34-577: Bloomington–Normal , officially known as the Bloomington, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area , is a metropolitan statistical area in Central Illinois anchored by the twin municipalities of Bloomington and Normal . At the 2010 census , the municipalities had a combined urban population of 132,600, while the metropolitan area had a population of 169,572. Prior to 2013, the metropolitan area consisted of only McLean County . In 2013,
68-425: A commuter , leaves the boundary of their home community. By extension, it can sometimes be any regular or often repeated travel between locations, even when not work-related. The modes of travel, time taken and distance traveled in commuting varies widely across the globe. Most people in least-developed countries continue to walk to work. The cheapest method of commuting after walking is usually by bicycle , so this
102-400: A city (process known as suburban sprawl ), but the specifics of how that distinction is realized remain drastically different between societies, with Eurasian "suburbs" often being more densely populated than North American "urban cores". The first separation between workplace and place of residence occurred as a result of the invention of the steam railway . The word commuter derives from
136-478: A gender sensitive commuter-centric road safety policy requires to be developed to protect women while commuting as they felt stressed and scared to travel alone, particularly at night. Institutions that have few dormitories or low or no student housing populations are called commuter schools in the United States, like community colleges . Most commuters travel at the same time of day, resulting in
170-474: A regulation for public comment that would increase the minimum population needed for an urban area population to be a metropolitan statistical area to be increased from 50,000 to 100,000. It ultimately decided to keep the minimum at 50,000 for the 2020 cycle. On July 21, 2023, the Office of Management and Budget released revised delineations of the various CBSAs in the United States. The Census Bureau created
204-498: A result, sometimes the precise definition of a given metropolitan area will vary between sources. The statistical criteria for a standard metropolitan area were defined in 1949 and redefined as a metropolitan statistical area in 1983. Due to suburbanization, the typical metropolitan area is polycentric rather than being centered around a large historic core city such as New York City or Chicago . Some metropolitan areas include more than one large historic core city; examples include
238-410: A result, the needs of worker households must be sustained and this leads to a wider field of job search beyond a local area to the next nearest city or metropolitan area, resulting in the requirement for commuting. Hence, in areas where little or no transit options exist that can facilitate a journey to work to meet the requirements of a worker schedule, the use of a car is therefore made necessary. This
272-606: A set of core based statistical areas (CBSAs) throughout the country, which are composed of counties and county equivalents . CBSAs are delineated on the basis of a central contiguous area of relatively high population density, known as an urban area . The counties containing the core urban area are known as the "central counties" of the CBSA; these are defined as having at least 50% of their population living in urban areas of at least 10,000 in population. Additional surrounding counties, known as "outlying counties", can be included in
306-900: A single CBSA when the central county or counties of one CBSA qualify as an outlying county or counties to the other CBSAs. One or more CBSAs may be grouped together or combined to form a larger statistical entity known as a combined statistical area (CSA) when the employment interchange measure (EIM) reaches 15% or more. CBSAs are subdivided into MSAs (formed around urban areas of at least 50,000 in population) and micropolitan statistical areas (μSAs), which are CBSAs built around an urban area of at least 10,000 in population but less than 50,000 in population. Some metropolitan areas may include multiple cities below 50,000 people, but combined have over 50,000 people. Previous terms that are no longer used to describe these regions include "standard metropolitan statistical area" (SMSA) and "primary metropolitan statistical area" (PMSA). On January 19, 2021, OMB submitted
340-549: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Metropolitan statistical area Population In the United States , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) is a geographical region with a relatively high population density at its core and close economic ties throughout the region. Such regions are not legally incorporated as a city or town would be and are not legal administrative divisions like counties or separate entities such as states . As
374-496: Is a major factor contributing to air pollution . Carpool lanes can help commuters reach their destinations more quickly, encourage people to socialize, and spend time together, while reducing air pollution . Some governments and employers have introduced employee travel reduction programs that encourage such alternatives as carpooling and remote work . Some are also carpooling using Internet sites to save money. Alternatives like personal rapid transit have also been proposed to reap
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#1732783721656408-418: Is a personal choice driven by financial need, highlighting the broader issue of sustaining local economies. Since commuting largely stems from a need to travel outside a home community to sustain a household income while facing a bleak local employment market, this comes with additional social and health implications. First, there is the increased risk of injury and accident while driving as distance and time in
442-561: Is common in low-income countries but is also increasingly practised by people in wealthier countries for environmental and health reasons. In middle-income countries, motorcycle commuting is very common. The next technology adopted as countries develop is more dependent on location: in more populous, older cities, especially in Eurasia mass transit (rail, bus, etc.) predominates, while in smaller, younger cities, and large parts of North America and Australasia, commuting by personal automobile
476-437: Is more common. A small number of very wealthy people, and those working in remote locations around the world, also commute by air travel , often for a week or more at a time rather than the more typical daily commute. Transportation links that enable commuting also impact the physical layout of cities and regions, allowing a distinction to arise between mostly-residential suburbs and the more economically focused urban core of
510-420: Is often made necessary due to local employment market factors which may stem from the decline of manufacturing (i.e., in cities where large manufacturing employers have either closed or laid off workers, with no other employers to absorb that loss) and, in general, the sheer lack of local employment. More specifically, wages from local employers are often insufficient for a worker household to sustain itself. As
544-704: The Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex , Virginia Beach–Norfolk–Newport News (Hampton Roads) , Riverside–San Bernardino (Inland Empire) , and Minneapolis–Saint Paul (Twin Cities) . MSAs are defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), which is part of the Executive Office of the President , and are used by the U.S. Census Bureau and other U.S. federal government agencies for statistical purposes. The U.S. Office of Management and Budget defines
578-623: The Office of Management and Budget revised the delineations of the metropolitan area to include all of DeWitt and McLean counties. Additionally, the Bloomington–Pontiac Combined Statistical Area was created to combine the Bloomington MSA with the Pontiac, Illinois micropolitan statistical area . The CSA includes McLean and Livingston counties. This McLean County, Illinois location article
612-400: The United States , including those in all 50 states and the national capital of Washington, D.C. are ranked, including: This sortable table lists the six metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) of Puerto Rico including: Commuting Commuting is periodically recurring travel between a place of residence and place of work or study, where the traveler, referred to as
646-541: The 2014 ACS, the average commute time for adults in the United States was 26.8 minutes. The occupations with the longest commutes were Construction and Mining (33.4 minutes), Computer Science and Math (31.8), and Business Operations Specialists (30.2), while those in the military had the shortest commute (21). In general, urban and suburban workers in the US have similar commute times (about 30 minutes), while rural workers have significantly shorter commutes (22.6 minutes). In
680-404: The CBSA if these counties have strong social and economic ties to the central county or counties as measured by commuting and employment. Outlying counties are included in the CBSA if 25% of the workers living in the county work in the central county or counties, or if 25% of the employment in the county is held by workers who live in the central county or counties. Adjacent CBSAs are merged into
714-530: The Office of Management and Budget) and later renamed to standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMAs) in 1959. The modern metropolitan statistical area was created in 1983 amid a large increase in the number of eligible markets, which grew from 172 in 1950 to 288 in 1980; the core based statistical area (CBSA) was introduced in 2000 and defined in 2003 with a minimum population of 10,000 required for micropolitan areas and 50,000 for urban areas. The 387 MSAs in
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#1732783721656748-412: The US, over 90% of workers commute by car, while about 5% commute by public transportation . Statistical models indicate that in addition to demographics and work duration, commute time is one of the most important determinants of discretionary time allocation by individuals. The number of students who commute to college continues to increase significantly as the years go by. From 1996 to 2006 alone,
782-402: The early days of rail travel in US cities, such as New York, Philadelphia, Boston and Chicago, where, in the 1840s, the railways engendered suburbs from which travelers paid a reduced or 'commuted' fare into the city. Later, the back formations "commute" and "commuter" were coined therefrom. Commuted tickets would usually allow the traveler to repeat the same journey as often as they liked during
816-549: The energy-efficiency benefits of a mass transit system while maintaining the speed and convenience of individual transport. Traffic emissions, such as from cars and trucks , also contribute. Airborne by-products from vehicle exhaust systems cause air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of smog in some large cities. The major culprits from transportation sources are carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO and NO x ), volatile organic compounds , sulfur dioxide, and hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are
850-506: The existence of the reverse commuter who lives in a core city but works in the suburbs, and to a type of secondary commuter who lives in a more distant exurb and works in the outlying city or industrial suburb . A UK study, published in 2009, found that on average women suffer four times as much psychological stress from their work commute as men do. An Indian study conducted in Mangalore led by Edmond Fernandes stated that creating
884-543: The high cost of housing in city centres, lack of public transit , and traffic congestion , modes of travel may include automobiles , motorcycles , trains , aircraft , buses , and bicycles . Where Los Angeles is infamous for its automobile gridlock, commuting in New York is closely associated with the subway; in London and Tokyo and several European cities, "commuter" is automatically associated with rail passengers. In
918-519: The main components of petroleum fuels such as gasoline and diesel fuel . These molecules react with sunlight, heat, ammonia , moisture, and other compounds to form the noxious vapours, ground level ozone , and particles that comprise smog. In the United States, the Census Bureau 's American Community Survey (ACS) collects data on commuting times, allowing an analysis of average commute time by industry, location, and vehicle. According to
952-512: The metropolitan district for the 1910 census as a standardized classification for large urban centers and their surrounding areas. The original threshold for a metropolitan district was 200,000, but was lowered to 100,000 in 1930 and 50,000 in 1940. The metropolitan districts were replaced by standard metropolitan areas (SMAs) in the 1950 census , which were defined by the Bureau of the Budget (now
986-697: The morning and evening rush hours , with congestion on roads and public transport systems not designed or maintained well enough to cope with the peak demands. As an example, Interstate 405 located in Southern California is one of the busiest freeways in the United States. Commuters may sit up to two hours in traffic during rush hour. Construction work or collisions on the freeway distract and slow down commuters, contributing to even longer delays. Cars carrying only one occupant use fuel and roads less efficiently than shared cars or public transport , and increase traffic congestion . Commuting by car
1020-416: The near future there may be another move away from the traditional "commute" with the introduction of flexible working. Some have suggested that many employees would be far more productive and live healthier, stress-free lives if the daily commute is removed completely. Commuting has had a large impact on modern life. It has allowed cities to grow to sizes that were previously not practical, and it has led to
1054-633: The percentage of undergraduate students who commuted to campus began to increase at a rate of 30% to 50%. In a study involving 10 universities in Canada, 61% of students reported that their commute was a challenge to campus participation, while 30% perceived it as a barrier to academic success. Factors influencing satisfaction included commute mode, duration, travel attitudes, and campus type. Notably, 72% of students had one-way commutes of one hour or less, 22% had commutes lasting between 60 and 90 minutes, and 9% faced commutes exceeding 90 minutes. Commuting
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1088-504: The period of validity: normally, the longer the period the cheaper the cost per day. Before the 19th century, most workers lived less than an hour's walk from their work. The Industrial Revolution brought specialization of work and workplaces, and relocated most paid work from households and rural areas to factories in urban areas. Today, many people travel daily to work a long way from their own towns, cities, and villages, especially in industrialised societies . Depending on factors such as
1122-454: The proliferation of suburbs. Many large cities or conurbations are surrounded by commuter belts , also known as metropolitan areas , commuter towns , dormitory towns, or bedroom communities. The prototypical commuter lives in one of these areas and travels daily to work or to school in the core city. As urban sprawl pushes further and further away from central business districts , new businesses can appear in outlying cities , leading to
1156-405: The vehicle increases, which is generally observed when operating a vehicle. Fatigue and hazardous road conditions add to this risk. Second, while income from employment is greater in other cities, stress from commuting factors become a factor for personal health. Ironically, stress from having to locate employment or being placed in a low-income situation might lead to a similar outcome. However, this
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