Misplaced Pages

#419580

30-684: The Zurayid Dynasty (بنو زريع, Banū Zuraiʿ), were a Yamite Hamdani dynasty based in Yemen in the time between 1083 and 1174. The centre of its power was Aden . The Zurayids suffered the same fate as the Hamdanid sultans , the Sulaymanids and the Mahdids , since their lands were taken over by the Ayyubids , and they themselves were liquidated. They were a Shia Ismaili dynasty that followed

60-688: A falling-out. But the rivalries also motivated ambitions for expansion. After the defeat of Al-Msaod branch, The Zurayid sphere of power stretched from Taiz to Dhofar . A decade later the ruler Muhammad bin Saba bought a number of important Sulayhid fortresses and towns & married the last Sulayhid Queen effectively inheriting all Sulayhid possessions. Among them were Dhū Jibla , al-Takar, Ibb and Ḥabb. Muhammad bin Saba died in 1153, and his son and successor Imran in 1166. Both were praised by their contemporary 'Umara as able and amicable rulers. Imran left three small sons. Affairs were henceforth taken care of by

90-480: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kirman (Sasanian province) Kirman ( Middle Persian : Kirmān ) was a Sasanian province in Late Antiquity , which almost corresponded to the present-day province of Kerman . The province bordered Pars in the west, Abarshahr and Sakastan in the northeast, Paradan in the east, Spahan in the north, and Mazun in the south. The capital of

120-584: Is related to Old Iranian *kṛma- and Middle Persian kerm ("worm"). The province was originally part of the Parthian Empire , but was in the early 3rd-century conquered by the first Sasanian king Ardashir I ( r.  224–242 ). According to the medieval Iranian historian al-Tabari , Ardashir I overthrew a local king in Kirman named Balash, who was either a member of the Arsacid royal family or

150-647: The Fatimid Caliphs based in Egypt. They were also Hafizi Ismaili as opposed to the Taiyabi Ismaili . The Zurayid dynasty had a strong affiliation with Sulayhids, starting with Ismaili Hamdani common origin, vassalage & eventually intermarriage with the last Sulyahid Queen. Both the Sulayhid & Zurayid dynasties were founded by Ismaili Hamdani religious dais, who preached Ismailism with

180-463: The seven Parthian clans . Right after having the province conquered, he found the town of Veh-Ardashir close to the Dasht-e Loot . The town was a small but heavily protected town encircled by gardens and watered by many qanats , wells, and cisterns. Ardashir I also founded Narmashir , a caravan town which was constructed close to a little river near the ancient town of Bam . The capital of

210-674: The wazir Yāsir bin Bilāl, son of a freedman, who was characterized as brave, virtuous and generous. A new aggressive Sunni dynasty in Zabid, the Mahdids , besieged Aden in 1164. In the face of the acute threat, the Zurayids sought assistance from fellow Hamdanid sultan of San'a . Together the allies were able to utterly defeat the Mahdid ruler Abd an-Nabi in 1173. Immediately after these events, however, an Ayyubid expedition under prince Turan Shah

240-595: The 17th century. Most Yam in Najran are Isma’ili while the Al-Ajman and Al Murrah branches who can be found in Saudi Arabia , Kuwait , Qatar , Bahrain are Sunni . Members of the tribe can be found throughout Saudi Arabia due to migration , particularly the areas around Jeddah and Dammam . Unlike some other tribes of southwestern Saudi Arabia , Yam have traditionally had a large bedouin section, due to

270-566: The Hamdan clans to convert to Zaydi or Sunni sects (with the exception of the Haraz & Najran Ismaili enclaves). About the history of the dynasty we have only insufficient information. What we know mostly derives from the twelfth-century chronicle of 'Umara, who had personal contacts with the last princes. According to his account, the Sulayhid ruler Ali al-Sulayhi (d. 1066 or 1081) subdued

300-744: The Iranian population of Kirman was nomadic, such as the Baloch who lived in the western mountains. There were also indigenous, non-Iranian nomads in the province, such as the Jut , who were descendants of the Yutiya (Outii), who lived under the Achaemenid Empire . The Pariz tribe lived in the mountains north to Rudbar , while Arabs lived in some parts of Kirman's coast. The Kofchi, a nomadic people of obscure origins that spoke an Iranian language, inhabited

330-687: The Zurayids. The descendants of the brothers Al-Abbās and Al-Msaod lived in severe rivalry with each other. Due to that the constellations of power often shifted. The two lines met in open warfare in 1138. Ali bin Abi Al-Gharat bin Al-Msaod faction was defeated by his kinsman Saba bin Abi Saud and were pushed out of Aden; Ali will later be killed in the battle of Za'za' in Lahij in 1150, displacing them out of Lahij. The victor Saba's sons likewise had

SECTION 10

#1732765394420

360-540: The eastern Caspian area, who had seemingly occupied many parts of the province just before the arrival of Arabs. As a result of the Arab conquest, many inhabitants of the province fled to the adjacent provinces of Sakastan and Makran . In terms of commerce, Kirman was oriented toward Pars and Media , whether through the Persian Gulf or its roads to the major cities of Istakhr and Hamadan . The port of Hormazd

390-466: The governmental affairs between them. Al-Abbas resided in Ta'kar and took care of the trade with the interior, while Al-Msaod resided in the castle al-Khadra and handled shipping. About 100,000 dinars were paid in tribute each year to al-Mukarram. After taking control of coastal Southern Arabia ( Taiz to Dhofar ), King Muhammad bin Saba married the last Sulayhid Queen Arwa Al-Sughra & by effect inherited

420-647: The governor of Kirman and given the title of Kirmanshah , which he would continue to rule during the reign of Ardashir's successor, Shapur I ( r.  240–270 ). According to a legend, the town of Mahan was also a Sasanian foundation, being founded by another Sasanian governor of Kirman, Adhar Mahan. Shapur II ( r.  309–379 ), after a successful campaign against several Arab tribes in Arabia , resettled some of them in different parts of his empire, such as Kirman, where he settled some Arabs in Aban . During

450-550: The important port Aden which was ruled by the Banu Ma'n, in 1062. This family were also masters of Lahij , Abyan , Shihr and Hadramawt . The Himyarite clan of Banu Ma'n paid tribute until the death of Ali and then declared their independence. However, Ali's son Al-Mukarram Ahmad immediately invested Aden and put an end to the rule of the family. Instead, two brothers called Al-Abbas and Al-Msaod, sons of Al-Karam, were summoned. The brothers were placed in power in 1083 and shared

480-538: The last Sasanian king Yazdegerd III ( r.  632–651 ) fled to Kirman in 649/50, but shortly left the province after having alienated the marzban of the province. The Arabs soon entered Kirman, where they defeated and killed the marzban , and had all of Kirman conquered. It was the Arab military leader Mujashi ibn Mas'ud al-Sulami that led the conquest of Kirman, capturing some towns by force while others surrendered without any form of major resistance. The Arabs also dealt with newly arrived Baloch migrants from

510-456: The person who served as the āmārgar of the province was of high importance. Kirman was mostly inhabited by Iranians , and was constantly receiving Iranian immigrants from the west, while the provinces to the farther east was slowly becoming Indian in language and culture. The language and customs of the Iranian population of Kirman was very close to the Persians and Medians. A part of

540-450: The province at this time is unknown—the Greek writer Ptolemy , who lived during the late Parthian era, mentions an Alexandria and Kármana mētrópolis as the towns of the province, whilst Ammianus Marcellinus mentions a “Carmana mother of all [the province’s cities]”, but they give no additional information about the province. One of Ardashir I's sons, also named Ardashir, was appointed as

570-407: The province was Shiragan . The province allegedly functioned as some kind of vassal kingdom, being mostly ruled by princes from the royal family, who bore the title of Kirmanshah ("King of Kirman"). The non-royal governors of the province bore the title of marzban . The name of the province is derived from Old Persian Karmāna ; the etymology of the name is debated, a popular theory is that it

600-539: The proximity of their territories to the formidable desert known as the Empty Quarter . They are also different from some of their neighboring tribes in that they are recorded to have repeatedly raided the neighboring region of Najd , reaching as far north as Dhruma near Riyadh during the time of the First Saudi State in 1775, and causing much panic. This article related to Shia Islam

630-461: The reign of Shapur III ( r.  383–388 ), his son Bahram IV governed Kirman, where he built the town of Shiragan , which would serve as the capital of the province for the remainder of the Sasanian period. The town played an important economic role, as it served as a mint city and had a great agricultural importance to the province. Khosrow I ( r.  531–579 ) had a large part of

SECTION 20

#1732765394420

660-656: The remaining Sulayhid possessions, Zurayid control remained direct in Central, South Yemen & nominal in Northern Yemen until the dynasty was ended by the Ayyubid expansion. Al-Abbas died in 1084. His son Zuray, who gave the dynasty its name, proceeded to rule together with his uncle Al-Msaod. They took part in the Sulayhid leader al-Mufaddal's campaign against the Najahid capital Zabid and were both killed during

690-522: The siege (1110). Their respective sons ceased to pay tribute to the Sulayhid queen Arwa al-Sulayhi . They were worsted by a Sulayhid expedition but queen Arwa agreed to reduce the tribute by half, to 50,000 dinars per year. The Zurayids again failed to pay and were once again forced to yield to the might of the Sulayhids, but this time the annual tribute from the incomes of Aden was reduced to 25,000. Later on they ceased to pay even that since Sulayhid power

720-757: The support of the Fatimid Caliphate (at that time encompassing North Africa, Sicily & parts of the Levant), they were also tribally affiliated with Hamdan , competing with the Sunni Himyarite dynasties & rising Zaydi state in Sa'ada , this Ismaili connection eventually lead to the demise of the Hamdani Ismaili dynasties, as they were replaced by the Sunni & Zaydi dynasties, forcing

750-502: The turbulent Pariz tribe massacred and deported. Furthermore, during his reign Kirman was brought under a huge cultivation , where many large qanats were built. According to a legend, extensive planting of trees was also made. He also divided his empire into four military districts, known as kusts —Kirman became part of the Nemroz (southeastern) kust . During the Arab conquest of Iran ,

780-444: Was able to send its imports via Valashgird to Jiroft and the southern route of the province. Jiroft was also connected with a central Kirman route through the mountains to Bahramabad, then through a south-eastern route from Kirmanshah and Yazd to the well-fortified city of Veh-Ardashir, which might have served as a mint-city. A single āmārgar (chief fiscal officer) was assigned to the whole province of Kirman, which meant that

810-480: Was also the progenitor of two other important tribes: the Al Murrah and the 'Ujman of eastern Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf coast. The Yam are notable among the tribes of Saudi Arabia for the majority of its members who follow the small Sulaymani Isma'ili branch of Shi'ite Islam . Religious leadership is currently in the hands of the al-Makrami clan , who joined Yam through alliance some time in

840-493: Was dispatched against southern Arabia . When the Ayyubids conquered Aden on 22 June 1174 the rule of the Zurayids ended. Yāsir bin Bilāl, who still attended the affairs of the state, fled the city but was betrayed and turned over to Turan Shah who executed him in 1175. During the first two decades of Ayyubid over-lordship Zurayid influence (remnants of Zurayid-Sulayhid dynasties) surfaced in the highlands enclaves, until it, too,

870-640: Was eventually suppressed in about 1193 with the surrender of the Damloa castle in Al-Hujariah . Al-Msaod line – Coastal possessions Al-Abbas line – Inland Possessions Banu Yam Their traditional way of life was well suited to life in the Arabian Desert and East Saharo-Arabian xeric shrublands they once lived in. Most have moved into small villages and given up their previous nomadic way of life. The tribe of Yam

900-599: Was on the wane. After 1110 the Zurayids thus led a more than 60 years long independent rule in the city, bolstered by the international trade. The chronicles mention luxury goods such as textiles, perfume and porcelain, coming from places like North Africa , Egypt , Iraq , Oman , Kirman and China . After the demise of queen Arwa al-Sulayhi in 1138, the Fatimids in Cairo kept a representation in Aden, adding further prestige to

#419580