Zuni / ˈ z uː n i / (also formerly Zuñi , endonym Shiwiʼma ) is a language of the Zuni people , indigenous to western New Mexico and eastern Arizona in the United States . It is spoken by around 9,500 people, especially in the vicinity of Zuni Pueblo , New Mexico , and much smaller numbers in parts of Arizona .
35-681: Zuni Pueblo (also Zuñi Pueblo , Zuni : Halona Idiwan’a meaning ‘Middle Place’) is a census-designated place (CDP) in McKinley County , New Mexico , United States. The population was 6,302 as of the 2010 Census . It is inhabited largely by members of the Zuni people . According to the United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 8.8 square miles (23 km), all land. A significant landmark of Zuni Pueblo
70-770: A Keresan-Zuni grouping. J. P. Harrington wrote one unpublished paper with the title "Zuñi Discovered to be Hokan" (Campbell 1997). As Zuni is a language in the Pueblo linguistic area , it shares a number of features with Hopi , Keresan, and Tanoan (and to a lesser extent Navajo ) that are probably due to language contact . The development of ejective consonants in Zuni may be due to contact with Keresan and Tanoan languages which have complete series of ejectives. Likewise, aspirated consonants may have diffused into Zuni. Other shared traits include: final devoicing of vowels and sonorant consonants, dual number , ceremonial vocabulary, and
105-771: A doubled initial letter instead of Newman's doubling of the digraphs – ⟨chch⟩ , ⟨lhlh⟩ , ⟨shsh⟩ – and ⟨kkw⟩ and ⟨tts⟩ are used instead of Newman's ⟨qq⟩ and ⟨zz⟩ . Pueblo Pueblo refers to the settlements and to the Native American tribes of the Pueblo peoples in the Southwestern United States , currently in New Mexico , Arizona , and Texas . The permanent communities, including some of
140-412: A number of words from Keres , Hopi , and O’odham pertaining to religion and religious observances. A number of possible relationships of Zuni to other languages have been proposed by various researchers, although none of these have gained general acceptance. The main hypothetical proposals have been connections with Penutian (and Penutioid and Macro-Penutian), Tanoan , and Hokan phyla , and also
175-515: Is now part of the proper name of some historical sites, such as Pueblo of Acoma . The word pueblo is the Spanish word both for "town" or "village" and for "people". It comes from the Latin root word populus meaning "people". Spanish colonials applied the term to their own civic settlements, but to only those Native American settlements having fixed locations and permanent buildings. In
210-424: Is still the main language of communication in the pueblo and is used in the home (Newman 1996). The Zuni name for their own language, Shiwiʼma ( shiwi "Zuni" + -ʼma "vernacular"; pronounced [ˈʃiwiʔma] ) can be translated as "Zuni way", whereas its speakers are collectively known as ʼA꞉shiwi ( ʼa꞉(w)- "plural" + shiwi "Zuni"). Zuni is considered a language isolate . The Zuni have, however, borrowed
245-697: Is the Dowa Yalanne , a nearby mountain covering approximately 320 acres (130 ha). As of the census of 2000, there were 6,367 people, 1,488 households, and 1,334 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 720.0 inhabitants per square mile (278.0/km). There were 1,622 housing units at an average density of 183.4 per square mile (70.8/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.03% Native American , 2.12% White , 2.01% Hispanic or Latino , 0.03% African American , 0.03% Asian , 0.30% from other races , and 0.49% from two or more races. There were 1,488 households, out of which 42.1% had children under
280-535: Is the building depicted in one photo with NRHP nomination. Hawikuh Ruins is a National Historic Landmark 12 miles away. Zuni-Cibola Complex , a National Historic Landmark District, was proposed as a National Park. Zuni language Unlike most indigenous languages in the United States, Zuni is still spoken by a significant number of children and, thus, is comparatively less threatened with language endangerment . Edmund Ladd reported in 1994 that Zuni
315-478: Is used to avoid using adult names, which have religious meanings and are very personal. There are twenty letters in the Zuni alphabet. This orthography was largely worked out by Curtis Cook. Linguists and anthropologists have created and used their own writing system for Zuni before the alphabet was standardized. One was developed for Zuni by linguist Stanley Newman (Newman 1954). This practical orthography essentially followed Americanist phonetic notation with
350-714: The Keresan languages . The most clearly articulated hypothesis is Newman's (1964) connection to Penutian, but even this was considered by Newman (according to Michael Silverstein ) to be a tongue-in-cheek work due to the inherently problematic nature of the methodology used in Penutian studies (Goddard 1996). Newman's cognate sets suffered from common problems in comparative linguistics , such as comparing commonly borrowed forms (e.g. "tobacco"), forms with large semantic differences (e.g. "bad" and "garbage", "horse" and "hoof"), nursery forms, and onomatopoetic forms (Campbell 1997). Zuni
385-801: The Piro/Manso/Tiwa Indian Tribe of the Pueblo of San Juan Guadalupe is currently petitioning the US Department of the Interior for federal recognition. Each Pueblo is autonomous with its own governmental structure. Several organizations serve to unite the interests of difference Pueblos including the Albuquerque-based All Pueblo Council of Governors who collectively negotiates for land and water rights and advocates for Pueblo interests with
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#1732772770068420-673: The Rio Grande Valley of New Mexico, specifically in the region between Albuquerque, Santa Fe and Taos, the word "pueblo" defines a "distinct cultural group in the Southwestern United States" and their villages. The Holmes Museum of Anthropology defines this specific group as a "common culture with individual variances [that] connects them. Less-permanent native settlements (such as those found in California) were often referred to as rancherías , however,
455-602: The Roman Catholic Diocese of Gallup , is in Zuni Pueblo. The school began operations on September 3, 1923. The Sisters of Saint Francis of Perpetual Adoration operated the school. Its initial enrollment was 43. Tribally-run A:shiwi Transit connects Zuni Pueblo and Black Rock with Gallup . The first contact with Spaniards occurred in 1539 in the ancient village of Hawikku when Esteban , an Arab/Berber of Moroccan origin, entered Zuni territory seeking
490-549: The cliff dwellings and other habitations of the Ancestral Puebloans , who emerged as a people around the 12th century BCE and began to construct their pueblos about 750–900 CE. Many pueblos participate in syncretism between Indigenous Pueblo religion and Roman Catholicism. The pueblos welcome outsiders to participate in feast days, in which the Pueblo communities hold seasonal ceremonial dances, and certain households volunteer to feed visitors meals. Photography
525-501: The CDP was $ 6,908. About 40.0% of families and 43.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 49.7% of those under age 18 and 41.7% of those age 65 or over. The Zuni Public Library opened in 1975. According to Zuni Pueblo's website, "many of Zuni Pueblo’s events are open to the public", and "religious dances and activities" occur in the Middle Village area. Zuni Pueblo is described as an "artist colony", with
560-708: The Moor , arrived to the area in 1539; most of its party were killed by the Zunis. Coronado 's expedition a year later was disappointed not to find great wealth. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. The Old Zuni Mission, or Nuestra Senora de la Candelaria (Our Lady of the Light), on Old Mission Dr. at 35°04′04″N 108°50′59″W / 35.067782°N 108.849641°W / 35.067782; -108.849641 ( Old Zuni Mission )
595-818: The Southwest, Zuni employs switch-reference . Newman (1965, 1996) classifies Zuni words according to their structural morphological properties (namely the presence and type of inflectional suffixes), not according to their associated syntactic frames. His terms, noun and substantive , are therefore not synonymous. Zuni uses overt pronouns for first and second persons. There are no third person pronouns. The pronouns distinguish three numbers (singular, dual and plural) and three cases (subject, object and possessive). In addition, some subject and possessive pronouns have different forms depending on whether they appear utterance-medially or utterance-finally (object pronouns do not occur utterance-medially). All pronoun forms are shown in
630-682: The Southwest, such as Acoma , were located in defensible positions, for example, on high steep mesas . Anthropologists and official documents often refer to ancient residents of the area as pueblo cultures. For example, the National Park Service states, "The Late Puebloan cultures built the large, integrated villages found by the Spaniards when they began to move into the area." The people of some pueblos, such as Taos Pueblo , still inhabit centuries-old adobe pueblo buildings. Contemporary residents often maintain other homes outside
665-783: The Southwest, those designated by the King of Spain as pueblo at the time Spain ceded territory to the United States, after the American Revolutionary War, are legally recognized as Pueblo by the Bureau of Indian Affairs . Some of the pueblos also came under the jurisdiction of the United States, in its view, by its treaty with Mexico , which had briefly gained rule over territory in the Southwest ceded by Spain after Mexican independence. There are 21 federally recognized Pueblos that are home to Pueblo peoples . Their official federal names are as follows: One unrecognized tribe ,
700-418: The age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 31.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 10.3% were non-families. 9.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.26 and the average family size was 4.54. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 34.7% under
735-458: The age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 16.8% from 45 to 64, and 6.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $ 22,559, and the median income for a family was $ 22,067. Males had a median income of $ 18,345 versus $ 18,635 for females. The per capita income for
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#1732772770068770-569: The beginning of words where it is not written. Additionally, in Tedlock's system, long vowels are written doubled instead of with a length mark ⟨꞉⟩ as in Newman's system (e.g. ⟨aa⟩ instead of ⟨a꞉⟩ ) and ⟨h⟩ and ⟨kw⟩ are used instead of ⟨j⟩ and ⟨q⟩ . Finally, Tedlock writes the following long consonants – ⟨cch, llh, ssh, tts⟩ – with
805-462: The fabled " Seven Cities of Cibola " and when Marco da Nizza , an Italian franciscan , reached Zuni Pueblo and called it Cibola . The Halona Pueblo , also known as Zuni Pueblo , is located 36 miles south of Gallup, New Mexico on NM 32 & NM 53. The pueblo dates from before 1539, which was when Europeans first visited New Mexico. It was one of the original six pueblos of the Zuni people . The Fray Marcos de Niza expedition, led by Estevan
840-419: The following table: There is syncretism between dual and plural non-possessive forms in the first and second persons. Utterances with these pronouns are typically disambiguated by the fact that plural pronouns agree with plural-marked verb forms. Zuni adults are often known after the relationship between that adult and a child. For example, a person might be called "father of so-and-so", etc. The circumlocution
875-476: The historic pueblos. Adobe and light construction methods resembling adobe now dominate architecture at the many pueblos of the area, in nearby towns or cities, and in much of the American Southwest . In addition to contemporary pueblos, numerous ruins of archeological interest are located throughout the Southwest. Some are of relatively recent origin. Others are of prehistoric origin, such as
910-449: The inhabitants, thus protecting them from break-ins and unwanted guests. Larger pueblos were occupied by hundreds to thousands of Puebloan people. Several federally recognized tribes have traditionally resided in pueblos of such design. Later Pueblo Deco and modern Pueblo Revival architecture , which mixes elements of traditional Pueblo and Hispano design, has continued to be a popular architectural style in New Mexico . The term
945-618: The main industry being stone fetish carving, inlay silverwork, pottery, and other artwork. It is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway , one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways . Zuni Public Schools , established in 1980, operates schools serving the community. Prior to 1980 it was in the Gallup-McKinley County Schools . Zuni High School is the zoned high school. St. Anthony School, Zuni (K-8), of
980-438: The need for defense, the simple desire for human society in the vast solitude of (rocky plains, or the desert), dictated that it should be so. Nowadays the pueblo might have a population running into thousands. Doubtless, they were much smaller in the early middle ages , but we should probably not be far wrong if we think of them as having had populations of some hundreds. Of the federally recognized Native American communities in
1015-491: The oldest area of Los Angeles was known as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señorala Reina de los Ángeles del Rio de Porciúncula or El Pueblo de Los Angeles for short. On the central Spanish Meseta the unit of settlement was and is the pueblo ; which is to say, the large nucleated village surrounded by its own fields, with no outlying farms, separated from its neighbors by some considerable distance, sometimes as much as ten miles [16 km] or so. The demands of agrarian routine and
1050-605: The oldest continually occupied settlements in the United States, are called pueblos (lowercased). Spanish explorers of northern New Spain used the term pueblo to refer to permanent Indigenous towns they found in the region, mainly in New Mexico and parts of Arizona , in the former province of Nuevo México . This term continued to be used to describe the communities housed in apartment structures built of stone, adobe , and other local material. The structures were usually multi-storied buildings surrounding an open plaza, with rooms accessible only through ladders raised and lowered by
1085-446: The presence of a labialized velar [kʷ] (Campbell 1997). The 16 consonants of Zuni (with IPA phonetic symbol when different from the orthography) are the following: The vowels are the following: Zuni syllables have the following specification: Word order in Zuni is fairly free with a tendency toward SOV. There is no case-marking on nouns. Verbs are complex, compared to nouns, with loose incorporation. Like other languages in
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1120-411: The public about all Pueblos through art, dance, and educational experiences. The center has a museum that presents Pueblo history and artifacts, and an interactive Pueblo House museum. An archive holds a collection of photographs, books, and tape recordings of oral histories. It also has a café and a restaurant, Indian Pueblo Kitchen, serving Indigenous cuisine . Pre-Columbian towns and villages in
1155-762: The state and federal government. The interests of Eight Northern Pueblos are served by the Eight Northern Indian Pueblos Council based in Ohkay Owingeh (formerly San Juan Pueblo). Cochiti, Jemez, Sandia, Santa Ana, and Zia are served by the Five Sandoval Indian Pueblos, a nonprofit organization based in Rio Rancho. The Indian Pueblo Cultural Center , founded in 1976 in Albuquerque, educates
1190-658: The substitution of some uncommon letters with other letters or digraphs (two-letter combinations). A further revised orthography is used in Dennis Tedlock's transcriptions of oral narratives . See the table below for a comparison of the systems. In Newman's orthography (used in his dictionary, Newman 1958), the symbols, ⟨ch, j, lh, q, sh, z, /, :⟩ replaced Americanist ⟨č, h, ł, kʷ, š, c, ʔ, ˑ ⟩ (used in Newman's grammar, Newman 1965). Tedlock's orthography uses ⟨ʼ⟩ instead of Newman's ⟨/⟩ except at
1225-608: Was also included under Morris Swadesh 's Penutioid proposal and Joseph Greenberg 's very inclusive Penutian sub-grouping – both without convincing arguments (Campbell 1997). Zuni was included as being part of the Aztec-Tanoan language family within Edward Sapir 's heuristic 1929 classification (without supporting evidence). Later discussions of the Aztec-Tanoan hypothesis usually excluded Zuni (Foster 1996). Karl-Heinz Gursky published problematic unconvincing evidence for
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