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67-398: The town of Bartın contains a number of very old wooden houses in a style no longer existent in other places. Bartın province includes the ancient port town of Amasra (Amastris). This town stands on two small fortified islands and contains many interesting old buildings and restaurants. They have built a tri-highway system that stretches from Bartın Center to Zonguldak to Amasra, replacing

134-656: A charge against the Armenian horses and won a great victory at the Battle of Tigranocerta . Tigranes fled north while Lucullus destroyed his new capital city and dismantled his holdings in the south by granting independence to Sophene and returning Syria to the Seleucid king Antiochus XIII Asiaticus . In 68   BC Lucullus invaded northern Armenia, ravaging the country and capturing Nisibis , but Tigranes avoided battle. Meanwhile, Mithridates invaded Pontus, and in 67 he defeated

201-505: A corps of 120,000 troops armed "in the Roman fashion" and "drilled in the Roman phalanx formation". These units imitated Roman legions , although it is disputed to what degree they achieved this. The navy was organized in a similar fashion as the army. While the kingdom itself provided the main contingent of ships, a small portion represented the Greek cities. The crewmen either came from

268-457: A large Roman force near Zela . Lucullus, now in command of tired and discontented troops, withdrew to Pontus, then to Galatia. He was replaced by two new consuls arriving from Italy with fresh legions, Marcius Rex and Acilius Glabrio . Mithridates now recovered Pontus while Tigranes invaded Cappadocia. In response to increasing pirate activity in the eastern Mediterranean, the senate granted Pompey extensive proconsular Imperium throughout

335-631: A letter from the second-century bishop, Dionysius, Bishop of Corinth , wherein he names their bishop, one Palmas. The see was initially a suffragan of the metropolitan of Gangra , capital of the Roman province of Paphlagonia . In the late 8th century its bishop obtained from the Byzantine Emperor its elevation to the rank of autocephalous archeparchy . It is listed as such in the Notitia Episcopatuum attributed to Basil

402-531: A location in Bartın Province , Turkey is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Amasra Amasra (from Greek Amastris Ἄμαστρις, gen . Ἀμάστριδος) is a small Black Sea port town in the Bartın Province , Turkey . It is the seat of Amasra District . Its population is 6,098 (2021). The town today is much appreciated for its beaches and natural setting, which has made tourism

469-547: A peaceful, pro-Roman policy. He sent aid to the Roman ally Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamon against Prusias II of Bithynia in 155. His successor, Mithridates V of Pontus Euergetes, remained a friend of Rome and in 149 BC sent ships and a small force of auxiliaries to aid Rome in the Third Punic War. He also sent troops for the war against Eumenes III (Aristonicus), who had usurped the Pergamene throne after

536-682: A port for ships. He also adds that it was 90 stadia from the river Parthenius and 60 stadia from the Erythini The city was not abandoned in the Byzantine Era, when the acropolis was transformed into a fortress and the still surviving church was built. It was sacked by the Rus during the First Russo-Byzantine War in the 830s. Speros Vryonis states that in the 9th century a "combination of local industry, trade, and

603-538: A residential bishopric, Amastris (Curiate Italian Amastri ) is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see. The diocese was nominally restored in the 19th century as a Latin Catholic titular bishopric and had the following incumbents of the episcopal (lowest) rank : In 1929 it was promoted to titular archbishopric . It is vacant as such since decades, having had the following incumbents of

670-630: A strong ally of Athens and revolted against Artaxerxes , but was betrayed by his son Mithridates II of Cius . Mithridates   II remained as ruler after Alexander's conquests and was a vassal to Antigonus I Monophthalmus , who briefly ruled Asia Minor after the Partition of Triparadisus . Mithridates was killed by Antigonus in 302   BC under suspicion that he was working with his enemy Cassander . Antigonus planned to kill Mithridates' son, also called Mithridates (later named Ktistes, 'founder') but Demetrius   I warned him and he escaped to

737-439: Is located a little outside Amasra, and is easily accessed by steps leading from the roadside. In 2009, a coal-fired power station of 2640 MWe (or 1200 MWe) was proposed by a subsidiary of Hattat Holding , but after concerns were raised about the effect on air quality, marine ecology, and ash it was not built. They now propose just a coal mine. Kingdom of Pontus Pontus ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Πόντος Pontos )

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804-408: Is possible that Mithridates inherited part of Paphlagonia after the death of its King, Pylaemenes. Mithridates   V married his daughter Laodice to the king of Cappadocia, Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia , and he also went on to invade Cappadocia, though the details of this war are unknown. Hellenization continued under Mithridates   V. He was the first king to widely recruit Greek mercenaries in

871-548: Is the "Mezgit." It is a relatively small fish that is eaten with a side of Amasra Salad. They also provide sea side restaurants near Amasra that feature an assortment of seafood dishes. Bartın has a third tier side in the TFF 2nd League called, Bartınspor. Bartın Province subdivides into four districts (capital district in bold ): 41°36′16″N 32°30′40″E  /  41.60444°N 32.51111°E  / 41.60444; 32.51111 This geographical article about

938-650: The Battle of Orchomenus in 85   BC but was once again defeated and suffered heavy losses. As a result of the losses and the unrest they stirred in Asia Minor, as well as the presence of the Roman army now campaigning in Bithynia, Mithridates was forced to accept a peace deal. Mithridates and Sulla met in 85   BC at Dardanus . Sulla decreed that Mithridates had to surrender Roman Asia and return Bithynia and Cappadocia to their former kings. He also had to pay 2,000 talents and provide ships. Mithridates would retain

1005-856: The Boeotian League except Thespiae . Finally, in 87 BC, Lucius Cornelius Sulla set out from Italy with five legions. He marched through Boeotia , which quickly surrendered, and began laying siege to Athens and the Piraeus (the Athenian port city, no longer connected by the Long Walls ). Athens fell in March 86   BC, and the city was sacked. After stiff resistance, Archelaus, the Pontic general in Piraeus, left by sea, and Sulla utterly destroyed

1072-792: The Tauric Chersonesus now appealed for his aid against the Scythians in the north. Mithridates sent 6,000 men under General Diophantus. After various campaigns in the north of the Crimea he controlled all of the Chersonesus. Mithridates also developed trade links with cities on the western Black Sea coast. At the time, Rome was fighting the Jugurthine and Cimbric wars. Mithridates and Nicomedes of Bithynia both invaded Paphlagonia and divided it amongst themselves. A Roman embassy

1139-633: The 3rd century BC. The Kingdom of Pontus was divided into two distinct areas: the coastal region and the Pontic interior. The coastal region bordering the Black Sea was separated from the mountainous inland area by the Pontic Alps , which run parallel to the coast. The river valleys of Pontus also ran parallel to the coast and were quite fertile, supporting cattle herds, millet , and fruit trees, including cherry , apple , and pear . ( Cherry and Cerasus are probably cognates .) The coastal region

1206-491: The Aegean, he was honored at Delos, and he depicted himself as Apollo on his coins. Mithridates was assassinated at Sinope in 121/0, the details of which are unclear. Because both the sons of Mithridates V, Mithridates   VI and Mithridates Chrestus , were still children, Pontus now came under the regency of his wife Laodice. She favored Chrestus, and Mithridates   VI escaped the Pontic court. Legend would later say this

1273-524: The Armenian (c. 840) and in that of Leo VI the Wise (early 10th century). In the middle of the 10th century it obtained the rank of Metropolitan see without suffragans, a rank it held until, due to the diminution in the number of Christians in the area, it was suppressed. From the 14th century to the second half of the 15th, the town was also the seat of a bishopric of the Latin Church . No longer

1340-588: The Black Sea trade, the town came under the control of the Republic of Genoa . Genoese domination ended when the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II conquered the whole Anatolian shores of the Black Sea. The ancient Greek writer Myronianus ( Ancient Greek : Μυρωνιανὸς ), was from the Amastris. The bishopric of Amastris was established early: according to Eusebius , its congregation received

1407-499: The Great of Armenia, to invade Cappadocia, which he did, and Ariobarzanes fled to Rome. Mithridates then deposed Nicomedes   IV from Bithynia, placing Socrates Chrestus on the throne. A Roman army under Manius Aquillius arrived in Asia Minor in 90   BC, prompting Mithridates and Tigranes to withdraw. Cappadocia and Bithynia were restored to their respective monarchs, but then faced large debts to Rome due to their bribes for

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1474-601: The Great, who conquered Colchis , Cappadocia , Bithynia , the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos , and for a brief time the Roman province of Asia . After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic Wars , Pontus was defeated. The kingdom had three cultural strands, which often fused together: Greek (mostly on the coast), Persian, and Anatolian, with Greek becoming the official language in

1541-716: The Mediterranean in 67   BC. Pompey eliminated the pirates, and in 66 he was assigned command in Asia Minor to deal with Pontus. Pompey organized his forces, close to 45,000 legionaries, including Lucullus' troops, and signed an alliance with the Parthians , who attacked and kept Tigranes busy in the east. Mithridates massed his army, some 30,000 men and 2,000–3,000 cavalry, in the heights of Dasteira in lesser Armenia. Pompey fought to encircle him with earthworks for six weeks, but Mithridates eventually retreated north. Pompey pursued and managed to catch his forces by surprise in

1608-442: The Roman senators, and Nicomedes   IV was eventually convinced by Aquillius to attack Pontus in order to repay the debts. He plundered as far as Amastris , and returned with much loot. Mithridates invaded Cappadocia once again, and Rome declared war. In the summer of 89 BC, Mithridates invaded Bithynia and defeated Nicomedes and Aquillius in battle. He moved swiftly into Roman Asia and resistance crumbled; by 88 he had obtained

1675-405: The Roman supply line to Cappadocia in the south, but they suffered heavy casualties. Mithridates, still unwilling to fight a decisive engagement, now began a retreat to Lesser Armenia , where he expected aid from his ally Tigranes the Great. Because of his now weakened cavalry, the retreat turned into an all-out rout, and most of the Pontic army was destroyed or captured. These events led Machares ,

1742-626: The Romans off Chalcedon and laid siege to Cyzicus . Lucullus marched from Phrygia with his five legions and forced Mithridates to retreat to Pontus. In 72   BC Lucullus invaded Pontus through Galatia and marched north following the river Halys to the north coast, he besieged Amisus , which withstood until 70   BC. In 71 he marched through the Iris and Lycus river valleys and established his base in Cabeira . Mithridates sent his cavalry to cut

1809-465: The Seleucid Empire. The sources are silent on Pontus for the years following the death of Mithridates   II, when his son Mithridates   III ruled (c.   220–198/88). Pharnaces I of Pontus was much more successful in his expansion of the kingdom at the expense of the Greek coastal cities. He joined in a war with Prusias I of Bithynia against Eumenes of Pergamon in 188 BC, but

1876-514: The archiepiscopal (intermediary) rank : With its architectural heritage, Amasra is a member of the Norwich -based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions. Archaeological Museum: there is a fine medium-sized archaeological museum by the sea with remains from both land and underwater. Of particular interest is a statue of the snake god Glykon, a fraudulent creation of a local entrepreneur during Roman imperial times. Amasra Castle

1943-492: The army of Pontus adopted the Macedonian phalanx ; it fielded a corps of Chalkaspides ('bronze-shields'), for example against Sulla at the Battle of Chaeronea , while at the same battle 15,000 phalangites were recruited from freed slaves . Pontus also fielded various cavalry units, including cataphracts . In addition to normal cavalry Pontus also fielded scythed chariots . Under Mithridates VI Pontus also fielded

2010-465: The autumn of 88 Mithridates also placed Rhodes under siege, but he failed to take it. In Athens , anti-Roman elements were emboldened by the news and soon formed an alliance with Mithridates. A joint Pontic–Athenian naval expedition took Delos in 88   BC, and granted the city to Athens. Many Greek city-states now joined Mithridates, including Sparta , the Achaean League , and most of

2077-501: The city of Amastris to Ariobarzanes of Pontus in c. 265–260 BC rather than submit it to domination by Heraclea, and it remained in the Pontic kingdom until its capture by Lucius Lucullus in 70 BC in the second Mithridatic War . The younger Pliny , when he was governor of Bithynia and Pontus , describes Amastris, in a letter to Trajan , as a handsome city, with a very long open place ( platea ), on one side of which extended what

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2144-631: The client Kingdom of Pontus, Colchis, and Cilicia until Polemon   II was forced to abdicate the Pontic throne by Nero in AD ;62. Although the Pontic kings claimed descent from the Persian royal house, they generally acted as Hellenistic kings and portrayed themselves as such in their coins, mimicking Alexander's royal stater . The army of the Pontic Kingdom had a varied ethnic composition, as it recruited its soldiers from all over

2211-763: The consul Lucullus took over Cilicia , Mithridates faced Roman commanders on two fronts. The Cilician pirates had not been completely defeated, and Mithridates signed an alliance with them. He was also allied with the government of Quintus Sertorius in Spain and with his help reorganized some of his troops in the Roman legionary pattern with short stabbing swords. The Third Mithridatic war broke out when Nicomedes   IV of Bithynia died without heirs in 75 and left his kingdom to Rome. In 74   BC Rome mobilized its armies in Asia Minor, probably provoked by some move made by Mithridates, but our sources are not clear on this. In 73 Mithridates invaded Bithynia, and his fleet defeated

2278-551: The death of Attalus III . After Rome received the Kingdom of Pergamon in the will of Attalus   III in the absence of an heir, they turned part of it into the province of Asia, while giving the rest to loyal allied kings. For his loyalty Mithridates was awarded the region of Phrygia Major. The kingdom of Cappadocia received Lycaonia . Because of this it seems reasonable to assume that Pontus had some degree of control over Galatia , since Phrygia does not border Pontus directly. It

2345-612: The east with six horsemen. Mithridates first went to the city of Cimiata in Paphlagonia and later to Amasya in Cappadocia. He ruled from 302 to 266   BC, fought against Seleucus I and, in 281 (or 280) BC, declared himself king ( basileus ) of a state in northern Cappadocia and eastern Paphlagonia. He further expanded his kingdom to the river Sangrius in the west. His son Ariobarzanes captured Amastris in 279, its first important Black sea port. Mithridates also allied with

2412-450: The kingdom. The standing army included Armenians , Bastarnae , Bithynians , Cappadocians , Galatians , Heniochoi , Iazyges , Koralloi , Leucosyrians , Phrygians , Sarmatians , Scythians , Tauri , and Thracians , as well as soldiers from other areas around the Black Sea. The Greeks who served in the military were not part of the standing army, but rather fought as citizens of their respective cities. Like many Hellenistic armies ,

2479-617: The latter more so with the coastal region. By the time of Mithridates   VI Eupator, Greek was the official language of the Kingdom, though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken in the interior. The region of Pontus was originally part of the Persian satrapy of Cappadocia (Katpatuka). The Persian dynasty which was to found this kingdom had, during the 4th century BC, ruled the Greek city of Cius (or Kios) in Mysia , with its first known member being Mithridates of Cius. His son Ariobarzanes   II became satrap of Phrygia . He became

2546-565: The most important activity for its inhabitants. Amasra has two islands: the bigger one is called Büyük ada ('Great Island'), the smaller one Tavşan adası ('Rabbit Island'). It was annexed by the Ottoman Empire after the Siege of Amasra . Situated in the ancient region of Paphlagonia , the original city seems to have been called Sesamus (Greek: Σήσαμος), and it is mentioned by Homer in conjunction with Cytorus . Stephanus says that it

2613-479: The newly arrived Galatians and defeated a force sent against him by Ptolemy I . Ptolemy had been expanding his territory in Asia Minor since the beginning of the First Syrian war against Antiochus in the mid-270s and was allied with Mithridates' enemy, Heraclea Pontica . We know little of Ariobarzanes' short reign, except that when he died his son Mithridates   II (c.   250—189) became king and

2680-429: The night, and the Pontic army suffered heavy casualties. After the battle, Pompey founded the city of Nicopolis. Mithridates fled to Colchis, and later to his son Machares in the Crimea in 65   BC. Pompey now headed east into Armenia, where Tigranes submitted to him, placing his royal diadem at his feet. Pompey took most of Tigranes' empire in the east but allowed him to remain as king of Armenia. Meanwhile, Mithridates

2747-654: The old windy roads that went up and down the mountain sides. There is a new tunnel that cuts travel times in half. They also have paid for and have gotten funding to upkeep their UNESCO Heritage site in Amasra, namely the castles for better preservation. They are also in the mix of helping the second biggest port in Turkey for construction. This port is in Filyos, right on the edge of the Bartın border. The main seafood found in Bartın

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2814-400: The port city. Meanwhile, Mithridates had sent his son Arcathias with a large army via Thrace into Greece. Sulla now headed north, seeking the fertile plains of Boeotia to supply his army. At the Battle of Chaeronea , Sulla inflicted severe casualties on Archelaus, who nevertheless retreated and continued to raid Greece with the Pontic fleet. Archelaus regrouped and attacked a second time at

2881-512: The produce of its soil made Amastris one of the more prosperous towns on the Black Sea." In the 13th century Amastris exchanged hands several times, first, seized by a Georgian army, led by David Komnenos , becoming a possession of the Empire of Trebizond in 1204, then at some point in the next ten years being captured by the Seljuk Turks , until finally in 1261, in her bid to monopolize

2948-465: The province of Asia in Anatolia, and it had also rescinded the region of Phrygia Major from Pontus during the reign of Laodice. Mithridates began his expansion by inheriting Lesser Armenia from King Antipater (precise date unknown, c.115–106) and by conquering the Kingdom of Colchis . Colchis was an important region in Black Sea trade – rich with gold, wax, hemp, and honey. The cities of

3015-454: The region by sending troops; Mithridates swiftly invaded, placing his nephew Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia on the throne of Cappadocia. War soon broke out between the two, and Mithridates invaded with a large Pontic army, but Ariarathes   VII was murdered in 101   BC before any battle was fought. Mithridates then installed his eight-year-old son, Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia as king, with Gordius as regent. In 97 Cappadocia rebelled, but

3082-487: The rest of his holdings and become an ally of Rome. The treaty agreed with Sulla was not to last. From 83 to 82   BC Mithridates fought against and defeated Licinius Murena , who had been left by Sulla to organize the province of Asia. The so-called Second Mithridatic war ended without any territorial gains by either side. The Romans now began securing the coastal region of Lycia and Pamphylia from pirates and established control over Pisidia and Lycaonia . When in 74

3149-443: The river Lycus and Iris. The major city of the interior was Amasia , the early Pontic capital, where the Pontic kings had their palace and royal tombs. Besides Amasia and a few other cities, the interior was dominated mainly by small villages. The kingdom of Pontus was divided into districts named Eparchies. The division between coast and interior was also cultural. The coast was mainly Greek and focused on sea trade. The interior

3216-521: The royal house being identified with the Persian god Ahuramazda of the Achaemenid dynasty; both Apollo and Mithras were worshipped by the Kings. Indeed, the name used by the majority of the Pontic kings was Mithridates, which means "given by Mithras". Pontic culture represented a synthesis between Iranian, Anatolian and Greek elements, with the former two mostly associated with the interior parts, and

3283-636: The son of Mithridates and ruler of the Crimean Bosporus, to seek an alliance with Rome. Mithridates fled to Armenia. In the summer of 69 Lucullus invaded Armenian territory, marching with 12,000 men through Cappadocia into Sophene . His target was Tigranocerta , the new capital of Tigranes's empire. Tigranes retreated to gather his forces. Lucullus laid siege to the city, and Tigranes returned with his army, including large numbers of heavily armored cavalrymen, termed Cataphracts , vastly outnumbering Lucullus' force. Despite this, Lucullus led his men in

3350-409: The surrender of most of the newly created province. He was welcomed in many cities, where the residents chafed under Roman tax farming . In 88 Mithridates also ordered the massacre of at least 80,000 Romans and Italians in what became known as the ' Asiatic Vespers '. Many Greek cities in Asia Minor happily carried out the orders; this ensured that they could no longer return to an alliance with Rome. In

3417-563: The two made peace in 183 after Bithynia suffered a series of reversals. He took Sinope in 182   BC and although the Rhodians complained to Rome about this, nothing was done. Pharnaces also took the coastal cities of Cotyora , Pharnacia , and Trapezus in the east, effectively gaining control of most of the northern Anatolian coastline. Despite Roman attempts to keep the peace, Pharnaces fought against Eumenes of Pergamon and Ariarathes of Cappadocia. While initially successful, it seems he

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3484-554: The uprising was swiftly put down by Mithridates. Afterwards, Mithridates and Nicomedes   III both sent embassies to Rome. The Roman Senate decreed that Mithridates had to withdraw from Cappadocia and Nicomedes from Paphlagonia. Mithridates obliged, and the Romans installed Ariobarzanes in Cappadocia. In 91/90   BC, while Rome was busy in the Social War in Italy, Mithridates encouraged his new ally and son-in-law, King Tigranes

3551-458: The wife of Lysimachus . Four small Ionian colonies, Sesamus, Cytorus, Cromna, also mentioned in the Iliad , and Tium , were combined by Amastris, after her separation from Lysimachus, to form the new community of Amastris, placed on a small river of the same name and occupying a peninsula. According to Strabo , Tium soon detached itself from the community, but the rest kept together, and Sesamus

3618-638: Was a Hellenistic kingdom centered in the historical region of Pontus in modern-day Turkey , and ruled by the Mithridatic dynasty of Persian origin, which may have been directly related to Darius the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty . The kingdom was proclaimed by Mithridates I in 281   BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63   BC. The Kingdom of Pontus reached its largest extent under Mithridates VI

3685-421: Was also made into a client kingdom. Pharnaces   II later made an attempt at reconquering Pontus. During the civil war of Caesar and Pompey, he invaded Asia Minor (48   BC), taking Colchis, lesser Armenia, Pontus, and Cappadocia and defeating a Roman army at Nicopolis. Caesar responded swiftly and defeated him at Zela , where he uttered the famous phrase ' Veni, vidi, vici '. Pontic kings continued to rule

3752-615: Was attacked by the Galatians. Mithridates   II received aid from Heraclea Pontica , who was also at war with the Galatians at this time. Mithridates went on to support Antiochus Hierax against his brother Seleucus   II Callinicus. Seleucus was defeated in Anatolia by Hierax, Mithridates, and the Galatians. Mithridates also attacked Sinope in 220 but failed to take the city. He married Seleucus   II's sister and gave his daughter in marriage to Antiochus   III, to obtain recognition for his new kingdom and create strong ties with

3819-648: Was built during the Roman period. The walls of the castle were built by the Byzantines. The front walls and gates were built by the Genoese in the 14th and 15th centuries. Though located on a narrow peninsula, a tunnel under the castle leads to a fresh water pool. It was originally built as a Byzantine church in the 9th century AD. The church narthex section consists of three parts. After the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II conquered Amasra in 1460, it

3886-481: Was called a river, but in fact was a filthy, pestilent, open drain. Pliny obtained the emperor's permission to cover over this sewer. On a coin of the time of Trajan, Amastris has the title Metropolis . It continued to be a town of some note to the seventh century of our era. From Amasra got its name an important place of Constantinople, the Amastrianum . Arrian writes that the Amastris was a Greek city, which had

3953-485: Was converted to a mosque. It is open to prayers. There is also a chapel on the same street but it is closed to prayers since 1930. Bird's Rock Road Monument was created between AD 41-54 by the order of Bithynia et Pontus Governor Gaius Julius Aquila. It was a resting place and monument. At the time when Claudius was the Roman Emperor, Aquila was the commander of the building army in the eastern provinces. It

4020-552: Was dominated by Greek cities such as Amastris and Sinope, which became the Pontic capital after its capture. The coast was rich in timber, fishing, and olives. Pontus was also rich in iron and silver , which were mined near the coast south of Pharnacia ; steel from the Chalybian mountains became quite famous in Greece. There were also copper , lead , zinc and arsenic . The Pontic interior also had fertile river valleys such as

4087-630: Was occupied by the Anatolian Cappadocians and Paphlagonians ruled by an Iranian aristocracy that went back to the Persian empire. The interior also had powerful temples with large estates. The gods of the Kingdom were mostly syncretic, with features of local gods along with Persian and Greek deities. Major gods included the Persian Ahuramazda , who was termed Zeus Stratios; the moon god Men Pharnacou; and Ma (interpreted as Cybele). Sun gods were particularly popular, with

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4154-513: Was organizing a defense of the Crimea when his son Pharnaces led the army in revolt; Mithridates was forced to commit suicide or was assassinated. Most of the western half of Pontus and the Greek cities of the coast, including Sinope, were annexed by Rome directly as part of the Roman province of Bithynia et Pontus . The interior and eastern coast remained an independent client kingdom. The Bosporan Kingdom also remained independent under Pharnaces II of Pontus as an ally and friend of Rome. Colchis

4221-416: Was originally called Cromna ( Ancient Greek : Κρῶμνα ); but in another place, where he repeats the statement, he adds, as it is said; but some say that Cromna is a small place in the territory of Amastris, which is the true account. The place derived its name Amastris from Amastris , the niece of the last Persian king Darius III , who was the wife of Dionysius , tyrant of Heraclea , and after his death

4288-598: Was overmatched by 179 when he was forced to sign a treaty. He had to give up all lands he had obtained in Galatia , and Paphlagonia and the city of Tium, but he kept Sinope. Seeking to extend his influence to the north, Pharnaces allied with the cities in the Chersonesus and with other Black Sea cities such as Odessus on the Bulgarian coast. Pharnaces' brother, Mithridates   IV Philopator Philadelphus adopted

4355-540: Was sent, but it accomplished nothing. Mithridates also took a part of Galatia that had previously been part of his father's kingdom and intervened in Cappadocia, where his sister Laodice was queen. In 116 the king of Cappadocia, Ariarathes   VI, was murdered by the Cappadocian noble Gordius at the behest of Mithridates, and Laodice ruled as regent over the sons of Ariarathes until 102   BC. After Nicomedes III of Bithynia married Laodice, he tried to intervene in

4422-436: Was the acropolis of Amastris. From this it appears that Amastris was really a confederation or union of three places, and that Sesamus was the name of the city on the peninsula. This may explain the fact that Mela mentions Sesamus and Cromna as cities of Paphlagonia, while omitting Amastris. The territory of Amastris produced a great quantity of boxwood , which grew on the nearby Mount Cytorus . Its tyrant Eumenes presented

4489-498: Was the time he traveled through Asia Minor, building his resistance to poisons and learning all of the languages of his subjects. He returned in 113   BC to depose his mother; she was thrown into prison, and he eventually had his brother killed. Mithridates VI Eupator, 'the Good Father', followed a decisive anti-Roman agenda, extolling Greek and Iranian culture against ever-expanding Roman influence. Rome had recently created

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