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24-591: The name is also sometimes written Al Zubayr , Al Zubair , Az Zubair , Zubair , Zoubair , El Zubair , or Zobier . The city was named al-Zubair because one of the Sahaba (companions) of Muhammad , Zubayr ibn al-Awwam , was buried there. By 2008, the city of Zubair had a population of around 240,000 people and had grown to merge into the Basra metropolitan area with nearly 3 million inhabitants in total. As in Basra,

48-610: A Muslim . The Sunni scholar ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852 H) said, The most correct of what I have come across is that a Sahâbî (Companion) is one who met the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, whilst believing in him, and died as a Muslim. So, that includes the one who remained with him for a long or a short time, and those who narrated from him and those who did not, and those who saw him but did not sit with him and those who could not see him due to blindness. Anyone who died after rejecting Islam and becoming an apostate

72-488: A result, have different views about the ṣaḥābah. The second generation of Muslims after the ṣaḥāba, born after the death of Muhammad, who knew at least one ṣaḥāba, are called Tābi'ūn (also "the successors"). The third generation of Muslims after the Tābi'ūn , who knew at least one Tābi , are called tābi' al-tābi'īn . The three generations make up the salaf of Islam. The term sahaba means "companions" and derives from

96-581: Is a compendium of biographical information ( tabaqāt ) about famous Islamic personalities. This eight-volume work contains the lives of Muhammad , his Companions and his Helpers , including those who fought at the Battle of Badr as a special class, and of the following generation, the Followers , who received their traditions from the Companions. Ibn Sa'd's authorship of this work is attested in

120-520: Is more rainfall than in summer. The average annual temperature in Az Zubayr is 24.5 °C (76.1 °F). About 139 mm (5.47 in) of precipitation falls annually. [REDACTED] Media related to Az Zubayr at Wikimedia Commons Sahaba The Companions of the Prophet ( Arabic : اَلصَّحَابَةُ , romanized :  aṣ-ṣaḥāba , lit.   'the companions') were

144-742: Is not considered as a companion. Those who saw him but held off believing in him until after his death are not considered ṣahābah, only tābiʻūn (if they saw the companions). According to Sunni scholars, Muslims of the past should be considered companions if they had any contact with Muhammad, and they were not liars or opposed to him and his teachings. If they saw him, heard him, or were in his presence even briefly, they are companions. All companions are assumed to be just ( ʻudul ) unless they are proven otherwise; that is, Sunni scholars do not believe that companions would lie or fabricate hadith unless they are proven liars, untrustworthy or opposed to Islam. Some Quranic references are important to Sunni Muslim views of

168-499: The Banu Umayyah , selected Umar as the second caliph after the death of Abu Bakr and the other Anṣār and Muhajirun accepted him. Sunni Muslim scholars classified companions into many categories, based on a number of criteria. The hadith quoted above shows ranks of ṣaḥābah, tābi'īn, and tābi' at-tābi'īn. Al-Suyuti recognized eleven levels of companionship. The general involvement in military campaign with Muhammad by

192-750: The Kitáb-i-Íqán , the primary theological work of the Baháʼí religion. According to the History of the Prophets and Kings , after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Abu Bakr , Umar and Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah and the Anṣār of Medina held consultations and selected Abu Bakr as the first caliph. Then Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf and Uthman , companion and son-in-law of Muhammad and also essential chief of

216-536: The consultation of companions about the successor of Muhammad, Shi'i scholars, therefore, deprecate hadith believed to have been transmitted from alleged unjust companions and place much more reliance on hadith believed to have been related by Muhammad's family members, the Ahl al-Bayt , and by the companions who supported Ali . The Shia claim that Muhammad announced his successor during his lifetime at Da'wat Dhu al-Ashira, then many times during his prophethood and finally at

240-485: The event of Ghadir Khumm . Shias consider that any hadith where Muhammad is claimed to have absolved all ṣaḥābah from sin is a false report by those who opposed the Ahl al-Bayt. Once a male or female Muslim has seen Muhammad only for a short time, no matter whether he/she is a child or an adult, he/she is called a Sahaba with the proviso of dying with as a believer; the same rule applies to blind Muslims who have talked with

264-704: The Badriyyun who fought at the Battle of Badr . Two important groups among the companions are the Muhajirun "migrants", those who had faith in Muhammad when he began to preach in Mecca and who departed with him when he was persecuted there, and the Ansar , the people of Medina who welcomed Muhammad and his companions and stood as their protectors. Lists of prominent companions usually include 50 or 60 names of

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288-710: The Mu'tazilites preferring to restrict it. The Shia as well as some Sunni scholars like Javed Ahmad Ghamidi and Amin Ahsan Islahi follow a stricter definition, believing that not every Muslim who met Muhammad should be considered a companion. In their view, the Qurʻan requires companions to demonstrate a high level of faith; thus, only those individuals who had substantial contact with Muhammad should be considered, e.g., those that lived with him, took part in military campaigns, or proselytized. This stricter definition means that

312-617: The Prophet at least once. If a disbeliever sees Muhammad and then joins the Believers after the demise of Muhammad, he is not a Sahaba; nor is a person called a Sahaba if he converted to Islam afterward although he had seen Muhammad as a Muslim. A person who converts to Islam after being a Sahaba and then becomes a Believer again after the demise of Muhammad is a Sahaba. Ibn Sa%27d Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Sa‘d ibn Manī‘ al-Baṣrī al-Hāshimī or simply Ibn Sa'd ( Arabic : ابن سعد ) and nicknamed Scribe of Waqidi ( Katib al-Waqidi ),

336-465: The Qurʻan and the hadith of the Cloak . Shia Muslims believe that some of the companions are accountable for the loss of the caliphate by Ali 's family. As verses 30-33 from Al-Aḥzāb , Shias believe their argument that one must discriminate between the virtues of the companions by verses relating to Muhammad's wives. The Baháʼí Faith recognizes the companions of Muhammad. They are mentioned in

360-569: The Shia consider each ṣaḥābiyy differently, depending on what they accomplished. They do not accept that the testimony of nearly all ṣaḥābah are an authentic part of the chain of narrators for a hadith. The Shia further argue that the righteousness of ṣaḥābah can be assessed by their loyalty towards Muhammad's family after his death, and they accept hadith from the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt , believing them to be cleansed from sin through their interpretation of

384-493: The disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime, while being a Muslim and were physically in his presence. Later Islamic scholars accepted their testimony of the words and deeds of Muhammad, the occasions on which the Quran was revealed and other important matters in Islamic history and practice. The testimony of the companions, as it was passed down through trusted chains of narrators ( asānīd ),

408-483: The municipality of Zubair currently has a Shia majority and is barely distinguishable from Basra itself. But, contrary to Basra, Zubair is still home to a large Sunni minority. However, they have faced violence from Shia militants during the Iraqi Civil War , and many have fled to Gulf countries and Sunni areas of Iraq. Az Zubayr has a hot desert climate ( Köppen climate classification BWh ). In winter there

432-620: The people thought to be most closely associated with Muhammad. However, there were clearly many others who had some contact with Muhammad, and many of those names and biographies were recorded in religious reference texts such as ibn Sa'd 's early Book of the Major Classes . Al-Qurtubi 's Istīʻāb fī maʻrifat al-Aṣhāb (d. 1071 CE) consists of 2770 biographies of male and 381 biographies of female ṣaḥābah. According to an observation in al-Qastallani 's Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah , an untold number of persons had already converted to Islam by

456-539: The reverence due to all companions; It sometimes admonishes them, as when Aisha , wife of Muhammad and daughter of the first Sunni caliph Abu Bakr , was accused of infidelity. Differing views on the definition of a companion were also influenced by the debate between the Traditionalists and the Muʿtazila with the traditionalists preferring to extend the definition to as many people as possible and

480-622: The time Muhammad died. There were 10,000 by the time of the Conquest of Mecca and 70,000 during the Expedition of Tabuk in 630. Some Muslims assert that they were more than 200,000 in number: it is believed that 124,000 pilgrims witnessed the Farewell Sermon Muhammad delivered after making Farewell Pilgrimage to Mecca. The most widespread definition of a companion is someone who met Muhammad, believed in him, and died

504-459: The verb صَحِبَ meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with". "Al-ṣaḥāba" is definite plural; the indefinite singular is masculine صَحَابِيٌّ ( ṣaḥābiyy ), feminine صَحَابِيَّةٌ ( ṣaḥābiyyah ). In Islam, companions of Muhammad are classified into categories including the Muhajirun who accompanied Muhammad from Mecca to Medina , the Ansar who lived in Medina, and

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528-468: The ṣaḥāba was highlighted by the third generation scholar named Ibn al-Mubarak , who was once asked to choose between Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan , who was a companion, and Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz , who was famous for his piety. Ibn al-Mubarak simply responded: " ...dust particles in Mu'awiya's nose (while fighting in Hunayn under Muhammad) were better than six hundred Umar (ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz)..." Following

552-597: Was a scholar and Arabian biographer. Ibn Sa'd was born in 784/785 CE (168 AH) and died on 16 February 845 CE (230 AH). Ibn Sa'd was from Basra , but lived mostly in Baghdad , hence the nisba al-Basri and al-Baghdadi respectively. He is said to have died at the age of 62 in Baghdad and was buried in the cemetery of the Syrian gate. The Kitāb al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kabīr ( transl.   The Major Book of Classes )

576-556: Was the basis of the developing Islamic tradition . From the traditions ( hadith ) of the life of Muhammad and his companions are drawn the Muslim way of life ( sunnah ), the code of conduct ( sharia ) it requires, and Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh ). The two largest Islamic denominations , the Sunni and Shia , take different approaches to weighing the value of the companions' testimonies, have different hadith collections and, as

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