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32-414: Zwettl Abbey was founded in 1137 by Hadmar I of Kuenring , with Herrmann, a monk of Heiligenkreuz Abbey , as its first abbot (1137–47). It was a daughter house of Heiligenkreuz, of the line of Morimond . The foundation was confirmed by Hohenstaufen dynasty king Conrad III of Germany in 1139, and Pope Innocent II in 1140 and over the course of time by several other popes and emperors. Several members of

64-736: A burgrave on the castles in Krems and Gars . While many sources refer to Hadmar as a (great-)grandson of legendary Azzo of Gobatsburg , more recent research has shown this to be incorrect. He is credited for the construction of Kühnring castle (in present-day Lower Austria ), which became the ancestral seat of the Kuenring noble family. Hence, Hadmar was the first member of the dynasty to style himself "of Kuenring" from 1132 onwards. Hadmar also had Dürnstein Castle erected in his Wachau estates, where about sixty years later King Richard I of England

96-824: A deed issued by Conrad III to the Klosterneuburg Monastery in 1147. On the Privilegium Minus of 1156, the name of the country is given as marchiam Austriae ( March of Austria ) and as Austriae ducatum ( Duchy of Austria ). In English usage, "Austria" is attested since the early 17th century. All Germanic languages other than English have a name for Austria corresponding to Österreich : Afrikaans Oostenryk , Danish Østrig , Dutch Oostenrijk , West Frisian Eastenryk , Icelandic Austurríki , Faroese Eysturríki , Norwegian Østerrike ( Bokmål ) or Austerrike ( Nynorsk ) and Swedish Österrike . Finnish Itävalta

128-541: A school. Every year since 1983 an organ festival has been held here. Hadmar I of Kuenring Hadmar I of Kuenring (alt. spelling Hademar ; died 27 May 1138) was a German nobleman who served as a ministerialis in the Margraviate of Austria ( Ostarrîchi ). Hadmar first appeared in an 1125 deed, in the service of the Babenberg margrave Leopold III . He probably was the son of Nizzo , who served as

160-511: Is also derived from the German name: itä means " east " and valta "state". "Austria" or a phonetic derivative (such as Ausztria ) was adopted in most other languages, including Hungarian, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Maltese, Ukrainian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Polish, Slovene, Greek, Estonian, Turkish, and Albanian. French is one of the exceptions within the Romance group in adapting

192-412: Is higher than this building's 82 meters. Another part of this construction period is the library, which contains frescoes by Paul Troger . From 1728 to 1731 Johann Ignaz Egedacher from Passau constructed the famous Egedacher Organ, one of the biggest and most expensive organs of the region of Vienna and Lower Austria. The abbey's library contains over 60,000 volumes, 500 incunabula, and 420 manuscripts,

224-477: Is known from a single usage dated 996. Later Medieval documents record the word as either Osterrîche (official) or as Osterlant (folk and poetic usage). The variation Osterrîche is first recorded in 998. Marcha Osterriche appears on a deed granted by Emperor Henry IV and dated 1058. Friedrich Heer , a 20th-century Austrian historian, stated in his book Der Kampf um die österreichische Identität ( The Struggle Over Austrian Identity ), that

256-685: Is named in Slovenian Koroška (or in the old version Korotan ), in Slovak Korutánsko , in German Kärnten and in English Carinthia . The Old High German name of Austria ( Ostarrîchi ) appeared in written document more than three hundred years later than the name Carantania , while the shorter Latin name Austria was first mentioned only in 12th century. Therefore is it reasonably to assume that

288-477: Is not accepted by linguists. An alternative theory, proposed by the Austrian Slavistics professor Otto Kronsteiner, suggests that the term Ostarrîchi is taken from a Slavic toponym Ostravica meaning 'pointed hill', taking its popular meaning of 'Eastern realm' at a much later time. This theory was rejected as untenable by Austrian linguist Heinz-Dieter Pohl. Another remoter possibility

320-590: Is related to Old High German ōstan (eastern), but its exact derivation is unclear. Old High German rihhi had the meaning of "realm, domain". The Marchia orientalis , also called the Bavarian Eastern March ( Ostmark ) and the March of Austria ( Marchiam Austriae ), was a prefecture of the Duchy of Bavaria . It was assigned to the Babenberg family in 976. The variant Ostarrîchi

352-503: Is seemingly comparable to Austrasia , the early middle age term for the "eastern lands" of Francia , as known from the written records. The Old High German name parallels the Middle Latin name Marchia Orientalis ("eastern borderland "), alternatively called Marchia austriaca . The shorter Latinized name Austria is first recorded in the 12th century. It has occasionally led to confusion, because, while it renders

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384-547: Is still used for the states of Upper and Lower Austria ( Horní, Dolní Rakousy ), originates in the name of the Austrian castle and town of Raabs an der Thaya near the Czech-Austrian border, formerly also known as Ratgoz or Ratgos . It is worth noting that in his Geography the ancient writer Ptolemy mentions two tribes (of unknown ethnic affiliation) named Racatae and Racatriae which inhabit

416-649: Is that the name comes from the Ostrogoths , who had a kingdom in what is now Austria and northern Italy. The document was issued by Emperor Otto III on November 1, 996 in Bruchsal to Gottschalk von Hagenau, Bishop of Freising . It is today kept in the Bayrisches Hauptstaatsarchiv in Munich . The historical significance of the document lies in the fact that it is the first time that

448-839: The Baroque period, notwithstanding the Thirty Years' War and the Turkish invasion, during which it was saved from destruction by the friendship of the Count of Thurn for Abbot Siegfried. During the administrations of Abbot Linck (1646–71), author of the Annales Austrio Claravallenses , and Abbot Melchior (1706-1747), who rebuilt a great part of the abbey and enriched it with many precious vessels and vestments, it reached its zenith. Abbot Melchior encouraged study and opened schools of philosophy, theology and so on in

480-640: The Crusades and was borrowed from the Slavic name for "Germans", němьci whence Russian немцы ( nemcy ), Polish Niemcy , Croatian and Bosnian Njemačka , Serbian Немачка ( Nemačka ), Slovene Nemčija , Czech has Německo , Slovak Nemecko , etc.. In Persian , Austria was called an-Namsā ( النمسا ) (the same name as Arabic) and when the Turks came to settle in Anatolia later in

512-711: The German name, Autriche . Catalan also did the same, though the forms are no longer in use. Apart from the modern-day form of Austria, antiquated forms used in Catalan were Hostalric and Hostalrich , and Estarlich , which are the forms derived in that language to correspond to German Österreich . The Czech and Slovak languages have a peculiar name for Austria. Czech Rakousko and Slovak Rakúsko neither derived from German Österreich nor from Latin Austria . The Czech name of Rakousko , previously also Rakúsy and later Rakousy , which

544-634: The Germanic form Ostarrîchi was not a translation of the Latin word, but both resulted from a much older term originating in the Celtic languages of ancient Austria: more than 2,500 years ago, the major part of the actual country was called Norig by the Celtic Hallstatt culture of the land; according to Heer, no- or nor- meant "east" or "easterns", whereas -rig is related to

576-501: The Germanic word for "east" it is reminiscent of the native Latin term for "south", auster (see Name of Australia ). In the 12th century, the Margraviate was elevated to the status of duchy , in 1453 to archduchy and from 1804 claiming imperial status, all the time retaining both the name Österreich and the Latin name Austria . Ostmark , a translation of Marchia Orientalis into Standard German ,

608-405: The abbey of Freising as a fief . The lands and some other communities in the vicinity, which the abbey acquired later, were held until 1803, when they were incorporated into Austria. The first written mention of the name Austria is found in the work Historia Langobardorum by Paolo Diacono and dates back to 796. The name Austria is a latinization of German Österreich (that is,

640-464: The areas around the Danube River "up to his bend", roughly corresponding to the region north of Vienna and southwestern Slovakia. Another possible explanation of Czech Rakousko and Slovak Rakúsko : The predecessor of Austria and Slovenia was Slovene principality Carantania . The central part of Carantania (the territory of present-day southern Austria and north-eastern Slovenia)

672-500: The author of Originum Cisterciensium . The monastery contains buildings of all architectural styles from Romanesque to Baroque . The modern form of the premises is the result of the Baroque refurbishment in the 18th century, which involved the reconstruction of the principal buildings. Among other parts the western tower was constructed by Josef Munggenast to plans by Matthias Steinl . Only one other tower in Lower Austria

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704-667: The end of the fourteenth century, the abbey was repeatedly plundered, especially in 1426, when 4,000 Hussites sacked and burned it down. It was rebuilt under Abbot John (1437–51). Near the end of the fifteenth century, over forty monks lived in Zwettl Abbey. Under the Protestant Reformation the community was reduced to six monks and one secular priest. By an imperial rescript the monastery was forced to sell one quarter of its large possessions. It flourished again under Abbot Erasmus (1512-1545) and his successors during

736-476: The family of the founder were buried here. The monastery was constructed, as Cistercian houses often were, in a river valley, in this case in a bend of the River Kamp . Extensive buildings were erected, and the church, chapter-room, and dormitory were blessed in 1159, though the entire monastery was not completed until 1218. Zwettl Abbey soon became one of the most important monasteries in the order. Towards

768-456: The modern German Reich , meaning "realm". Accordingly, Norig would essentially mean the same as Ostarrîchi and Österreich , thus Austria . The Celtic name was eventually Latinised to Noricum after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern-day Austria, in around 15 BC. Noricum later became a Roman province in the mid 1st century AD. Heer's hypothesis

800-449: The monastery. During the period of Josephinism Abbot Rainer was obliged to resign, to be succeeded by a commendatory abbot (1786), but after 1804 the community was allowed to elect its own abbot. From 1878 the abbey was administered by Abbot Stephen Roessler, the sixty-first from its foundation. Besides him two other noted historians were members of Zwettl during the nineteenth century: Johann von Frast (d. 1850) and Leopold Janauschek ,

832-477: The most famous of which is the Zwettl Stiftungsbuch (" cartulary "). The community now consists of 23 monks, who have care of fourteen incorporated parishes and four others. The monastery makes its living from a forest of about 2,500 hectares, a fish farm of 90 hectares, a farm of 110 hectares and the vineyards of Schloss Gobelsburg with about 35 hectares. The monastery buildings now contain

864-499: The name Ostarrîchi , the linguistic ancestor of Österreich , the German name for Austria , is mentioned, even though it applied only to a relatively small territory. The document concerns a donation of the "territory which is known in the vernacular as Ostarrîchi " ( regione vulgari vocabulo Ostarrichi ), specified as the region of Neuhofen an der Ybbs ( in loco Niuuanhova dicto ). The emperor donated this land to

896-420: The present-day Czech and Slovak name for Austria ( Rakousko , Rakúsko ) developed from the original Slavic name for Carantania since in early middle ages and also later the ancestor of the present-day Slovaks and Slovenes were not divided by the wedge of Germanic or Germanized population. The Arabic name for Austria is an-Nimsā ( النمسا ). The Arabic appellation of Austria was first used during

928-504: The spelling of the name Austria approximates, for the benefit of Latin speakers, the sound of the German name Österreich ). This has led to much confusion as German Ost is "east", but Latin auster is "south". That is why the name is similar to Australia , which is derived from the Latin Terra Australis ("southern land"). The name is first recorded as Austrie marchionibus (Margrave of Austria) on

960-490: Was confirmed by King Conrad III of Germany and Pope Innocent II in 1139/40. Name of Austria Timeline The German name of Austria , Österreich , derives from the Old High German word Ostarrîchi " eastern realm ", recorded in the so-called Ostarrîchi Document of 996, applied to the Margraviate of Austria , a march , or borderland, of the Duchy of Bavaria created in 976. The name

992-599: Was imprisoned after being captured near Vienna by Duke Leopold V of Austria . In 1137, Hadmar and his wife Gertrud of Wildon founded the Cistercian abbey of Zwettl , along the lines of the late Margrave Leopold III who had founded Heiligenkreuz Abbey four years earlier. Hadmar died without issue the next year; like his brothers, and is buried in Göttweig Abbey . His relative Albero III of Kuenring succeeded to his lordship. The establishment of Zwettl Abbey

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1024-711: Was used officially from 1938, when the country was incorporated into the German Reich , until 1945. The contemporary state was created in 1955, with the Austrian State Treaty , and is officially called the Republic of Austria ( Republik Österreich ). Österreich is derived from Old High German Ostarrîchi . The term probably originates as a vernacular translation of the Latin name Marchia orientalis (eastern borderland). The ostar-

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