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105-501: With the introduction of the Micro Four Thirds system in 2008, new lenses for that system started to be branded as M.Zuiko Digital . For lenses manufactured until approximately 1972, the number of optical elements of the lens, angle of view, and diaphragm operation could be distinguished by the markings engraved on the lens. The engraving dropped the number of elements with the advent of multicoating, which occurred during

210-464: A flange focal distance of 19.25 mm. By avoiding internal mirrors, the MFT standard allows a much thinner camera body. Viewing is achieved on all models by live view electronic displays with LCD screens. In addition, some models feature a built-in electronic viewfinder (EVF), while others may offer optional detachable electronic viewfinders. An independent optical viewfinder typically matched to

315-479: A "double Gauss" design, albeit with indifferent photographic results. Current double Gauss lenses can be traced back to an 1895 improved design, when Paul Rudolph of Carl Zeiss Jena thickened the interior negative menisci and converted to them to cemented doublets of two elements of equal refraction but differing dispersion for the Zeiss Planar design of 1896 to correct for chromatic aberration . It

420-447: A 122 mm filter. Olympus and Panasonic have both produced cameras with sensor-based stabilization, and lenses with stabilization. However, the lens stabilization will only work together with body stabilization for cameras of the same brand. Before 2013, Olympus and Panasonic approached image stabilization (IS) differently. Olympus used sensor-shift image stabilization only, which it calls IBIS ( I n- B ody I mage S tabilization),

525-604: A 35mm film camera. Likewise, the angle of view of adapted lenses may be estimated by multiplying the native focal length by 2; e.g., a 50mm OM system lens adapted to a Four Thirds camera would have the same angle of view as a 100mm lens for a 35mm film camera. The line of M.Zuiko Digital-branded lenses marketed for Micro Four Thirds system digital mirrorless cameras consists of the following marketing grade sets, from least to most expensive: Micro Four Thirds system The Micro Four Thirds system ( MFT or M4/3 or M43 ) ( マイクロフォーサーズシステム , Maikuro Fō Sāzu Shisutemu )

630-581: A G.Zuiko 45mm f / 1.9 (released in 1956).  The slowest 35 S with the 40mm f / 3.5 lens was replaced by the 35 K in 1957. The 35 K was also sold by Sears as the Tower 56. The first Olympus 35mm rangefinder camera with a wide-angle lens was the Wide-S (or Wide Super) of 1957. Lens speed was increased by almost two stops compared to the Wide and Wide-E with the H.Zuiko-W 35mm f / 2.0 fitted to

735-593: A case or a lens cap that could be lost. The resulting XA would go on to be the first camera to win the Good Design Award. The four successive numbered models in the XA series (XA1, XA2, XA3, XA4) largely used the same black metal capless/capsule body design with slower lenses that were zone focused, with the exception of the fixed-focus XA1, which was similar in concept to the Pen ;EES and Trip 35. The XA4

840-692: A commitment to the Micro Four Thirds system. The first Micro Four Thirds system camera was Panasonic Lumix DMC-G1 , which was launched in Japan in October 2008. In April 2009, Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH1 with HD video recording added to it. The first Olympus model, the Olympus PEN E-P1 , was shipped in July 2009. Blackmagic Design sells cameras made for cinematography, some of which use

945-481: A common autofocus system for mirrorless compact or "point-and-shoot" . By comparison, DSLRs use phase-detection autofocus (PDAF). The use of separate PDAF sensors has been favored in DSLR systems because of mirror box and pentaprism design, along with better performance for fast-moving subjects. The (non-Micro) Four Thirds system design standard specifies a 40 mm flange focal length distance, which allowed for using

1050-489: A contrast-based system called DFD (Depth from Defocus) until the release of the G9 II in 2023. Both systems today provide focusing speeds to rival or even surpass many current DSLRs. The image sensor of Four Thirds and MFT measures 18 mm × 13.5 mm (22.5 mm diagonal), with an imaging area of 17.3 mm × 13.0 mm (21.63 mm diagonal), comparable to the frame size of 110 film . Its area, ca. 220 mm ,

1155-500: A factor of 1.4 to obtain the equivalent 35mm focal length. For example, the 20mm Pen lens has an angle of view approximately equal to that of a 28mm lens for 35mm format cameras. Early Olympus OM system lenses used single coating. These lenses came in two different cosmetic variants, nicknamed "chrome nose" and "black nose", denoting the color of the filter attachment ring. Some lenses were updated with multicoating during later production. Single-coated lenses are distinguished by carrying

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1260-402: A faster F.Zuiko 40mm f / 1.7 lens, but was limited to programmed autoexposure only. The 35 DC was equipped with a backlight exposure compensation to increase exposure by 1.5 stops by depressing a button, a simpler solution than the spot meter of the 35 SP.  Finally, in 1975, Olympus released the 35 RD, combining the faster F.Zuiko 40mm f / 1.7 lens from the 35 DC with

1365-527: A feature included all of its cameras. Until 2013, Panasonic used lens-based stabilization only, called Mega OIS or Power OIS ( O ptical I mage S tabilization). These stabilize the image by shifting a small optical block within the lens. In 2013, Panasonic began including sensor-based stabilization in its cameras, beginning with the Lumix DMC-GX7. Panasonic called the combination of lens and body stabilization "Dual IS," and this function won an award of

1470-408: A few identical image parameters for some popular image sensor classes compared to Micro Four Thirds. The smaller the focal length, the smaller the displacement in the image space between the last principal plane of the lens and the image sensor needed to focus a certain object. Therefore, the energy needed for focusing as well as the appropriate delay for shifting the focusing lens system are shorter,

1575-559: A flange focal distance greater than or marginally less than 20 mm can often be used on MFT bodies via an adapter. While MFT cameras can use many of these "legacy" lenses only with manual focus and manual aperture control mode, hundreds of lenses are available, even those designed for cameras no longer in production. While lens manufacturers seldom publish lens mount specifications, the MFT mount has been reverse-engineered by enthusiasts, with CAD files available. Until 2013, MFT cameras exclusively used contrast-detection autofocus (CDAF),

1680-461: A letter prefix ahead of the "Zuiko" (e.g., 'G.Zuiko'), where the letter provides the number of lens elements in the optical design. Multicoated lenses dropped the letter prefix and initially used the "MC" label (i.e., "Zuiko MC Auto") and in later production, dropped both the prefix and the "MC" label (e.g. "Zuiko Auto") altogether. The line of Zuiko Digital-branded lenses marketed for Four Thirds system digital single-lens reflex cameras consists of

1785-408: A new model.") and still seeing unsatisfactory results from the team, Maitani began to design a new compact camera himself, prioritizing size so that it could be carried everywhere. Based on the dimensions of the 35mm film cassette, he targeted a final camera size of 105 mm × 65 mm × 30 mm (4.1 in × 2.6 in × 1.2 in) (W×H×D), one that would also not require

1890-418: A new six-slot film take-up spool. Also in 1962, the more advanced Pen-D was released, featuring a significantly faster F.Zuiko 32mm f / 1.9 lens and an uncoupled selenium meter, whose readings were manually transferred to set exposure.  The Pen-D2 of 1964 was a Pen-D equipped with a new CdS metering cell. The 1965 Pen-D3 increased lens speed again, using a F.Zuiko 32mm f / 1.7, and a Pen-D3 EL variant

1995-472: A particular non-zoom prime lens is sometimes an option. The throat diameter is about 38 mm, 6 mm less than that of the Four Thirds system. Electrically, MFT uses an 11-contact connector between lens and camera, adding to the nine contacts in the Four Thirds system design specification. Olympus claims full backward compatibility for many of its existing Four Thirds lenses on MFT bodies, using

2100-480: A purpose built adapter with both mechanical and electrical interfaces. The shallow but wide MFT lens mount also allows the use of existing lenses including Leica M , Leica R , and Olympus OM system lenses, via Panasonic and Olympus adapters. Aftermarket adapters include Leica Screw Mount , Contax G , C mount , Arri PL mount, Praktica , Canon, Nikon, and Pentax, amongst others. In fact, almost any still camera, movie or video camera interchangeable lens that has

2205-480: A selenium cell meter. The Pen-EE S of 1962 combined the faster Pen-S D.Zuiko 30mm f / 2.8 lens with the meter and autoexposure of the original Pen-EE. A second Pen-S with the original Pen's slower D.Zuiko 28mm f / 3.5 lens was released in 1964, alongside a wide-angle variant, the Pen-W, equipped with an E.Zuiko 25mm f / 2.8 lens. The two Pen-EE and EE S models gained 'EL' (Easy Load) variants in 1966 with

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2310-427: A single lens reflex design, with mirror box and pentaprism. Four Thirds DSLR cameras designed by Olympus and Panasonic initially used exclusively PDAF focusing systems. Olympus then introduced the first live view DSLR camera, which incorporated both traditional DSLR phase focus and also optional contrast detection focus. As a result, newer Four Thirds system lenses were designed both for PDAF and contrast focus. Several of

2415-425: A slight losses in image quality. This is the result of placing high resolution demands on the center crop of decade old 35mm lenses. Therefore, 100% crops from the lenses do not usually represent the same level of pixel-level sharpness as they would on their native formats. Another slight disadvantage of using adapted lenses can be size. By using a 35mm film lens, one would be using a lens that casts an image circle that

2520-546: A year to independently conceive a new compact camera; the Konica C35 AF , which was the world's first autofocus camera, had just been released and all of the engineers were enthusiastic about designing a competitor. Maitani rejected that idea ("I told them that if they liked [the Konica C35] I'd buy them one each. That would only cost about 200,000 yen, compared with the hundreds of millions of yen needed for developing

2625-617: Is a standard released by Olympus Imaging Corporation and Panasonic in 2008, for the design and development of mirrorless interchangeable lens digital cameras , camcorders and lenses . Camera bodies are available from Blackmagic , DJI , JVC , Kodak , Olympus, OM System , Panasonic, Sharp , Logitech Mevo and Xiaomi . MFT lenses are produced by Cosina Voigtländer , Kowa , Kodak, Mitakon, Olympus, Panasonic, Samyang , Sharp, Sigma , SLR Magic, Tamron , Tokina , TTArtisan, Veydra, Xiaomi, Laowa, Yongnuo, Zonlai, Lensbaby , Venus Optics and 7artisans amongst others. The specifications of

2730-425: Is a two-element achromatic lens with a positive meniscus lens on the object side and a negative meniscus lens on the image side. In Clark's symmetric arrangement, this makes four elements in four groups: two positive meniscus lenses on the outside with two negative meniscus lenses inside them. The symmetry of the system and the splitting of the optical power into many elements reduces the optical aberrations within

2835-454: Is approximately 30% less than the APS-C sensors used in other manufacturers' DSLRs ; it is around 9 times larger than the 1/2.3" sensors typically used in compact digital cameras . The Four Thirds system uses a 4:3 image aspect ratio , like compact digital cameras. In comparison, DSLRs usually adhere to the 3:2 aspect ratio of the traditional 35 mm format. Thus, "Four Thirds" refers to both

2940-406: Is equivalent to a 2.0 crop factor when compared to a 35 mm film (full frame) camera. This means that the field of view of an MFT lens is the same as a full frame lens with twice the focal length. For example, a 50 mm lens on a MFT body would have a field of view equivalent to a 100 mm lens on a full frame camera. For this reason, MFT lenses can be smaller and lighter because to achieve

3045-417: Is far larger than what is required by Micro Four Thirds Sensors. The main disadvantage of using adapted lenses however, is that focus is manual even with natively autofocus lenses. Full metering functionality is maintained however, as are some automated shooting modes (aperture priority). A further disadvantage with some LM and LTM lenses is that lenses with significant rear protrusions simply do not fit inside

3150-737: Is omitted in the Panasonic Lumix DMC-GF3 design. Similar to Olympus, the LVF1 is usable on high-end Panasonic compact point and shoot cameras, such as the Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX5 . Due to the short native flange distance of the Micro Four Thirds System, the usage of adapted lenses from practically all formats has become widely popular. Because lenses can be used from old and abandoned camera systems, adapted lenses typically represent good value for

3255-666: Is presently used in inexpensive-but-high-quality fast lenses such as the Sony FE 50mm f / 1.8 , the Canon EF 50mm f / 1.8 and the Nikon 50 mm f / 1.8D AF Nikkor . It is also used as the basis for faster designs, with elements added, such as a seventh element as in both Canon and Nikon's 50 mm f / 1.4 offerings or an aspherical seventh element in Canon's 50 mm f / 1.2 L . The design appears in other applications where

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3360-524: Is reduced by half —i.e., an adapted 50mm lens is still a 50mm lens in terms of focal length but has a narrower FOV equivalent to a 100mm lens due to the Micro Four Thirds System 2x crop factor. Therefore, most adapted glass from the 35mm film era and current DSLR lineups provide effective fields of view varying from normal to extreme telephoto. Wide angles are generally not practical for adapted use from both an image quality and value point of view. Using older adapted lenses on Micro Four Thirds sometimes leads to

3465-693: The Agfa Rapid 35mm film pack, released first in 1965 as the Pen RAPID EES and the Pen RAPID EED. The Pen-EE models received mainly cosmetic updates with the EES-2 (1968, using the 'S' D.Zuiko 30mm f / 2.8 lens), EE-2 (1968), and EE-3 (1973); both the EE-2 and EE-3 used the older D.Zuiko 28mm f / 3.5 lens with fixed focus. The final Pen fixed-lens camera was the Pen EF, released in 1981; it

3570-667: The Olympus XZ-1 . Olympus announced the VF-4 in May 2013, along with the fourth generation PEN flagship, the E-P5. As of mid-2011, Panasonic G and GH series cameras have built in EVF's, while two of the three GF models are able to use the add-on LVF1 hotshoe EVF. The LVF1 must also plug into a proprietary port built into the camera for power and communication. This proprietary port and the accessory

3675-572: The VEB Zeiss Ikon (Dresden) Contax S (1949, East Germany), the first pentaprism eye-level viewing 35mm SLR. The Biotar , originally designed in 1927, had a six element asymmetric double Gauss formula. Post-World War II Zeiss (Oberkochen, West Germany) no longer uses the Biotar name; instead lumping all double Gauss variants under the Planar name. The Soviet 58mm f /2 Helios-44 lens of

3780-572: The YI M1 , a 20MP MFT camera with 4K video capability. Also in 2016, Z-Camera released the E1, designed to shoot still and video with an MFT lens mount. Because the flange focal distance of Micro Four Thirds cameras are shorter than DSLRs, most lenses are smaller and cheaper. Of particular interest in illustrating this fact are the Panasonic 7–14 mm ultra-wide angle (equivalent to 14–28 mm in

3885-643: The Zenit camera was the most common version/clone of the Biotar , making an excellent value-for-money accessory today for any digital camera with APS-C and Full-Frame sized sensor, though an appropriate M42 adaptor is required for this particular lens. Several contemporaneous competing, but less famous lenses, were similar to the Biotar, such as Albrecht Tronnier 's Xenon for Schneider Kreuznach (1925, Germany). For example, three asymmetric Double Gauss lenses were produced in 1934 for Ihagee VP Exakta (1933, Germany)

3990-424: The image plane . As a consequence, the equivalent exposure indexes (respectively equivalent ISO speeds) are different in order to get the identical shutter speeds (i.e., exposure times) with the same levels of motion blur and image stabilisation . Furthermore, for a given guide number of a photoflash device all systems have the same exposure at the same flash-to-subject distance. The following table shows

4095-449: The microlenses of the image sensor. Furthermore, in low light conditions by using low f-numbers a too-shallow depth of field can lead to less satisfying image results, especially in videography, when the object being filmed by the camera or the camera itself is moving. Equivalent focal lengths are given, if the angle of view is identical. The depth of field is identical, if angle of view and absolute aperture width are identical. Also

4200-569: The 'Olympus-S' top plate engraving using the same lens but switched the meter technology from selenium cell to cadmium sulfide (CdS). The successor of the Olympus-S twins was the first of the two-letter 35  xx models, released in 1965; the Olympus 35 LE used a slightly faster G.Zuiko 42mm f / 1.7 lens with similar double Gauss optical construction and prominently advertised the use of six transistors. A similarly styled 35 LC using

4305-459: The 150mm f/2 and 300mm f/2.8 lenses are as quick and accurate as a native Four Thirds body). The Panasonic G9 II is the first micro four thirds camera from Panasonic which has phase detect autofocus. The much shorter flange focal distance enabled by the removal of the mirror allows normal and wide angle lenses to be significantly smaller because they do not have to use strongly retrofocal designs. The Four Thirds sensor format used in MFT cameras

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4410-529: The 1960s. The Biotar is another competitor of British Panchro series. In the same year of 1927, Zeiss designed the Biotar 50mm f /1.4 for cinematography. Its still photography version, the Zeiss Biotar 58mm f /2 (Germany) appeared on the Ihagee Kine Exakta (1936, Germany), the first widely available 35mm single-lens reflex cameras , in 1939. It was also the standard lens on

4515-603: The 1980s and so there have been few newly designed Double Gauss normal lenses, but many new prestige low production Double Gauss lenses have been released. Compare the Canon EF 50mm f /1.2 L USM (2007, Japan), Nikon AF-S Nikkor 50mm f /1.4 G (2008, Japan/China), Sigma EX DG HSM 50mm f /1.4 (2008, Japan), ( Cosina ) Voigtländer Nokton 50mm f /1.1 (2009, Japan), Leica Noctilux-M 50mm f/0.95 ASPH (2009, Germany) with their antecedents, or SLR Magic HyperPrime 50mm CINE T0.95 (2012, Hong Kong, China). The design

4620-416: The 35 RC as a mid-range compromise; although it was approximately the same size as the 35 EC using the same E.Zuiko 42mm f / 2.8 lens, the 35 RC added more advanced features from the 35 SP including true rangefinder focusing and the option of either shutter-priority autoexposure or manual exposure control.  The 35 DC ("Deluxe Compact") of 1971 also offered rangefinder focusing of

4725-516: The 35 S-II and the Auto-B had a slower E.Zuiko 42mm f / 2.8 lens. Cosmetically, the Auto had a cover for the meter window, which was omitted on the Auto-B. The 'electro-set' designates the semi-automated exposure system; by setting the film speed on the camera body, match-needle metering is used to set aperture and shutter speed simultaneously. The aperture and shutter speed settings are coaxial with

4830-519: The 35 mm film format) and the Olympus M.Zuiko Digital ED 9–18 mm ultra wide-angle lens (equivalent to an 18–36 mm zoom lens in the 35 mm film format). This feature also permitted the lens designers to develop the world's fastest fisheye lens with autofocus, the Olympus ED 8 mm f/1.8 . On the telephoto end, the Panasonic 100–300 mm or the Leica DG 100-400 mm as well as

4935-618: The European Imaging and Sound Association (EISA) in the category Photo Innovation 2016–2017. In 2016, Olympus added lens-based stabilization to the M. Zuiko 300mm f/4.0 Pro telephoto prime lens and the M. Zuiko 12-100mm f/4.0 IS Pro lens. Double Gauss The double Gauss lens is a compound lens used mostly in camera lenses that reduces optical aberrations over a large focal plane . The earliest double Gauss lens, patented by Alvan Graham Clark in 1888, consists of two symmetrically-arranged Gauss lenses . Each Gauss lens

5040-557: The Four Thirds lenses focus on Micro Four Thirds proficiently when an electrically compatible adapter is used on the Micro Four Thirds cameras, and they focus on Micro Four Thirds cameras much quicker than earlier generation Four Thirds lenses can. Some MFT cameras, beginning with the Olympus OM-D E-M1 in 2013, incorporate phase-detection hardware on the sensor. Besides offering faster autofocus speed, these camera bodies perform better with legacy lenses (e.g. focus performance of

5145-901: The Fujica ST701 (1971), Minolta MC Rokkor-PG 50mm f /1.4 for the Minolta XK/XM/X-1 (1973), Zeiss Planar HFT 50mm f /1.4 for the Rolleiflex SL350 (1974), Konica Hexanon AR 50mm f /1.4 for the Konica Autoreflex T3 (lens 1974, camera 1973) and Nippon Kogaku Nikkor (K) 50mm f /1.4 (New) for the Nikon F2 (lens 1976, camera 1971); all from Japan except the Zeiss which was designed in West Germany. Zoom lenses have been dominant since

5250-653: The Kodak brand, released its first Micro Four Thirds camera, the Kodak Pixpro S-1 ; several lenses and niche camera makers have products made for the standard. In 2015, DJI released the Zenmuse X5 and X5R, which are gimbal-mounted cameras with a MFT lens mount, as optional upgrades for its Inspire drone line. Both cameras can capture 16MP stills and up to 4K/30fps video using one of four interchangeable lenses, ranging from 12mm to 17mm. In 2016, Xiaoyi introduced

5355-816: The MFT lens mount. Their first MFT camera was the Blackmagic Pocket Cinema Camera (BPCC), which was announced in April 2013 with 1080HD recording. In August 2013, SVS Vistek GmbH in Seefeld, Germany introduced the first high-speed industrial camera with a MFT lens mount, using 4/3" sensors from Truesense Imaging, Inc (formerly Kodak sensors, now part of ON Semiconductor ). The SVS Vistek Evo "Tracer" cameras have resolution-dependent shutter speeds, ranging from 147 frames per second (fps) at 1 megapixel (model evo1050 TR) to 22 fps at 8 megapixels (model evo8051 TR). In 2014, JK Imaging Ltd., which holds

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5460-479: The MFT system inherit the original sensor format of the Four Thirds system , designed for DSLRs . However, unlike Four Thirds, the MFT system design specification does not require lens telecentricity , a parameter which accommodated for the inaccurate sensitivity to off-angle light due to the geometry of the photodetectors of contemporary image sensors. Later improvements in manufacturing capabilities enabled

5565-510: The Micro Four Thirds system (body and lenses) is smaller and lighter. However, their sensors are smaller than full-frame or even APS-C systems . The small lenses do not allow the noise depth-of-field tradeoffs of larger lenses in other systems. Many, but not all Micro Four Thirds cameras use an electronic viewfinder. Resolutions and refresh speeds on these EVF displays were originally compared negatively to optical viewfinders, but today's EVF systems are faster, brighter and much higher resolution than

5670-472: The OM-system. The use of 'standard' refers to the focal length compared to the diagonal dimension of the imager; in this case 50mm is approximately the diagonal dimension of the 35mm film frame. ' W ide-angle' lenses have focal length significantly shorter than the diagonal dimension, while ' T elephoto' lenses have focal length significantly greater than the diagonal dimension. The first 'Zuiko'-branded lens

5775-405: The Olympus 35 S rangefinder in 1955, alongside the Olympus 35 Vb viewfinder which had been launched that same year. The initial version of the 35 S used the same 'normal' lens as the preceding viewfinder cameras, now branded D.Zuiko 1:3.5 f=4.0 cm, but Olympus quickly released versions of the same body with faster non-interchangeable lenses, including an E.Zuiko 48mm f / 2.8 and

5880-429: The Olympus 75–300 mm zooms show how small and light extreme telephotos can be made. The 400 mm focal length in Micro Four Thirds has the same angle of view as an 800 mm focal length in full frame cameras. When compared to a full frame camera lens providing a similar angle of view, rather than weighing a few kilograms (several pounds) and generally having a length exceeding 60 cm (24 in) end to end,

5985-701: The Olympus Wide in 1955, a viewfinder camera featuring the D.Zuiko-W 35mm f / 3.5 wide-angle lens.  A version of the Wide using the same lens was produced in 1957 with an integral uncoupled meter, branded the Wide-E.  The Wide-E was sold in the United States as the Sears Tower 54. In 1958, the Wide II viewfinder camera replaced the Wide with no change to the lens. Olympus also began selling

6090-536: The Olympus XA, which was comparable to the 35 RC and RD in function, but markedly smaller with a sliding lens cover. Shortly after the OM-2 was launched in 1975, Maitani was asked to plan a new compact camera in response to a recent decline in Olympus's market share; at the time, the market share for Olympus 35mm compact cameras had decreased from 37% to 35%. He formed a team of 10 development engineers and gave them

6195-472: The Pen EES which featured a D.Zuiko 40mm f / 2.8 Tessar-type lens, two automatically selected shutter speeds ( 1 ⁄ 40 , which doubled as the manual flash sync speed, and 1 ⁄ 200 ) for aperture-priority autoexposure, or programmed autoexposure driven by the selenium cell meter. No batteries were required.  It was marketed as a kit with a compact flash. The 35 LE/LC were followed by

6300-886: The Tokyo Optical RE Auto-Topcor 5.8 cm f /1.4 for the Topcon RE Super/Super D (1963), Olympus G. Zuiko Auto-S 40mm f /1.4 for the Olympus Pen F (lens 1964, camera 1963), Yashica Auto Yashinon DX 50mm f /1.4 for the Yashica TL Super (1967), Canon FL 50mm f /1.4 (v2) for the Canon FT (lens 1968, camera 1966), Asahi Optical Super Takumar 50mm f /1.4 (v2) for the Pentax Spotmatic (lens 1968, camera 1964), Fuji Fujinon 50mm f /1.4 for

6405-549: The Tower 10 (with the 48mm f / 2.8) and the Tower 18 (with the 42mm f / 1.8). Olympus released the Olympus-Auto electro-set (1958) and Auto-B electro-set (1959) shortly after the Ace interchangeable lens rangefinder, using styling largely borrowed from the Ace. Both of the Auto models had built-in exposure meters, and were distinguished by lens speed; the older Auto had the faster G.Zuiko 42mm f / 1.8 lens carried over from

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6510-585: The Tower 19. Between the Pen-F and the OM system cameras, Olympus manufactured the FTL camera with a M42 lens mount modified to pass aperture information to the camera's internal meter. Olympus offered six lenses with the FTL. Both cameras took 35mm film, but the lenses are not interchangeable between the two systems. To estimate the angle of view of Pen half-frame system lenses, the native focal length may be multiplied by

6615-708: The Voigtländer Vitessa (1951, West Germany) and the Leitz Summicron 50mm f /2 for the Leica M3 (1953, West Germany). A notable, but largely-forgotten, use of the Double-Gauss formula was in the Canon 28mm f /3.5 (1951, Japan) in M39 mount for Rangefinder cameras. By enlarging the rear group significantly (compared to a Double-Gauss type of more traditional focal length), the field of view

6720-418: The Wide-S. The Wide-S was also sold by Sears as the Tower 20. The Olympus 35 S-II replaced the 35 S in 1957 using a body similar to the Wide-S with a choice of two lenses, a faster G.Zuiko 42mm f / 1.8 and a slower E.Zuiko 48mm f / 2.8 carried over from the 35 S. The faster lens was later replaced by a Zuiko 42mm f / 2.0. The 35 S-II was also marketed in the United States by Sears as

6825-450: The average monthly salary of a new worker. He proposed to develop a camera that could be sold for ¥6,000 (equivalent to ¥36,000 in 2019) instead. During the development of what became the Pen half-frame camera, released in 1959,  Maitani challenged the lens design department to construct a Tessar-type lens as good as one from Leica , resulting in the D.Zuiko 28mm f / 3.5; the lens

6930-589: The built-in EVF, and the optional hotshoe add-on EVF. Until the introduction of the OM-D E-M5 in February, 2012, none of the Olympus designs included a built-in EVF. Olympus has four available add-on hotshoe viewfinders. The Olympus VF-1 is an optical viewfinder with an angle of view of 65 degrees, equivalent to the 17mm pancake lens field of view, and was designed primarily for the EP-1. Olympus has since introduced

7035-580: The camera body and risk damaging lens or body. An example is the Biogon type of lens. Overall, the ability to use adapted lenses gives Micro Four Thirds a great advantage in overall versatility and the practice has gained a somewhat cult following. Image samples can be found readily online, and in particular on the MU-43 adapted lenses forum. As of June 2012 , Olympus , Panasonic , Cosina Voigtländer , Carl Zeiss AG , Jos. Schneider Optische Werke GmbH , Komamura Corporation, Sigma Corporation , Tamron , Astrodesign, Yasuhara, and Blackmagic Design have

7140-408: The correct exposure cannot be set based on the selected shutter speed. A slightly faster D.Zuiko 43mm f / 2.5 was used for its successor, the Auto Eye II, released in 1962. Also in 1962, Olympus released the S Electro Set (engraved with 'Olympus-S' on the top plate), which used the G.Zuiko 42mm f / 1.8 lens from the original Auto. An updated version designated SC was released in 1963; it retained

7245-492: The equivalent 35 mm film camera field of view, the MFT focal length is much shorter. See the table of lenses below to understand the differences better. For comparison, typical DSLR sensors, such as Canon's APS-C sensors, have a crop factor of 1.6. Equivalent images are made by photographing the same angle of view , with the same depth of field and the same Angular resolution due to diffraction limitation (which requires different f-stops on different focal length lenses),

7350-403: The exception of a few MFT cameras, most MFT cameras record in a native 4:3 format image aspect ratio, and through cropping of the 4:3 image, can record in 16:9, 3:2 and 1:1 formats. Olympus E-M1 II, E-M1 III, E-M5 III, PEN-F, OM-System OM-5 25 Mpx (Rev.2) Gen 6 Panasonic G9 II (Rev.2) September 2023 (Panasonic G9 II) The MFT system design specifies a bayonet type lens mount with

7455-436: The flagship fixed-lens 35 SP rangefinder of 1969, again using the G.Zuiko 42mm f / 1.7 lens. The 35 SP featured both manual and programmed automatic exposure modes, where the meter reading automatically set both aperture and shutter speed. A switch on the back of the 35 SP engaged the spot meter to override the default scene-average metering. An updated 35 SPN added a battery check in 1972, but otherwise kept

7560-473: The following sets from least to most expensive, separated by marketing grade: HG and SHG lenses include a focus distance scale. All Zuiko Digital lenses are "true zooms" which do not shift the focus point through the focal length range. To estimate the angle of view, the focal length of a Four Thirds lens may be multiplied by 2 to obtain the equivalent focal length for a 35mm camera; e.g., the 9-18mm zoom lens has an angle of view equivalent to an 18-36mm lens for

7665-516: The high resolution VF-2 EVF, and a newer, less expensive, slightly lower resolution VF-3 for use in all its MFT cameras after the Olympus EP-1 . These EVF's not only slip into the accessory hotshoe, but also plug into a dedicated proprietary port for power and communication with Olympus cameras only. Both the VF-2 and VF-3 may also be used on high-end Olympus compact point and shoot cameras such as

7770-402: The lens and are geared to turn together when the shutter speed is changed; the aperture may be varied, but the shutter speed will change with aperture to maintain exposure. The Auto Eye of 1960 succeeded the older electro-set models and added full shutter-priority autoexposure using a non-interchangeable version of the D.Zuiko 45mm f / 2.8 from the Ace. The camera will not release the shutter if

7875-488: The meter) and had no rangefinder.  The 35 EC was replaced in 1971 by the 35 EC2, which added a battery check function.  The updated 35 ECR of 1972 added a rangefinder to the 35 EC2 but again was limited to programmed autoexposure.  In 1974, Olympus released the 35 ED, last of the 'economy' line, equipped with a slightly wider D.Zuiko 38mm f / 2.8 lens, rangefinder focusing, and programmed autoexposure only.  In 1970, Olympus marketed

7980-412: The money. Adapters ranging from low- to high-quality are readily available for purchase online. Canon FD, Nikon F (G lenses require special adapters), MD/MC, Leica M, M42 Screw Mount, and C-mount Cine lenses are all easily adaptable to the Micro Four Thirds system with glassless adapters, resulting in no induced loss of light or sharpness. Adapted lenses retain their native focal lengths but field of view

8085-512: The optically stabilized Panasonic Lumix G Vario 100–300 mm lens weighs just 520 g (18 oz), is only 126 mm (5.0 in) long, and uses a relatively petite 67 mm filter size. As a point of comparison, the Nikkor-P 600 mm f5.6 telephoto introduced for the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo weighs 3,600 g (130 oz), is 516.5 mm (20.33 in) in length and uses

8190-631: The original Four Thirds with competing DSLR system see Four Thirds system#Advantages, disadvantages and other considerations Compared to inexpensive digital compact cameras and many bridge cameras , MFT cameras have better, larger sensors , and interchangeable lenses. There are many lenses available. On top of this, a large number of other lenses (even from the analogue film era) can be fitted using an adapter. Different lenses yield greater creative possibilities. However, Micro Four Thirds cameras also tend to be slightly larger, heavier and more expensive than compact cameras. Compared to most digital SLRs ,

8295-507: The original displays. Original Micro Four Thirds cameras used a contrast-detection autofocus system, slower than the phase-detect autofocus that is standard on DSLRs. To this day, most Micro Four Thirds cameras continue to use a contrast-based focusing system. Although some current models, such as the Olympus OM-D E-M1 Mark II , feature a hybrid phase-detect/contrast detect system, Panasonic Lumix cameras continued to use

8400-438: The production of OM system lenses. Ace, Pen-F, FTL, and early OM system lenses carry the letter prefix denoting the number of optical elements. Later OM system lenses (generally all multicoated) omitted this prefix. For example, an "Olympus OM-SYSTEM G.Zuiko Auto-S 1:1.4 f=50mm" is a lens with a ' S tandard' focal length and a maximum aperture of f / 1.4 featuring a seven-element construction and an automatic diaphragm, built for

8505-491: The production of sensors with a lower stack height, improving sensitivity to off-angle light, eliminating the necessity of telecentricity and decreasing the distance from the image sensor at which a lens's rear element could be positioned without compromising light detection. Such a lens, however, would eliminate the room necessary to accommodate the mirror box of the single-lens reflex camera design, and would be incompatible with SLR Four Thirds bodies. Micro Four Thirds reduced

8610-473: The relative diameters of the Airy disks representing the limitation by diffraction are identical. Therefore, the equivalent f-numbers are varying. In this case, i.e., with the same luminous flux within the lens, the illuminance quadratically decreases and the luminous intensity quadratically increases with the image size. Therefore, all systems detect the same luminances and the same exposure values in

8715-590: The release of the E-1 digital SLR and its line of 'Zuiko Digital' branded four-thirds system lenses. Prior to the lenses built for the Pen-F half-frame camera, Olympus produced the Ace rangefinder camera in 1958. Four Zuiko-branded lenses were sold for the Ace. The Ace was followed up by the Ace-E of 1959, which added a selenium light meter; the Ace-E was rebranded as the Sears Tower 19 for America. Sears also offered two accessory lenses (35mm f / 2.8 and 80mm f / 5.6) for

8820-459: The same motion blur (requires the same shutter speed), therefore the ISO setting must differ to compensate for the f-stop difference. The use of this is only to let us compare the effectiveness of the sensors given the same amount of light hitting them. In normal photography with any one camera, equivalence is not necessarily an issue: there are several lenses faster than f/2.4 for Micro Four Thirds (see

8925-579: The same features and lens as the 35 SP. The camera was restyled and was re-released as the 35 UC in 1973. Meanwhile, Olympus released the 35 EC economy fixed-lens camera alongside the 35 SP in 1969; compared to the SP, the EC had a slower E.Zuiko 42mm f / 2.8 lens carried over from the Auto-B of 1959, but was also markedly smaller and lighter. The 35 EC offered programmed automatic exposure only (both aperture and shutter speed set automatically by

9030-451: The same lens was released in 1967, which dropped the autoexposure functions of the 35 LE. Like the older electro-set models, the 35 LC coupled the shutter speed and aperture rings so that once the exposure was set, changing the shutter speed would also automatically change the aperture. Between 1968 and 1983, Olympus sold the Trip 35 camera. It was a scale/zone-focused camera based on

9135-514: The shutter-priority autoexposure or manual exposure controls of the older 35 RC. However, the 35 RD omitted the backlight compensation button of the 35 DC. Yoshihisa Maitani , who had joined Olympus in 1956, is credited as the father of the Pen half-frame camera line. Maitani had a keen interest in photography, but felt the cost of cameras was a barrier to entry, as the cheapest camera Olympus sold in 1958 cost ¥23,000 (equivalent to ¥136,000 in 2019), approximately 1 1 ⁄ 2 ×

9240-442: The size and the aspect ratio of the sensor. However, the chip diagonal is shorter than 4/3 of an inch; the 4/3 inch designation for this size of sensor dates back to the 1950s and vidicon tubes, when the external diameter of the camera tube was measured, not the active area. The MFT design standard also specifies multiple aspect ratios: 4:3, 3:2, 16:9 (the native HD video format specification), and 1:1 (a square format). With

9345-402: The smaller the focal length is. Micro Four Thirds has several advantages over larger format cameras and lenses: Though many DSLRs also have "live view" functionality, these often function relatively poorly compared to a Micro Four Thirds electronic viewfinder (EVF), which has the following advantages: Olympus and Panasonic approached the implementation of electronic viewfinders in two ways:

9450-499: The specified flange focal distance from 38.67mm to 19.25mm. This reduction facilitates smaller body and lens designs, and enables the use of adapters to fit almost any lens ever made for a camera with a flange distance larger than 19.25mm to a MFT camera body. Still-camera lenses produced by Canon, Leica, Minolta, Nikon, Pentax and Zeiss have all been successfully adapted for MFT use – as well as lenses produced for cinema, e.g. , PL mount or C mount . For comparison of

9555-654: The system. There are many variations of the design. Sometimes extra lens elements are added. The basic lens type is one of the most developed and used photographic lenses. The design forms the basis for many camera lenses in use today, especially the wide-aperture standard lenses used with 35 mm and other small-format cameras. It can offer good results up to f /1.4 with a wide field of view , usually with seven elements for extra aberration control. Modern super wide aperture models of f / 1.0 can have eight or more elements, while more moderate aperture f /2.8 versions can be simplified to five elements. The Double Gauss

9660-588: The tables under Fixed Focal Length Lenses, below), and there are certainly many lenses faster than f/4.8 for full frame. Although they can have shallower depth of field than a Nikon 1 at f/1.7, it can be seen as advantageous. However, a further aspect of image resolution is limitation by optical aberration , which can be compensated the better the smaller the focal lengths of a lens is. Lenses designed for mirrorless camera systems such as Nikon 1 or Micro Four Thirds often use image-space telecentric lens designs, which reduce shading and therefore light loss and blurring at

9765-533: The time was the Wide, which was selling just over 1,000 units per month; once the Pen went on sale, Olympus had to ramp up production of the Pen to more than 5,000 units per month. Olympus introduced the Pen-S in 1960, featuring a slightly faster D.Zuiko 30mm f / 2.8 lens. In 1961, a programmed autoexposure variant of the original Pen was released, the Pen-EE, equipped with the original D.Zuiko 28mm f / 3.5 lens and

9870-746: The type 127 roll film SLR camera: 8 cm f /2 versions of both the Biotar and Xenon , as well as the Dallmeyer Super Six 3 inch f /1.9 (UK). Other early Double Gauss variants for 35mm cameras included the Kodak Ektar 45mm f /2 on the Kodak Bantam Special (1936, USA), the Kodak Ektar 50mm f /1.9 for the Kodak Ektra (1941, USA), the Voigtländer Ultron 50mm f /2 on

9975-535: Was a 75mm f / 4.5 lens fitted to the Semi-Olympus I of 1936. The Semi-Olympus used a Semi-Proud body, which took pictures in the 6×4.5 frame using medium format film . The Olympus Flex I was a twin-lens reflex camera first sold in 1952. In 1948, Olympus marketed the first 35mm camera in Japan, the Olympus 35 I. It was a viewfinder camera using a 24×32mm frame size fitted with a fixed (non-interchangeable) 'Zuiko Coated' 40mm f / 3.5 lens; that same lens

10080-513: Was a telescope objective lens consisting of closely spaced positive and negative menisci, invented in 1817 by Carl Friedrich Gauss as an improvement to the Fraunhofer Achromatic telescope objective lens by adding a meniscus lens to its single convex and concave lens design. Alvan Graham Clark and Bausch & Lomb further refined the design in 1888 by taking two of these lenses and placing them back to back, making

10185-462: Was able to focus significantly closer and had a wider angle of view than the other cameras in the XA series. Olympus dropped the Zuiko branding on its fixed-lens cameras after an initial set of autofocus compact cameras: The successors to this line, including the mju/Stylus line and subsequent digital fixed-lens cameras, all used "Olympus" branded lenses. The Zuiko name was not revived until 2003, with

10290-454: Was also used on the subsequent 35 III (released in 1949 and changed the frame size to the standard 24×36mm), IV (IV in 1949, IVa in 1953, and IVb in 1954), and V (Va and Vb, both in 1955). Starting with the IV series, the lens dropped 'Coated' in favor of 'F.C.' (fully coated), in both cases referring to the anti-reflective coating. Using a chassis similar to the 35 V, Olympus also released

10395-493: Was an EE-3 with an integrated flash. The Olympus Quickmatic EEM incorporated features from the Pen EM (motor-driven film advance) and Pen-EE (program autoexposure according to the selenium cell "electric eye") in a viewfinder camera using another Tessar variant, the D.Zuiko 36mm f / 2.8. Focus was continuously variable, but had three click-stop "zone" settings. The Quickmatic EEM used the square-format 126 film in cartridges. The 35  xx models were replaced in 1979 by

10500-462: Was designed without regard to cost and ended up consuming the entire development budget. The Pen featured simplified mechanisms where possible to control costs, as a result. The prototype camera delighted the head of Olympus, Eiichi Sakurai, who wanted to put the camera into production immediately; however, the head of Olympus's factory flatly refused to produce the "toy camera" and production was initially outsourced. The best-selling camera for Olympus at

10605-780: Was due to Taylor Hobson in the 1920s, resulting in the f /2.0 Opic and later the Speed Panchro designs, which were licensed to various other manufacturers. In 1927, Lee modified the Opic design and increase the maximum aperture up to f /1.4 , which was named the Ultra Panchro lens. Further improvement was done by Lee in 1930, the Super Speed Panchro . It was a f /1.5 fast design with seven elements in five groups, which influenced later fast speed lens designs, being cited by many lens manufacturers until

10710-536: Was increased while keeping the aperture relatively large- making it, for a time, the fastest 28mm lens available for 35mm cameras by a large margin. In 1966, Asahi Pentax combined the Super Speed Panchro type and the Xenon type, developing the seven-element, six-group Super Takumar 50mm f /1.4 (v2). During the 1960s to early 80s every optical house had Super Panchro type or Super Takumar type double Gauss normal lenses jockeying for sales. For example, compare

10815-577: Was introduced in 1966. By 1963, the Pen system was so well-accepted that Olympus had released a porroprism SLR, the Pen-F , with its own extensive system of interchangeable lenses. 1965 brought the Pen EM equipped with a F.Zuiko 35mm f / 2.0 lens and a motor built into the body. The 1967 Pen EED used the F.Zuiko 32mm f / 1.7 lens from the Pen-D3 and added program and aperture-priority autoexposure.  Two Pen camera models were modified to take

10920-498: Was likely the most intensively studied lens formula of the twentieth century, producing dozens of major variants, scores of minor variants, hundreds of marketed lenses and tens of millions of unit sales. It has few flaws, most notably a small amount of oblique spherical aberration, which could lower peripheral contrast. Double Gauss/Planar tweaks formed the basis for most normal and near-normal prime lens designs with wide apertures for sixty years. The original two element Gauss

11025-662: Was the original six element symmetric f /4.5 double Gauss lens. Horace William Lee added a slight asymmetry to the Planar in 1920, and created the Taylor, Taylor & Hobson Series 0 (also called the Lee Opic , UK) f /2 lens. It was commercially unsuccessful, but its asymmetry is the foundation of the modern double Gauss, including the Zeiss Biotar . Later the design was developed with additional glasses to give high-performance lenses of wide aperture. The main development

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