22-471: The Zuni-Cibola Complex is a collection of prehistoric and historic archaeological sites on the Zuni Pueblo in western New Mexico . It comprises Hawikuh , Yellow House, Kechipbowa, and Great Kivas, all sites of long residence and important in the early Spanish colonial contact period. It was declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1974. These properties were considered as major elements of
44-470: A national park, but the proposal was ultimately rejected by the Zuni people. The name "Cibola" first entered recorded history in 1539, when Spaniards in southern New Spain (present day Mexico and Central America ) heard rumors that there was a province by this name with " Seven Cities of Gold ", located across the desert hundreds of leagues to the north. These rumors were largely caused by reports given by
66-480: Is located about 3 miles (4.8 km) east of Hawikuh. It is a multifaceted site, including structures associated with occupation during the 15th and 16th centuries, but also with remains that are likely older, and the remains of another 17th-century Spanish mission church. The Village of the Great Kivas is located 17 miles (27 km) northeast of Zuni, and is considered a transitional site associated with both
88-436: Is located east of Zuni near the mouth of Horsehead Canyon. In the early 1970s, it was largely unimproved and unexcavated, surveys indicated it was probably a late prehistoric habitation ( c. 14th century CE ), although there was also evidence of possible earlier use. The site's location was considered suitable as a contact site for the proposed national park, due to its proximity to New Mexico State Road 53 . Hawikuh
110-514: Is now believed by some historians that the mica-inflected clay of the adobe pueblos may have created an optical illusion when inflamed by the setting sun, thus fuelling the tale. Upon hearing this news, the Viceroy de Mendoza wasted no time in organizing a large military expedition to take possession of the riches that the monk had described with such vivid detail. Upon the Viceroy's command, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado began his expedition, taking
132-576: The Chaco culture , which flourished north of the Zuni territory 1100–1350 CE, and the Mogollon culture to the south. The site includes three major room complexes and two very large kivas . Zuni Pueblo Zuni Pueblo (also Zuñi Pueblo , Zuni : Halona Idiwan’a meaning ‘Middle Place’ ) is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County , New Mexico , United States. The population
154-603: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Gallup , is in Zuni Pueblo. The school began operations on September 3, 1923. The Sisters of Saint Francis of Perpetual Adoration operated the school. Its initial enrollment was 43. Tribally-run A:shiwi Transit connects Zuni Pueblo and Black Rock with Gallup . The first contact with Spaniards occurred in 1539 in the ancient village of Hawikku when Esteban , an Arab/Berber of Moroccan origin, entered Zuni territory seeking
176-552: The CDP was $ 6,908. About 40.0% of families and 43.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 49.7% of those under age 18 and 41.7% of those age 65 or over. The Zuni Public Library opened in 1975. According to Zuni Pueblo's website, "many of Zuni Pueblo’s events are open to the public", and "religious dances and activities" occur in the Middle Village area. Zuni Pueblo is described as an "artist colony", with
198-446: The CDP. The population density was 720.0 inhabitants per square mile (278.0/km ). There were 1,622 housing units at an average density of 183.4 per square mile (70.8/km ). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.03% Native American , 2.12% White , 2.01% Hispanic or Latino , 0.03% African American , 0.03% Asian , 0.30% from other races , and 0.49% from two or more races. There were 1,488 households, out of which 42.1% had children under
220-681: The Franciscan friar Marcos de Niza , who took Estevanico as his guide. During the voyage, in a place called Vacapa (probably located somewhere around the state of Sonora ), de Niza sent Estevanico to scout ahead. A short while later, Estevanico met a monk who had heard stories from the Natives about seven cities called "Cibola", said to be overflowing with riches. Estevanico did not wait for the friar, but instead continued travelling until he reached Cibola ( Háwikuh , now in New Mexico ), where, at
242-709: The Moor , arrived to the area in 1539; most of its party were killed by the Zunis. Coronado 's expedition a year later was disappointed not to find great wealth. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The Old Zuni Mission, or Nuestra Senora de la Candelaria (Our Lady of the Light), on Old Mission Dr. at 35°04′04″N 108°50′59″W / 35.067782°N 108.849641°W / 35.067782; -108.849641 ( Old Zuni Mission )
SECTION 10
#1732790563148264-418: The age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 31.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 10.3% were non-families. 9.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.26 and the average family size was 4.54. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 34.7% under
286-458: The age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 16.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $ 22,559, and the median income for a family was $ 22,067. Males had a median income of $ 18,345 versus $ 18,635 for females. The per capita income for
308-513: The fabled " Seven Cities of Cibola " and when Marco da Nizza , an Italian franciscan , reached Zuni Pueblo and called it Cibola . The Halona Pueblo , also known as Zuni Pueblo , is located 36 miles south of Gallup, New Mexico on NM 32 & NM 53. The pueblo dates from before 1539, which was when Europeans first visited New Mexico. It was one of the original six pueblos of the Zuni people . The Fray Marcos de Niza expedition, led by Estevan
330-409: The four shipwrecked survivors of the failed Narváez expedition , including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and an African slave named Esteban Dorantes, or Estevanico . Upon finally returning to New Spain , the adventurers said they had heard stories from Natives about cities with great and limitless riches. Upon hearing the castaways' tales, Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza organized an expedition headed by
352-404: The friar Marcos de Niza as his guide. Coronado left with a small group of explorers from Culiacán on April 22, 1540. When Coronado arrived at Hawikuh pueblo, which the chroniclers called Cevola , Tzibola , or Cibola , he discovered that Marcos de Niza's stories were lies, and that there were in fact no treasures as the friar had described. He also found that, contrary to the friar's account,
374-472: The hands of the Zuni tribe, he met his death, and his companions were forced to flee. Marcos de Niza returned to Mexico City and said that the expedition had continued even after the death of Estevanico. He claimed that they had seen Cíbola from a great distance, and that it was larger than Tenochtitlan ; in this city, the people used dishes of gold and silver, decorated their houses with turquoise, and had gigantic pearls, emeralds, and other beautiful gems. It
396-621: The main industry being stone fetish carving, inlay silverwork, pottery, and other artwork. It is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway , one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways . Zuni Public Schools , established in 1980, operates schools serving the community. Prior to 1980 it was in the Gallup-McKinley County Schools . Zuni High School is the zoned high school. St. Anthony School, Zuni (K-8), of
418-443: The sea was not within view from that region, but it was instead many days' journey away. Nevertheless, Coronado occupied the region by military force and used it as a base for future explorations. The Zuni Pueblo has a large number of archaeological sites, and was considered in the early 1970s as a site for a major national cultural park, based on a subset of those sites that are larger and suitable for public access. The stated intent
440-588: Was 6,302 as of the 2010 Census . It is inhabited largely by members of the Zuni people . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 8.8 square miles (23 km ), all land. A significant landmark of Zuni Pueblo is the Dowa Yalanne , a nearby mountain covering approximately 320 acres (130 ha). As of the census of 2000, there were 6,367 people, 1,488 households, and 1,334 families residing in
462-440: Was one of the largest settlements in the Zuni territory at the time of Coronado's 1540 expedition. Located about 12 miles (19 km) southwest of Zuni, it includes the excavated ruins of that settlement, as well as the remains of the 17th-century Spanish mission La Purísima Concepcíón de Hawikuh. Spanish control over Hawikuh in the 17th century was always tenuous, and it was abandoned after the 1680 Pueblo Rebellion . Kechipbowa
SECTION 20
#1732790563148484-566: Was to preserve and stabilize the archaeological properties, and to properly interpret them for visitors to the region. Congress authorized enabling legislation in 1988, but the proposal foundered when the people of Zuni Pueblo overwhelmingly voted against leasing land to the National Park Service for the project. The park proposal included four major elements, described below, all of which are located on Zuni reservation lands . Yellow House, known in Zuni as "Heshotathluptsina",
#147852