Misplaced Pages

#488511

97-461: Revised classification of the dialects, proposed in 1965 by linguists Zigmas Zinkevičius and Aleksas Girdenis , divides the Aukštaitian dialect into three sub-dialects based on pronunciation of the mixed diphthongs an , am , en , em and the ogonek vowels ą and ę : Western Aukštaitian  – most similar to standard Lithuanian – preserves both the diphthongs and

194-507: A Jesuit institution, it was one of 23 such universities in Europe during the 16th to 18th centuries. However, in terms of its geographic and cultural reach, Vilnius University was unique. For two centuries, it stood as the easternmost university in Europe. In 1569, Jesuit Baltasarus Hostovinus, after visiting Lithuania, remarked, "No city in the North rivals Vilnius in reputation and livability. It

291-684: A Soviet university and in 1955 was awarded the name of the Vilnius Order of the Red Banner of Labour State University of Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas, there were no more mass repressions against the University community. However, separate cases of political persecution still occurred. One of the best-known cases was that instituted against the Department of Lithuanian Literature that lasted from 1958 to 1961, after which four teachers from

388-631: A different approach, a sincere, matter-of-fact, professional approach to education policy and forced others to step up" and described him as "very sincere, very benevolent and distinguished by high intelligence". He was elected chairman of the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party in 1999. He resigned from the leadership of the party on November 17, 2000, in protest against the merger of the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party with

485-712: A key figure in the Lithuanian movement, was the first to write Lithuania's history in the Lithuanian language. After the Partitions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , Vilnius was annexed by the Russian Empire . However, the Commission of National Education retained control over the academy until 1803, when Tsar Alexander I of Russia accepted the new statute and renamed it The Imperial University of Vilna (Императорскій Виленскій Университетъ). The institution

582-663: A period of German occupation after Operation Barbarossa , from 1941 to 1944, when it was administrated as the Vilnius State University. In 1945, the Polish community of students and scholars of Stefan Batory University was transferred to Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń . After Lithuania regained its independence in 1990, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union , it resumed its status as one of

679-547: A planned reform allowing Poles in Lithuania to spell their names in Polish, arguing that: "Undoubtedly, the supposedly Polish surnames of most Polish-speakers in Southeastern Lithuania are actually of Lithuanian origin. They were Polonized during the Polish and Soviet occupations". After Zinkevičius's death, Lithuania's prime minister between 1996 and 1999 Gediminas Vagnorius said that Zinkevičius "brought

776-612: A printing house for the academy, one of the first in the region. The printing house issued books in Latin and Polish and the first surviving book in Lithuanian printed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was in 1595. It was Kathechismas, arba Mokslas kiekvienam krikščioniui privalus authored by Mikalojus Daukša . From its inception, Vilnius University held the authority to award Bachelor's , Master's , and Doctoral degrees. As

873-653: A rapid Lithuanization of the Vilnius region . Zinkevičius tenured as Minister of Education and Science from December 10, 1996, to March 25, 1998, in Vagnorius Cabinet II and was a state consultant on education and science issues in 1998. During his tenure as Minister of Education and Science, he helped intensify the policy of Lithuanianization of the Polish minority living in Lithuania. On December 17, 1996, in an interview he said that Lithuanian should be

970-556: A unique Vilnius Baroque style. In the late 18th century, Vilnius University underwent significant reorganization. This led to the foundation of the first observatory in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (the fourth such professional facility in Europe), in 1753, by Tomasz Żebrowski . The Commission of National Education ( Polish : Komisja Edukacji Narodowej ), the world's first ministry of education, took control of

1067-655: Is Lithuania's leading research institution. The university was founded in 1579 as the Jesuit Academy (College) of Vilnius by Stephen Báthory . It was the third oldest university (after the Cracow Academy and the Albertina ) in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Due to the failure of the November Uprising (1830–1831), the university was closed down and suspended its operation until 1919. In

SECTION 10

#1732771856489

1164-404: Is a co-founder of two biotech and biomedical companies. The first one, Platelet BioGenesis, is an allogeneic cell therapy company focused on platelet biology, discovering a new category in therapeutics. He has also co-founded a start-up: the biotechnology company Droplet Genomics. The company’ is based on droplet microfluidic technology, enabling the study of single cells and molecules. One year ago,

1261-569: Is a member of The Arqus European University Alliance that brings together the Universities of Granada, Graz, Leipzig, Lyon 1, Maynooth, Minho, Padua, Vilnius and Wroclaw. Vilnius University has 15 faculties, with one located in Kaunas and one in Šiauliai. The magnificent historical campus in the old town hosts the faculties of History, Philology and Philosophy, and the library that was founded in 1570. The modern campus on Saulėtekio Avenue houses

1358-399: Is also the author of the "wicz" theory, according to which Lithuanian Poles whose surnames end in "wicz" constitutes a separate ethnic group, but are really ethnic Lithuanians . According to Polish historian Barbara Jundo-Kaliszewska, during the 1980s and 1990s, Zinkevičius was one of the prominent activists of the nationalist and anti-Polish, organization Vilnija , whose main goal was

1455-485: Is how I will die, I wish everyone every success". Vytautas Landsbergis , the honorary chairman of the Homeland Union at the time, congratulated Zinkevičius on his birthday with the following words: I want to say, dear academician, that your name and the name of Lithuania are connected. Lithuania is a nation, and the basis of the nation is language. You have done immeasurable work in this area. May God give you

1552-537: Is mostly spoken in Aukštaitija . It is further subdivided into six sub-dialects. This Lithuania -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Indo-European languages -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Zigmas Zinkevi%C4%8Dius Zigmas Zinkevičius (4 January 1925 – 20 February 2018) was a Lithuanian academician , Baltist , linguist , linguistic historian , dialectologist , politician, and

1649-707: Is recognized for his contributions to the development of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, often referred to as 'gene scissors'. He currently serves as the Head of the Department of Protein–DNA Interactions at the Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University. Prof. Andrej Spiridonov is famous for the discovery of drivers of evolutionary changes at mega-scale. His latest research suggests that life rather than climate influences diversity at scales greater than 40 million years. Dr. Mangirdas Malinauskas has been working in laser and optical technologies for more than ten years. At

1746-456: Is strategically located near Moscow, the Tatars, and Sweden, and is unmatched in its educational offerings, lacking any nearby universities or prominent schools with qualified Doctors or Masters to instruct." The academy's growth continued until the 17th century. The Deluge era that followed led to a dramatic drop in the number of students who matriculated and in the quality of its programs. In

1843-710: Is the world's largest survey of the state of entrepreneurship, conducted since 1999. Vilnius University participates in different national and international research projects such as the EU Seventh Framework Programme, Horizon 2020, COST, EUREKA, CERN, etc. To enhance the interrelation between science and business, Vilnius University has established four open access centres aimed at providing access to available research and laboratory equipment not only to students and researchers but also to representatives of business or to personnel of other institutions of science and research. Professor Virginijus Šikšnys

1940-649: The Lietuvių kalbos vadovėlį IX–XI klasei (lit. Lithuanian language textbook for classes IX–XI), which was first published in 1971 and was re-printed a third time in 1997. Vilnius University Vilnius University ( Lithuanian : Vilniaus universitetas ) is a public research university , which is the first and largest university in Lithuania , as well as one of the oldest and most prominent higher education institutions in Central and Eastern Europe. Today, it

2037-822: The Astronomical Observatory , established the Botanical Garden , collected various plant and mineral samples, and organized the first expedition to search for natural resources in Lithuania. Even after the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was abolished in 1795, Vilnius University continued its vibrant intellectual life and promoted new ideas in the Natural Sciences. The university also produced renowned poets like Adam Mickiewicz and Juliusz Słowacki , who became leading figures in Polish culture. Simonas Daukantas ,

SECTION 20

#1732771856489

2134-485: The Christian Democratic Union (KDS) led by Kazys Bobelis . He became a member of the new Lithuania's Christian Democracy Party  [ lt ] in 2001. Zigmas Zinkevičius was always a practising Roman Catholic. His wife was Regina Zinkevičienė and they had two children, Laima Zinkevičiūtė and Vytautas Zinkevičius. He died in hospital on 20 February 2018, surrounded by his family. He

2231-608: The Communist ideology , and that he did not ignore the dangerous events for Lithuania and defended Lithuanian language and national identity from those opposed to them. Zigmas Zinkevičius is the focus of the documentary film Zigmas Zinkevičius. Pamilęs lietuvių kalbą ('Zigmas Zinkevičius: Having Fallen in Love with the Lithuanian Language') created by director Algirdas Tarvydas in 2015. In 1994, Zinkevičius, as

2328-542: The Lithuanian language 's history, as well as the history of its study, its historical grammar, onomastics , and he reviewed many works of linguistics. Zinkevičius's work was well-received, both in Lithuania and abroad, where he was elected as a foreign member of many academies: the Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities from 1982, Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1991, Latvian Academy of Sciences from 1995. Zinkevičius

2425-592: The NKVD and suffered repressions from their participation in the Armia Krajowa resistance. The sovietisation of Vilnius University, which started in the summer of 1940, continued after World War II. Furthermore, the University community suffered some major upheavals during the Nazi occupation. On the order of the Nazi occupying authorities, all Jewish teachers and later all Polish and Jewish students were expelled from

2522-554: The Science and Encyclopaedia Publishing Institute . Zinkevičius was also the editor-in-chief of the Lithuania Minor Encyclopedia  [ lt ] (3 vols. 2000–06). While in his nineties, he still worked as many as 10–12 hours a day. The professor was widely-acclaimed as the most famous, productive, and cited Lithuanian linguist of recent times. His works concerned subjects such as dialectology and

2619-524: The Seimas , due to the stated reasons that LLRA's views are openly directed against the state and it repeatedly lies in international forums about discrimination against the Polish minority in Lithuania, without specifying which parts of Lithuanian or international law were broken by Lithuania. On August 28, 2015, he published an open letter addressed to the Minister of Education Juozas Bernatonis protesting

2716-645: The University of Latvia . In 2015, on July 6, the Lithuanian Statehood Day , Zinkevičius was awarded the Commander's Grand Cross of the Order for Merits to Lithuania by president Grybauskaitė. American historian Theodore R. Weeks expressed his opinion on Zigmas Zinkevičius lifetime professional work as a "flagship example" of a trend in Lithuanian historiography and linguistics that depicts

2813-472: The Vilnius region as "always Lithuanian". According to Weeks, Zinkevičius in his book Eastern Lithuania in the Past and Now (published in 1993) "wishes to argue for the eternal Lithuanian nature of the region, a viewpoint that no historical or linguistic methods seem likely to support." He also defines Zinkevičius' approach as "historical-linguistic ethnocentrism". He emphasizes that Zinkevičius tends to ignore

2910-614: The aftermath of World War I , the university saw failed attempts to restart it by the local Poles, Lithuanians, and by invading Soviet forces. It finally resumed operations as Polish Stefan Batory University in August 1919. After the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, the university was briefly administered by the Lithuanian authorities (from October 1939), and then after Soviet annexation of Lithuania (June 1940), punctuated by

3007-406: The 1605 Catechism) from 1975. Zinkevičius was the editor-in-chief of the book Kalbos praktikos patarimai (1976, 1985). In his 1977 book Lietuvių antroponimika: Vilniaus lietuvių asmenvardžiai 17 a. pradžioje (lit. Lithuanians' anthroponymics: Vilnius' Lithuanians' personal names in the early 17th century), Zinkevičius looked at more than 5,000 Lithuanian personal names and examined

Aukštaitian dialect - Misplaced Pages Continue

3104-526: The 1930s and a system of ghetto benches , in which Jewish students were required to sit in separate areas, was instituted at the university. Violence erupted; the university was closed for two weeks during January 1937. In February Jewish students were denied entrance to its grounds. The faculty was then authorized to decide on an individual basis whether the segregation should be observed in their classrooms and expel those students who would not comply. 54 Jewish students were expelled but were allowed to return

3201-756: The 70 study programmes in English in such fields as medicine, odontology, business and management, economics, mathematics and informatics, philology, law, and communications. More than 2500 international students are studying at Vilnius University, which is around 10% of all students. The University also offers joint study programmes together with foreign higher education institutions, like the Arqus joint Master’s programme “European Studies” and  “Master in International Cybersecurity and Cyberintelligence”. During these collaborative studies, part of

3298-653: The BEBRAS challenge in their teaching activities. The challenge is performed at schools using computers or mobile devices. In 1568, the Lithuanian nobility asked the Jesuits to create an institution of higher learning either in Vilnius or Kaunas . The following year Walerian Protasewicz , the bishop of Vilnius , purchased several buildings in the city center and established the Vilnian Academy (Almae Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Jesu). Initially,

3395-439: The Department were forced to leave the University. The 1960s could be considered as a prominent threshold in the historical development of Vilnius University. During that period, the University was finally converted into a typical higher education institution, where priority was given to a specialised and simultaneously ideologised technocratic education rather than to the development of a full-fledged personality. On 12 June 1990,

3492-772: The Faculty of History and Philology of Vilnius University (VU). Zinkevičius's academic career began in 1946, when he held the position of chief laboratory assistant at the Lithuanian Department of Vilnius University until 1950. After finishing his studies in 1950, Zinkevičius taught in VU and the Vilnius Pedagogical Institute until 1956. In 1955, he defended his thesis Lietuvių kalbos įvardžiuotinių būdvardžių istorijos bruožai ( lit.   ' Historical Traits of Adjective Pronouns in

3589-685: The Faculty of Philology of Vilnius University from 1973 until 1988. Then, between 1988 and 1991, Zinkevičius became the head of the Department of Baltic Philology. After Lithuania regained its independence, he also began lecturing at the Vytautas Magnus University . He was the director of the Lithuanian Language Institute in 1995 and 1996. From 2001 to 2009, he was the Chairman of the Council of

3686-496: The Laser Research Centre, Dr. M. Malinauskas develops technologies popularly known as ‘4D printing’. Such technologies can produce so-called intelligent objects that can change shape and other properties in response to appropriate conditions: electricity, light, heat, humidity, acidity, solvent composition, etc. Dr. Linas Mažutis is developing microfluidic technologies at Vilnius University Life Sciences Centre. He

3783-418: The Lithuanian Language ' ). Between 1956 and 1967, he was the docent at the Department of Lithuanian Language of VU. Zinkevičius was also the deputy dean of the Faculty of History and Philology in 1956–1968 and between 1962 and 1964, held the position of chief researcher. Between 1964 and 1966, together with Aleksas Stanislovas Girdenis  [ lt ] , Zinkevičius prepared a new classification of

3880-539: The Medical and Surgical Academy ( Akademia Medyko-Chirurgiczna ) and the Roman Catholic Academy ( Rzymsko-Katolicka Akademia Duchowna ). But soon they were closed as well with Medical and Surgical Academy transformed into Medical faculty of University of Kyiv (now Bogomolets National Medical University ), and latter one being transformed into Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy (after

3977-655: The October Revolution of 1917 moved to Poland where it became Catholic University of Lublin ). The repression that followed the failed uprising included banning the Polish and Lithuanian languages ; all education in those languages was halted. The first attempts to reestablish scientific institution in Vilnius were made after the 1905 revolution ; on 22 October 1906 the Society of Friends of Science in Wilno (TPN)

Aukštaitian dialect - Misplaced Pages Continue

4074-595: The Society of Jesus). The first rector of the academy was Piotr Skarga . He invited many scientists from various parts of Europe and expanded the library, with the sponsorship of many notable persons: Sigismund II Augustus , Bishop Walerian Protasewicz , and Kazimierz Lew Sapieha . Lithuanians at the time comprised about one third of the students (in 1586 there were circa 700 students), others were Germans , Poles , Swedes , and even Hungarians . In 1575, Duke Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł and Elżbieta Ogińska sponsored

4171-527: The Soviet Union . Most of the professors returned after the hostilities ended, and the faculties reopened on October 1, 1939. On October 28, Vilnius was transferred to Lithuania which considered the previous eighteen years as an occupation by Poland of its capital. The university was closed on 15 December 1939 by the authorities of the Republic of Lithuania. All the faculty, staff, and its approximately 3,000 students dismissed. Students were ordered to leave

4268-512: The Soviets arrested and deported nineteen Polish faculty and ex-faculty of the University of Stefan Batory, of who nine perished: Professors Stanisław Cywinski, Władysław Marian Jakowicki , Jan Kempisty, Józef Marcinkiewicz , Tadeusz Kolaczyński, Piotr Oficjalski, Włodzimierz Godłowski , Konstanty Pietkiewicz, and Konstanty Sokol-Sokolowski, the last five victims of the Katyn massacre . The city

4365-676: The Supreme Council of Lithuania-Restoration Seimas approved the Statute of Vilnius University, declaring the autonomy of the University, which was granted by the Law on Science and Studies in 1991. In 1991, the University signed the Great Charter of European Universities – the main declaration of the academic freedom, rights and responsibilities of European universities – thus expressing its goal to re-shape Vilnius University. Moreover,

4462-726: The University. Nearly all the Jewish members of the University community subsequently became victims of the Holocaust. In the summer of 1944, a few dozen former University lecturers retreated to the West, in fear of possible repression by the Soviet Regime. The arrests of lecturers started at the beginning of 1945 and continued until Stalin’s death. Even more professors were dismissed on political grounds. Educated Poles were transferred to People's Republic of Poland after World War II under

4559-634: The William Herschel Telescope); and the Biobanks and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-ERIC). The Semiconductor Technology Centre (PTC) and the Innovative Chemistry (INOCHEM) Centre are currently being developed. In addition to these research infrastructures, the University is actively involved in other research networks, associations and continuous research activities. The EMBL Partnership Institute

4656-522: The Wolfenbüttel postil. He also authored three autobiographies : He also published the four-volume book Rinktiniai straipsniai (lit. Selected articles) in 2002–2004, containing his articles that were published in the Lithuanian press. He also prepared the Kazimieras Būga's Rinktiniai straipsniai (lit. Selected articles; 3 vols. 1958–61 and an index volume in 1962) and the book Kazimieras Būga: Gyvenimas ir darbai (lit. Kazimieras Būga: Life and Work; 1979). Together with others, he also created

4753-430: The academy had three divisions: humanities , philosophy , and theology . The curriculum at the college and later at the academy was taught in Latin . The first students were enrolled into the academy in 1570. A library at the college was established in the same year, and Sigismund II Augustus donated 2500 books to the new college. In its first year of existence the college enrolled 160 students. Vilnius University

4850-405: The academy in 1773, and transformed it into a modern University . The language of instruction (as everywhere in the commonwealth's higher education institutions) changed from Latin to Polish . On 3 May 1791, a new generation educated under this curriculum approved the Constitution of Lithuania and Poland , the second written constitution after that of the USA. University professors improved

4947-488: The actual ethnographic data and alleged national self-identification of the inhabitants, in favour of promoting the thesis of the unchanging Lithuanian nature of the region. Polish researcher Robert Boroch is of a similar opinion, in his review of Zinkevičius's work The History of the Lithuanian Language (published in 1996) Boroch emphasized that "the weakness of the work is the lack of objectivity, mixing ideology and scientific facts". He describes Zinkevičius's thesis about

SECTION 50

#1732771856489

5044-449: The book Tautos kilmė together with others, and it was published in English and German in 2005 and Russian in 2006. In addition, Zinkevičius is also the author of the following books (this list is not comprehensive): Zinkevičius has also published studies regarding the Lithuanian language in the writings of Martynas Mažvydas , Konstantinas Sirvydas , Mozerka Saliamonas Slavočinskis  [ lt ] , Kristijonas Donelaitis and

5141-465: The company attracted an investment of €1 million. In 2004, Prof. Valentina Dagienė has established an International Challenge on Informatics and Computational Thinking called BEBRAS (‘Beaver’) which is implemented in over 60 countries. It is an international initiative aiming to promote informatics (Computer Science, or Computing) and computational thinking among school students at all ages. Participants are usually supervised by teachers who may integrate

5238-449: The comparative phonetics and morphology of the Lithuanian dialects, which included 75 maps with the phonetic data of the dialects. For this book, he received the LSSR state prize  [ lt ] in 1968 and a Habilitated Doctor degree. His most important work for Lithuanian accentology is his work Iš lietuvių istorinės akcentologijos: 1605 katekizmo kirčiavimas (lit. From Lithuanian Historical Accentology: Accentuation of

5335-419: The dialects of the current Lithuanian language. In 1967, he defended his doctoral thesis Lietuvių dialektologija (Lyginamoji tarmių fonetika ir morfologija) ('Lithuanian Dialectology (Comparative Phonetics and Morphology of Dialects)'). From 1967 to 1973, Zinkevičius received the position of professor at the Department of the Lithuanian Language. He was the head of the Department of Lithuanian Language at

5432-488: The dormitories; 600 ended in a refugee camp. Professors had to leave their university flats. Following the Lithuanization policies, in its place, a new university, named Vilniaus universitetas, was created. Its faculty came from the Kaunas University . The new charter specified that Vilnius University was to be governed according to the statute of the Vytautas Magnus University of Kaunas , and that Lithuanian language programs and faculties would be established. Lithuanian

5529-482: The emergence of several independent states. Both Lithuania and Poland sought to re-establish their statehood. Plans to reopen the University of Vilnius on January 1, 1919, were disrupted when the Red Army of Soviet Russia occupied Vilnius. In April 1919, the Polish Army took control of the city and removed Soviet structures. Józef Piłsudski then authorized the opening of Stephan Bathory University (SBU) on August 28, 1919. Lithuanian scholars retreated to Kaunas from

5626-399: The entire educational community lost an authoritative linguist, dialectologist, researcher of Baltistics, a great person. A bright memory of his personality also remains: a prominent scientist and at the same time a modest, benevolent, very hardworking and respectful person. Zinkevičius is highly acclaimed in international sources, where he is described as an "excellent linguistic historian of

5723-476: The faculties of Economics, Physics, Communications and Law, as well as the Business School and the Life Sciences Centre that started operating in 2016 with laboratories. The faculties and research institutes of Vilnius University are scattered all over Vilnius, with one faculty in Kaunas, and one in Šiauliai. In the central part of Vilnius, where the historical buildings of the University are located, there are faculties of Philology, History, and Philosophy. Part of

5820-674: The fields of studies, science and social partnerships. The Vilnius University Foundation was established on 6 April 2016, becoming the first university endowment in Lithuania . The Foundation supports scientific research of the highest quality and the creation of study programmes that correspond to global demands, while encouraging other high added-value projects. More than 23,000 students are currently studying in more than 140 Bachelor’s and more than 140 Master’s degree programmes, with PhD studies offered in 29 scientific fields. Students can also choose from more than 60 medicine and dentistry residency programmes. International students may choose from

5917-484: The former Minister of Education and Science of Lithuania (1996–1998). Zinkevičius authored over a hundred books, including the popular six-volume "History of the Lithuanian Language" (1984–1994), and over a thousand articles, both in Lithuanian and other languages. He was an academician of the Lithuanian Catholic Academy of Science since 1991 and a full member of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences from 1990 to 2011, when he became an emeritus member. Zinkevičius

SECTION 60

#1732771856489

6014-550: The globe. The university offers over 450 customizable R&D services in diverse areas such as life sciences, photonics, IT, and psychology By attracting targeted funding or using the University’s funds, the University currently represents the country or participates as a partner in the following international research infrastructures: EMBL; EMBC (European Conference on Molecular Biology); Instruct-ERIC (Structural Biology Infrastructure); ELI (Extreme Light Infrastructure); CERN; WAEVE Consortium (Next Generation Spectroscopy Facility for

6111-405: The greatest professional repute", "eminent", and "great Lithuanian scholar". On the topic of Polish–Lithuanian relations , in his book Vilnijos lenkakalbių pavardės ( Surnames of the Vilnius Region's Polish-speakers ), Zinkevičius emphasized that today Lithuanians and Poles should coexist in a nice way, but that this could only happen if the relations and history of both nations were based on

6208-407: The guidance of State Repatriation Office . As the result, many former students and professors of Stefan Batory joined universities in Poland. To keep in contact with each other, the professors decided to transfer whole faculties. After 1945, most of the mathematicians, humanists and biologists joined the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń , while a number of the medical faculty formed the core of

6305-518: The lack of connection between the Polish language used in Lithuania and the one used in Poland as "wrong, because differences in pronunciation cannot be a distinctive feature sufficient to distinguish a given language", and his position as "justified only from the propaganda point of view", which Boroch believes aims to put the Polish language in Lithuania in the position of "a secondary and dying language". In Lietuvių dialektologija (1966), his most important work in dialectology, Zinkevičius presented

6402-837: The main issues of Lithuanian grammar. Zinkevičius researched and published the Polish - Yotvingian dictionary " Pagan Dialects from Narew  [ lt ] " (1983, 1985). Zinkevičius wrote the monographs Rytų Lietuva praeityje ir dabar (lit. Eastern Lithuania in the past and now; 1993) and the Lietuvių kalbos istorija (lit. The History of the Lithuanian Language; 1996, published both in Lithuanian and English). He also authored books to popularize science, for example, Kaip žmonės išmoko rašyti (lit. How People Learned to Write; 1958), Lietuvių kalbos tarmės (lit. The Lithuanian language's dialects; 1968), Kalbotyros pradmenys (lit. Basics of Language research; 1969, 1980), Kalbininkas K. Būga (lit. Linguist K. Būga ; 1981), Tautos kilmė (lit. Nation's origin; 2006). He wrote

6499-453: The middle of the 18th century, education authorities tried to restore the academy. Thanks to the rector of the academy, Marcin Poczobutt-Odlanicki , the academy was granted the status of "Principal School" ( Polish : Szkoła Główna ) in 1783. The commission, the secular authority governing the academy after the dissolution of the Jesuit order, drew up a new statute. The school was named Academia et Universitas Vilnensis. Vilnius University

6596-399: The minister's opinions did not reflect the government's position. On February 3, 2015, he was one of 60 signatories of an open letter addressed, among others, to Lithuanian President Dalia Grybauskaitė and members of the government, in which he demanded that the Polish minority party LLRA be excluded from the government coalition and that the party's deputies be stripped of their seats in

6693-443: The newly founded Medical University of Gdańsk . The Toruń university is often considered to be the successor to the Polish traditions of Stefan Batory University. Many famous scientists ended up on the list of the victims of Stalinist terror, including Antanas Žvironas, Tadas Petkevičius, Levas Karsavinas and Vosylius Sezemanas, among others. During the post-Stalin period, when the classical Vilnius University had been converted into

6790-404: The next day under a compromise in which in addition to Jewish students, Lithuanian, Belarusian, and "Polish democratic" students were to be seated separately. Rector of the university, Władysław Marian Jakowicki , resigned his position in protest over the introduction of the ghetto benches. Following the invasion of Poland the university continued its operations. The city was soon occupied by

6887-483: The non-academic departments of the University, such as the Cultural Centre, Health and Sports Centre, Library , Museum, Botanical Gardens , and other institutions. Since 2016, Vilnius University has been a member of a network of prestigious universities–the Coimbra Group –and since 2019, it has belonged to the European University Alliance (ARQUS).The alliance aims to create joint, long-term, sustainable structures and mechanisms for close inter-institutional cooperation in

6984-636: The occupied Vilnius. They organized the Higher Courses of Studies, which later evolved into the Lithuanian University in Kaunas , established on February 16, 1922. A few years later, it was renamed Vytautas Magnus University . The university quickly recovered and gained international prestige, largely because of the presence of notable scientists such as Władysław Tatarkiewicz , Marian Zdziechowski , and Henryk Niewodniczański . Among

7081-589: The pre-war and post-war Lithuania, particularly at Vilnius University. The aim of the project is to commemorate and pay respect to the members of the Vilnius University community, both staff and students, who were expelled from the university, losing the ability to continue their academic careers or studies, because of the actions of the totalitarian regimes and their local collaborators. The symbolic Memory Diploma of Vilnius University has been established in commemoration of these people. Vilnius University

7178-426: The process of the polonization of Lithuanian surnames. Zinkevičius prepared textbooks for higher education , e.g. Lietuvių kalbos dialektologija (lit. The Lithuanian language's dialectology; 1978, 1994) and Lietuvių kalbos istorinė gramatika (lit. Lithuanian language's historical grammar; 2 vols. 1980–81). The latter book was the first historical grammar of the Lithuanian language, which thoroughly examined

7275-594: The professor of VMU, was awarded the regalia of an Honorary Doctor . For his services to Lithuania in 1995, Zinkevičius was awarded the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas , 3rd Class. He was also the laureate of the international Herder Prize in 1994 and the Lithuanian Science Advancement Award  [ lt ] in 1995. In addition, he was awarded the title of Honorary Doctorate of

7372-621: The programme takes place at the University, with the other part taking place at a foreign higher education institution. After the completion of these joint studies, a joint qualification degree can be awarded, if the requirements are met. The research areas of Vilnius University are: More than 1/3 of the PhD theses created in Lithuania are defended at Vilnius University, where over 3,000 research publications are published, and more than 400 research projects are implemented annually. Vilnius University has over 160 research teams, which are acknowledged across

7469-545: The prominent universities in Lithuania. Established in 1579 in Lithuania’s capital city Vilnius, with a faculty in the second-largest city, Kaunas, and another in the fourth-largest city, Šiauliai. The University is composed of fifteen academic faculties that offer more than 200 study programmes in a wide range of academic disciplines for over 24 000 students. Vilnius University is known for its strong community ties, interaction and participation in additional activities offered by

7566-620: The sole language of lectures in state schools, and that youth in Vilnius Region speak a " simple " language, while in schools they are forced to speak in a language foreign to them, Polish. He also questioned the citizenship of those who do not speak Lithuanian. The statement prompted a protest from the Polish Foreign Ministry and the Congress of Poles of Lithuania. Prime Minister Gediminas Vagnorius declared that

7663-557: The strength to increase the large pile of books about Lithuania. Other notable people in Lithuania, such as the contemporary President of Lithuania Dalia Grybauskaitė , Prime Minister Algirdas Butkevičius , Deputy Speaker of the Seimas Irena Degutienė , sent representatives also to congratulate Zinkevičius. The contemporary Minister of Education and Science Dainius Pavalkis  [ lt ] emphasized that Zinkevičius's scientific work made Lithuania famous in

7760-466: The students of the university at that time was future Nobel prize winner Czesław Miłosz . The university grew quickly, thanks to government grants and private donations. Its library contained 600,000 volumes, including historic and cartographic items which are still in its possession. Although the re-established Stephan Bathory University was tasked with promoting Polish state ideology, it also contributed positively through numerous research projects and

7857-620: The study programmes at the University were reorganised into three cycles at the Bachelor, Master and Doctoral (or PhD) level. In 2016, Vilnius University joined the Coimbra Group, a network of prestigious European universities. Also in 2016, Vilnius University started the Recovering Memory project. The University recognises its responsibility to remember and evaluate the past, especially the tragic events that took place in

7954-621: The training of highly-qualified scientists. Despite being the smallest and most poorly financed Polish university, SBU played a significant role in promoting both Polish and Lithuanian culture and science. In 1945, most of the professors, staff, and students of SBU relocated to Poland, where they initiated the foundation of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń and continued their work there. The university's international students included 212 Russians , 94 Belarusians , 85 Lithuanians , 28 Ukrainians and 13 Germans . Anti-Semitism increased during

8051-403: The truth. He has said that: They need to look at history correctly, recognizing that Lithuanians are not descended from Polish-speakers, but on the contrary: local Polish-speakers descend from Lithuanian-speaking people. On his 90th birthday in 2015, Zinkevičius said: "I saw many governments, but I never changed my views, which made me disliked by those who changed them. This is how I am, this

8148-461: The underground universities were accepted by many Polish universities after the war. Soon after the annexation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union, while some Polish professors were allowed to resume teaching, many others (along with some Lithuanian professors) who were deemed " reactionary " were arrested and sent to prisons and gulags in Russia and Kazakhstan . Between September 1939 and July 1941,

8245-768: The vowels. It is further subdivided into two sub-dialects: Southern Aukštaitian preserves the diphthong, but replaces ą and ę with ų and į ( žųsis instead of žąsis 'goose', skįsta instead of skęsta 'drowns'). It is spoken mostly in Dzūkija and therefore is known as the Dzūkian dialect . Eastern Aukštaitian replaces the diphthongs with either un , um , in , im or on , om , ėn , ėm ( pasumda instead of pasamdo 'hiring', romstis instead of ramstis 'support'). The ogonek vowels are replaced with either ų , į or o , ę / ė ( grųštas or groštas instead of grąžtas 'drill', grįšt instead of gręžti 'to drill'). It

8342-446: The world and thanked Zinkevičius for his strengthening of the Lithuanian schools in southeastern Lithuania while he was a minister: "You achieved that all residents of this region who want to learn Lithuanian could do so." Professor Romualdas Baltrušis  [ lt ] , Zinkevičius's childhood friend, recalled that the years of Soviet occupation was hard for Zinkevičius and was glad that his work remained serious, uninfluenced by

8439-491: Was a member of the editorial boards of the Lithuanian Language Society ( Lietuvių kalbos draugija ) and of the international periodicals " Baltistica  [ lt ] " and "Lituanistica". Zinkevičius created the theory about the three Lithuanian written languages at the beginning of Lithuanian writing. During his 72-year academic career, he taught at Vilnius University for 45 years. Zinkevičius

8536-546: Was a prominent institution during the Baroque era in Lithuania. The city's capital, Vilnius, became a key northern and eastern Baroque city. The Jesuits hired architect Joannes Christophorus Glaubicius from Silesia to repair the University's buildings and the Church of St. Johns . Glaubicius, who later became a leading 18th-century architect in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , worked with various religious communities and developed

8633-589: Was buried in the Antakalnis cemetery on February 23. The contemporary president Dalia Grybauskaitė, when expressing her condolences on his death, said that Lithuania lost an outstanding linguist: The fundamental scientific works of the long-time Vilnius University professor made it possible to learn about the past of our language and nation, to understand its origin, to strengthen Lithuanianness and national self-esteem. The contemporary Minister of Education and Science Jurgita Petrauskienė said: Lithuania and

8730-507: Was created by the Polish intelligentsia. After the outbreak of World War I and the German occupation of the city TPN made an attempt to recreate a university with a creation of so-called Higher Scientific Courses. Unfortunately both TPN and the Courses were soon closed by German officials. During World War I and the subsequent revolutions in Europe, the concept of self-determination led to

8827-671: Was established in the Vilnius University Life Sciences Centre (LSC), based on an agreement concluded in 2020, the main goal of which is to initiate and develop new directions and technologies in relation to genome editing research and applications in LSC, and to promote the application of genome editing technologies in LSC and Lithuanian research and study institutions and businesses. From 2021, Vilnius University Business School coordinates and implements Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring (GEM) in Lithuania. GEM

8924-713: Was established on April 1, 1579, during the conflict between the Reformation and the Catholic Reformation. Stephan Bathory , the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania , granted a charter to create the Vilnius Academy. Later, on October 30, Pope Gregory XIII issued a papal bull, officially recognizing Vilnius College as a university. The institution was formally named Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Iesu (Vilnius Academy and University of

9021-645: Was fluent in a number of languages, including English , German , Russian , Polish , Ukrainian , Belarusian and French . Zinkevičius was born on 4 January 1925 in the Juodausiai  [ lt ] village in Ukmergė district . In 1939, after finishing the six-year school, he transferred to the Antanas Smetona Gymnasium in Ukmergė  [ lt ] . In 1945, Zinkevičius entered

9118-419: Was granted the rights to the administration of all education facilities in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania . Among the notable personae were the curator (governor) Adam Jerzy Czartoryski and rector Jan Śniadecki . The university used Polish as the instructional language, although Russian was added to the curriculum. It became known for its studies of Belarusian and Lithuanian culture . By 1823, it

9215-502: Was named as the official language of the university. A new academic term started on 22 January; only 13 of the new students had former Polish citizenship. Polish Law and Social Sciences, Humanities, Medical, Theological, Mathematical-Life sciences faculties continued to work underground with lectures and exams held in private flats until 1944. Polish professors who took part in the underground courses included Iwo Jaworski, Kazimierz Petrusewicz and Bronisław Wróblewski. The diplomas of

9312-495: Was occupied by Germany in 1941, and all institutions of higher education for Poles were closed. From 1940 until September 1944, under Lithuanian professor and activist Mykolas Biržiška , the University of Vilnius was open for Lithuanian students under the supervision of the German occupation authorities. In 1944, many of Polish students took part in Operation Ostra Brama . The majority of them were later arrested by

9409-556: Was one of the largest in Europe; the student population exceeded that of the Oxford University . A number of students, among them poet Adam Mickiewicz , were arrested in 1823 for conspiracy against the tsar (membership in Filomaci ). During the 1831 uprising, many University students joined the rebels. In response, Tsar Nicholas I closed the University on 1 May 1832. Two of the faculties were turned into separate schools:

#488511