In any case, he received a so-called Butterbrief from Pope Sixtus IV (dated Rome 25 February 1472), which allowed

2730-535: The heerlijkheden of Herstal , Vught , Gangelt , Waldfeucht and the Land of Millen  [ de ] , so that he possessed 1 ⁄ 4 of the Duchy of Jülich . This led to a dispute with his distant relative Count John II of Nassau-Saarbrücken , who was married to Lady Jeanne of Looz-Heinsberg, the daughter and heiress of Lord John IV of Looz-Heinsberg . At John's request, Emperor Frederick III declared on 28 May 1470 that by granting

2821-561: The medieval period . In the Quran, the Arabic word din is often translated as religion in modern translations, but up to the mid-1600s translators expressed din as "law". The Sanskrit word dharma , sometimes translated as religion, also means law. Throughout classical South Asia , the study of law consisted of concepts such as penance through piety and ceremonial as well as practical traditions . Medieval Japan at first had

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2912-574: The origin of life , the universe , and other phenomena. Religious practices may include rituals , sermons , commemoration or veneration (of deities or saints ), sacrifices , festivals , feasts , trances , initiations , matrimonial and funerary services, meditation , prayer , music , art , dance , or public service . There are an estimated 10,000 distinct religions worldwide, though nearly all of them have regionally based, relatively small followings. Four religions— Christianity , Islam , Hinduism , and Buddhism —account for over 77% of

3003-527: The religion of Avys '". In classic antiquity, religiō broadly meant conscientiousness , sense of right , moral obligation , or duty to anything. In the ancient and medieval world, the etymological Latin root religiō was understood as an individual virtue of worship in mundane contexts; never as doctrine , practice, or actual source of knowledge . In general, religiō referred to broad social obligations towards anything including family, neighbors, rulers, and even towards God . Religiō

3094-492: The 1500s to distinguish the domain of the church and the domain of civil authorities ; the Peace of Augsburg marks such instance, which has been described by Christian Reus-Smit as "the first step on the road toward a European system of sovereign states ." Roman general Julius Caesar used religiō to mean "obligation of an oath" when discussing captured soldiers making an oath to their captors. Roman naturalist Pliny

3185-462: The Burgundian territory, but in 1456 a nephew of Philip, Louis of Bourbon , was forcibly appointed Prince-Bishop of Liège . In the same year Philip's illegitimate son David of Burgundy was appointed Bishop of Utrecht . On both occasions, John was commander of the army that had to force the newly appointed shepherds to their faithful. The citizens of Utrecht accepted the inevitable for

3276-415: The Counts of Nassau owned a house in the city of Cologne ( das achte Haus von der Goltgassenecken nach St. Cunibert hin ), which made the connection between the two areas easier for them. His widespread possessions forced John to travel constantly, in order to govern his possessions well. When John was in his county, he governed it from Siegen or Dillenburg . The increasing citizenry in the city of Siegen

3367-464: The Counts of Nassau-Siegen has always been the iron toll . A charter from John's reign concerning the tariffs lists the individual taxes in detail. John was born in Breda Castle on 1 August 1410 as the eldest son of Count Engelbert I of Nassau-Siegen and Lady Joanne of Polanen . In the period between his marriage and the death of his father, John lived in

3458-528: The Elder used the term religiō to describe the apparent respect given by elephants to the night sky . Cicero used religiō as being related to cultum deorum (worship of the gods). In Ancient Greece , the Greek term threskeia ( θρησκεία ) was loosely translated into Latin as religiō in late antiquity . Threskeia was sparsely used in classical Greece but became more frequently used in

3549-622: The Emperor on 12 June 1470 to wage war against Count palatine Frederick I . John had the confidence of the Emperor. This is shown by the fact that in 1472 the Emperor ordered John to question witnesses as his commissioner in the lawsuit in the Kammergericht between the citizens of Nauborn  [ de ] and the city of Wetzlar . In a summons to the Schöffen of Wetzlar – sent by Count Philip II of Nassau-Weilburg with John's letter of attorney  –

3640-464: The Emperor withdrew the order to Charles the Bold and instead transferred the matter to Archbishop John II of Trier. The dispute was only settled when on 25 August 1499 John's eldest son Engelbert II transferred his half of the castle and the land of Millen with the towns of Gangelt and Vught to Duke William of Jülich and Berg and received in exchange from the latter on 27 August 1499

3731-567: The English language. Native Americans were also thought of as not having religions and also had no word for religion in their languages either. No one self-identified as a Hindu or Buddhist or other similar terms before the 1800s. "Hindu" has historically been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people indigenous to the Indian subcontinent . Throughout its long history, Japan had no concept of religion since there

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3822-650: The Good there was still a lot of unrest, like in the County of Holland, where in the 1440s the struggle between the Hooks and Cods had flared up again. In 1445, Philip was obliged to personally put things in order and John was one of the commanders of the army . John is said to have advised to have the city councils consist of 50% Hooks and 50% Cods . This was not a bad idea, but later historians exaggerate when they say that this ended all unrest. More dangerous for Philip

3913-547: The West (or even in the West until after the Peace of Westphalia ). The MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions states: The very attempt to define religion, to find some distinctive or possibly unique essence or set of qualities that distinguish the religious from the remainder of human life, is primarily a Western concern. The attempt is a natural consequence of the Western speculative, intellectualistic, and scientific disposition. It

4004-422: The belief in spiritual beings exists in all known societies. In his book The Varieties of Religious Experience , the psychologist William James defined religion as "the feelings, acts, and experiences of individual men in their solitude, so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider the divine". By the term divine James meant "any object that is god like , whether it be

4095-430: The beliefs and traditions of Judaism are found in the ancient world, ancient Jews saw Jewish identity as being about an ethnic or national identity and did not entail a compulsory belief system or regulated rituals. In the 1st century CE, Josephus had used the Greek term ioudaismos (Judaism) as an ethnic term and was not linked to modern abstract concepts of religion or a set of beliefs. The very concept of "Judaism"

4186-405: The cases that did not ressorted to a specific court . It was not a very politically sensitive office, although he could be assisted by archers on foot and horseback and received an annual payment of 600  Philippusguilders . John held this office until his death. In 1447 or 1448 John was also appointed drost ( castellan ) of the Land van Heusden . Because of Philip the Good's interest in

4277-589: The castle's keep. On October 8, the Staatsen retook Zichem. In 1599, a large ignited city fire put a permanent end to the town, and the town was destroyed by the fire. The Demer River that flows through the city forms the border between the Kempen region in the north and the Hageland region in the south. The television series Wij, Heren van Zichem was based on several conjoined stories by Ernest Claes . Some of

4368-424: The city and the land of Diest and the castle and the land of Zichem and Zeelhem . John came into conflict with his sister Mary . She filed a complaint against her brother with Emperor Frederick III for forcibly removing her inheritance and goods. On 14 October 1463, the Emperor appointed Abbot Reinhard  [ de ] of Fulda as his attorney and instructed him to summon both parties to

4459-608: The communication of supernatural beliefs, defining religion as: ... the communicated acceptance by individuals of another individual’s “supernatural” claim, a claim whose accuracy is not verifiable by the senses. Friedrich Schleiermacher in the late 18th century defined religion as das schlechthinnige Abhängigkeitsgefühl , commonly translated as "the feeling of absolute dependence". His contemporary Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel disagreed thoroughly, defining religion as "the Divine Spirit becoming conscious of Himself through

4550-409: The count included first of all the so-called Schatzungen , taxes for special expenses and emergencies. Then there was the income from tolls, which were often leased to subjects. This also applied to fishing rights, which the count owned. Taxes were also levied in the cities, on houses , gardens , fields and meadows . A not inconsiderable source of income for the Counts of Nassau has always been

4641-469: The county and put himself under Hessian protection. It was not until 1486 that John's son John V was able to definitively subjugate the von Bicken Family  [ de ] . For the administration of justice , the county had a Schultheiß in most of the districts. The oldest preserved ordinance for the Schultheiß of the Dillenburg district is from 10 April 1465, which contains only

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4732-417: The criminals. But mostly he left that to the executioners . Also the other punishments and fines , which the count himself imposed in special cases, to give an example, were not insignificant for the monetary value of the time. When the count's family started staying in the county more often, a court was established. The financial administration was still relatively simple; there was no distinction between

4823-503: The division treaty of 1472. John married on 7 February 1440 to Lady Mary of Looz-Heinsberg (1424 – Siegen, 20 April 1502 ), the eldest daughter of Lord John II of Looz-Heinsberg and his second wife Countess Anne of Solms. From the marriage of John and Mary the following children were born: John had two illegitimate children: Religion Antiquity Medieval Early modern Modern Iran India East-Asia Religion

4914-597: The entire Duchy of Jülich to Duke Gerhard VII , the claims of Philippa of Looz-Heinsberg and her sister Mary, John's wife, were not to be affected. Apparently this had no effect, because in 1471 or 1472 the Emperor ordered Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy to settle on his behalf the dispute between Gerhard on the one hand and John and his wife Mary on the other. The dispute became more complicated when in 1472 Gerhard VII's son William married to Countess Elisabeth of Nassau-Saarbrücken, John II's eldest daughter, who had inherited her mother's possessions. In 1474,

5005-598: The field. John's father had realised in time that the future lay with the Dukes of Burgundy; John drew the consequences and served the dukes faithfully, also by helping them to unscrupulously subdue city autonomy. This naturally benefited the position of his dynasty , from which his son Engelbert II and grandson Henry III were to benefit. They rose so high in the favour of the dukes that they could actively influence politics. John succeeded his father in 1442 together with his brother Henry II . However,

5096-603: The filming for the series took place in the city. Two films were also made "De Witte" (1934) by Jan Vanderheyden with a.o. Jef Bruyninckx , and "De Witte van Sichem" by Robbe De Hert (1980). Ernest Claes (1885-1968), writer Peter Jan Beckx (1795-1887), superior of the Jesuits. John IV, Count of Nassau-Siegen Count John IV of Nassau-Siegen (1 August 1410 – 3 February 1475), German : Johann IV. Graf von Nassau-Siegen , official titles: Graf zu Nassau, Vianden und Diez, Herr zu Breda ,

5187-450: The finite spirit." Edward Burnett Tylor defined religion in 1871 as "the belief in spiritual beings". He argued that narrowing the definition to mean the belief in a supreme deity or judgment after death or idolatry and so on, would exclude many peoples from the category of religious, and thus "has the fault of identifying religion rather with particular developments than with the deeper motive which underlies them". He also argued that

5278-447: The hands of the servus et nuncius of the abbot. The abbot's judgment is unknown, as is what happened next. However, on 7 July 1465, the Emperor informed Mary that John had appealed against the judgment by Archbishop John II of Trier unfavourable to him, and summoned her to appear before him on the 45th day after receipt of this summons or on the first day of the following court and informed her that, even if she did not appear,

5369-577: The house De Herberghe in the Reigerstraat in Breda . John was interested in religion and science and owned a library in Breda Castle. This castle was his main residence in the Netherlands, from where he managed his domains located there. John was a loyal servant of the Dukes of Burgundy , who was still called up for military service even when he was well into his fifties, but he

5460-431: The inhabitants of his cities and castles to consume butter during Lent, and milk food – apart from cheese  – instead of oil, because they lived in a cold region, where no olive oil grew and hardly any fish was available. In the Netherlands, since the death of his father, John owned the heerlijkheid of Breda  [ nl ] , Geertruidenberg , Klundert (or Niervaart), Oosterhout and Dongen ,

5551-423: The iron toll. A charter of 1 April 1470 concerning the tariffs in Siegen, Netphen and Wilnsdorf lists the individual taxes for pig iron , steel , cast iron pans, metal sheets, scythes , cauldrons , etc. in detail. The expenses included the travels of the count and his family, celebrations at court, the remuneration of officials, court clothes , altar candles and communion wine , but especially

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5642-424: The linguistic expressions, emotions and, actions and signs that refer to a supernatural being or supernatural beings. Peter Mandaville and Paul James intended to get away from the modernist dualisms or dichotomous understandings of immanence/transcendence, spirituality/materialism, and sacredness/secularity. They define religion as: ... a relatively-bounded system of beliefs, symbols and practices that addresses

5733-593: The nature of existence, and in which communion with others and Otherness is lived as if it both takes in and spiritually transcends socially-grounded ontologies of time, space, embodiment and knowing. According to the MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions , there is an experiential aspect to religion which can be found in almost every culture: ... almost every known culture [has] a depth dimension in cultural experiences ... toward some sort of ultimacy and transcendence that will provide norms and power for

5824-519: The office of Marshal of Westphalia in gratitude from the archbishop, but exchanged it for pledged Rhine tolls in 1455. The Rhine tolls had always been an important concern for the Counts of Nassau, because the iron trade and the exchange of vital goods with the Netherlands took place over the Rhine . Approximately midway between their possessions in the Netherlands and their counties in Germany

5915-420: The politics of the Dukes of Burgundy than of his own preferences and interests. Philip the Good, who since 1430 had been Duke of Brabant and since 1433 Count of Holland , the countries in which John's father's possessions lay, appointed John already in 1435 or 1436 – so before the death of his father – as drost of Brabant. As drost, he was the highest judicial officer in the duchy who dealt with

6006-648: The possessions after John's death. The eldest son, Engelbert , would get the possessions in the Netherlands, while the youngest son, John , would get the possessions right of the River Rhine (Nassau-Siegen and Diez). John died in Dillenburg on 3 February 1475 and was buried under the epitaph in the Grote Kerk in Breda. His heart was interred in the church in Feldbach and transferred to

6097-428: The possibility of a definition. Others argue that regardless of its definition, it is not appropriate to apply it to non-Western cultures. An increasing number of scholars have expressed reservations about ever defining the essence of religion. They observe that the way the concept today is used is a particularly modern construct that would not have been understood through much of history and in many cultures outside

6188-608: The property of their uncle Count John II with the Helmet in May 1443. On 22 February 1447 John and his brother Henry divided their possessions, whereby John received the possessions in the Netherlands, 1 ⁄ 4 of the County of Vianden, as well as Herborn . The division treaty was signed in Cologne . After the death of his brother in 1451, who had only one daughter, John inherited his brother's possessions and

6279-473: The public and the private treasury of the count. All income flowed into the private treasury of the count. The count received the revenues from the farms in the villages in kind , which were supplied by the serfs working there. With the increase in coinage , which resulted in payments in kind being increasingly replaced by payments in money, the office of Rentmeister  [ de ] became more and more important. The count's fixed income included

6370-419: The rest of life. When more or less distinct patterns of behavior are built around this depth dimension in a culture, this structure constitutes religion in its historically recognizable form. Religion is the organization of life around the depth dimensions of experience—varied in form, completeness, and clarity in accordance with the environing culture. Anthropologists Lyle Steadman and Craig T. Palmer emphasized

6461-556: The same year he acquired Steenbergen by the division of the joint ownership of that heerlijkheid between Lord of Breda and the Lord of Strijen  [ nl ] . He freed the heerlijkheid of Breda from the feudal ties to the Margraviate of Antwerp and brought it directly under the Duchy of Brabant . He also increased the liberties of the city of Breda . Through his marriage to Lady Mary of Looz-Heinsberg , John obtained

6552-413: The term superstitio (which meant too much fear or anxiety or shame) to religiō at times. When religiō came into English around the 1200s as religion, it took the meaning of "life bound by monastic vows" or monastic orders. The compartmentalized concept of religion, where religious and worldly things were separated, was not used before the 1500s. The concept of religion was first used in

6643-583: The time being, but in Liège the unrest remained for many years, until in 1465 it came to an armed outburst. Again, John was part of the army that had to subdue the city liberties and in the Battle of Montenaken he was the commander of the victorious army division. He was also present at the capture of Dinant in August 1466. Even during the reign of Charles the Bold, John still was, despite his advanced age, often in

6734-585: The toll in Königsdorf and the associated tolls in Mülheim , Brück  [ de ] , Lövenich  [ de ] , Widdersdorf  [ de ] , Bocklemünd , Merheim  [ de ] and Blatzheim  [ de ] , as well as other rights from the Archdiocese of Cologne . The late Archbishop Thierry II had transferred these tolls and rights to John, with the approval of

6825-408: The trial would take place. What happened afterwards is also unclear. What is known is that the Emperor summoned John for the settlement of the inheritance dispute with his sister, because on 9 February 1467 Mary appointed attorneys for the trial. That is the last preserved record of the dispute. John signed an inheritance treaty with his sons on 4 May 1472, in which it was decided to divide

6916-521: The word to describe their own belief system. The concept of "ancient religion" stems from modern interpretations of a range of practices that conform to a modern concept of religion, influenced by early modern and 19th century Christian discourse. The concept of religion was formed in the 16th and 17th centuries, despite the fact that ancient sacred texts like the Bible , the Quran , and others did not have

7007-529: The workmen and materials for construction work at the various castles . John had Dillenburg Castle – which until then had been used primarily as a stronghold against the unruly local nobility – extended in the period 1453–1467 and rebuilt into a residential castle for the count's family. And in 1472 he started the expansion of Tringenstein Castle  [ de ] , which lasted until 1481. On 28 May 1470, Emperor Frederick III confirmed and granted John permission to purchase rights to

7098-502: The world's population, and 92% of the world either follows one of those four religions or identifies as nonreligious , meaning that the remaining 9,000+ faiths account for only 8% of the population combined. The religiously unaffiliated demographic includes those who do not identify with any particular religion, atheists , and agnostics , although many in the demographic still have various religious beliefs. Many world religions are also organized religions , most definitively including

7189-400: The writings of Josephus in the 1st century CE. It was used in mundane contexts and could mean multiple things from respectful fear to excessive or harmfully distracting practices of others, to cultic practices. It was often contrasted with the Greek word deisidaimonia , which meant too much fear. Religion is a modern concept. The concept was invented recently in the English language and

7280-439: The writings of, for example, Frederick Ferré who defined religion as "one's way of valuing most comprehensively and intensively". Similarly, for the theologian Paul Tillich , faith is "the state of being ultimately concerned", which "is itself religion. Religion is the substance, the ground, and the depth of man's spiritual life." When religion is seen in terms of sacred, divine, intensive valuing, or ultimate concern, then it

7371-461: Was a thorn in John's side, but he did not succeed in enforcing any special rights there. Siegen's city privileges were co-granted by John's ancestor Count Henry I of Nassau-Siegen in 1303. The County of Nassau-Siegen was divided into districts ( Ämter ). In each district ( Amt ) the count appointed an Amtmann . These were members of the local nobility and deputised for the count. They had

7462-538: Was complicated further due to the fact that another part of the County of Diez belonged to Ottilie's father-in-law Count Philip the Elder of Katzenelnbogen . John took part in the Soest Feud at the side of Archbishop Thierry II  [ de ] of Cologne , together with Count John I of Nassau-Beilstein, the latter's son Philip and brother Count Henry III of Nassau-Beilstein  [ nl ] . Philip died in that feud in 1446. John received

7553-410: Was granted the County of Diez as a fief by Archbishop James I  [ de ] of Trier on 4 November 1451. This put an end to the long-running dispute over that county between the archbishop and John's brother Henry. But this led to a conflict with his niece Ottilie of Nassau-Siegen , who also claimed her father part's of the County of Diez as her inheritance . The conflict

7644-555: Was invented by the Christian Church , and it was in the 19th century that Jews began to see their ancestral culture as a religion analogous to Christianity. The Greek word threskeia , which was used by Greek writers such as Herodotus and Josephus, is found in the New Testament . Threskeia is sometimes translated as "religion" in today's translations, but the term was understood as generic "worship" well into

7735-434: Was most often used by the ancient Romans not in the context of a relation towards gods, but as a range of general emotions which arose from heightened attention in any mundane context such as hesitation , caution, anxiety , or fear , as well as feelings of being bound, restricted, or inhibited. The term was also closely related to other terms like scrupulus (which meant "very precisely"), and some Roman authors related

7826-524: Was no corresponding Japanese word, nor anything close to its meaning, but when American warships appeared off the coast of Japan in 1853 and forced the Japanese government to sign treaties demanding, among other things, freedom of religion, the country had to contend with this idea. According to the philologist Max Müller in the 19th century, the root of the English word religion, the Latin religiō ,

7917-517: Was not known for spectacular deeds or revolutionary ideas. The campaigns he took part in are therefore more typical of the politics of the Dukes of Burgundy than of his own preferences and interests. For the administration of justice , the County of Nassau-Siegen had a Schultheiß in most of the districts. The oldest preserved ordinance for the Schultheiß of the Dillenburg district is from John's reign. A not inconsiderable source of income for

8008-524: Was not one of the closest noble advisors of Philip the Good and Charles the Bold . Like his father, John was never admitted to the Order of the Golden Fleece . John can best be characterised as a wealthy nobleman who faithfully fought in the campaigns for which he was called up; he was not known for spectacular deeds or revolutionary ideas. The campaigns he took part in are therefore more typical of

8099-424: Was originally used to mean only reverence for God or the gods, careful pondering of divine things, piety (which Cicero further derived to mean diligence). Müller characterized many other cultures around the world, including Egypt, Persia, and India, as having a similar power structure at this point in history. What is called ancient religion today, they would have only called law. Scholars have failed to agree on

8190-530: Was since 1442 Count of Nassau-Siegen (a part of the County of Nassau ), of Vianden and of half Diez , and Lord of Breda  [ nl ] and of the Lek  [ nl ] . He descended from the Ottonian Line of the House of Nassau . Since the death of his father, John owned many fiefs in the Netherlands , which he managed to expand. Through his marriage he obtained that many fiefs in

8281-469: Was the rebellion of the Flemish city of Ghent , which wanted to maintain its autonomy undiminished, and opposed the centralising policy of the Dukes of Burgundy. In 1452 John was part of the army that had to force the rebellious city to obedience. Also the aspirations for autonomy of the city of Liège clashed with the system of government of the Dukes of Burgundy. Formally, Liège was not even part of

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