The Fourth Republic of Korea ( Korean : 제4공화국 ; RR : Je sa Gonghwaguk ; lit. "Fourth Republic") was the government of South Korea from November 1972 to February 1981.
69-665: South Korean Government Busan and Masan citizenry The Busan–Masan Uprising or abbreviated, the Bu-Ma Uprising , was a series of demonstrations and popular uprising against President Park Chung Hee 's dictatorial Yushin regime in South Korea . It took place between 16 and 20 October 1979 in Busan and Masan (now a district of Changwon , South Korea). Students from Pusan National University began demonstrations calling for an end to Park's dictatorship. On 17 October
138-598: A de facto dictatorship and one-party state . The Fifth Republic faced growing opposition from the democratization movement of the Gwangju Uprising , and the June Democracy Movement of 1987 resulted in the election of Roh Tae-woo in the December 1987 presidential election . The Fifth Republic was dissolved three days after the election upon the adoption of a new constitution that laid
207-525: A military dictatorship under National Council for Reunification and declared martial law . Chun violently suppressed the subsequent Gwangju Uprising democracy movement against his rule in Gwangju , during which 200-600 people may have died. In August, Choi resigned and Chun was elected President in the 1980 presidential election by the National Council, running unopposed and winning 99.37% of
276-465: A pollution disease affecting people around Onsan, a town on the outskirts of the major city of Ulsan . Increased oil prices set by oil-rich Middle Eastern countries put pressure on the economic development of South Korea's heavy industry, but South Korean construction companies became highly active in the Middle East and saw an influx of foreign currency from these countries. The first reactor of
345-482: A protest. In June 1987, the death of Lee Han-yeol, a protester killed by a police tear gas grenade at one of the demonstrations following Bak's death, caused unrelenting pressure on Chun. The protesters demanded elections to be held, as well as instituting other democratic reforms, including direct presidential elections. On June 10, Chun announced his choice of Roh Tae-woo as the DJP's candidate for president. He added that
414-714: A reaction of Anti-Americanism in the democratization movement, which had been treated with suspicion by the United States along with other student movements. While military relations with Japan were strong, the Fifth Republic witnessed a rise in Anti-Japanese sentiment in South Korea due to various cultural and political disputes, mostly related to the history of Japanese rule in Korea . Examples include
483-548: Is as follows: This incident incited conflict inside the government, which led in turn to an early ending of the Yushin regime that was maintained by an emergency measure. The protest influenced the Seoul Spring , Gwangju Uprising and the June Democracy Movement . Democracy Park was built in 1999, and a monument was erected to honor the participants of the protests. Fourth Republic of Korea The Fourth Republic
552-640: The chaebols , the large family-owned conglomerates , as they possessed the capital to develop these industries. The Heavy-Chemical Industry Drive, which successfully developed heavy industry in South Korea, came at the cost of severe political and social repercussions. Wildcat strikes from the industrial working class and student protests against Park became increasingly frequent due to his undelivered promises of democratization, and are believed to have contributed to his assassination in 1979. Environmental damage and industrial accidents caused serious health issues, with one notable phenomenon known as Onsan illness ,
621-569: The 1967 presidential election , and the National Assembly passed a constitutional amendment that allowed him to serve a third term, which he narrowly won in the 1971 presidential election against Kim Dae-jung of the New Democratic Party . Park's popularity began to decline in the early 1970s, and he faced growing domestic opposition from both the public and rival politicians. The 1971 presidential election showed that
690-618: The Fifth Republic of Korea was established. The Fourth Republic saw continued dramatic economic growth. The Park government shifted away from light industry , considered to be highly developed, and began to invest in heavy industries in a plan known as the Heavy-Chemical Industry Drive . The heavy industry shift was primarily driven by the Korean DMZ Conflict from 1966 to 1969, which caused
759-576: The Fourth Republic of Korea . Park's popularity in South Korea declined during the 1970s, as the economic growth of the 1960s began to slow and the public became more critical of his authoritarianism. On 26 October 1979, Park was assassinated at a safehouse by Kim Jae-gyu , the director of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA), causing political turmoil in South Korea. Park's successor, Choi Kyu-hah ,
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#1732802151333828-575: The Japanese history textbook controversies and problems with the Japanese immigration system for Koreans in Japan . South Korea's relations with North Korea thawed during the beginning of the Fifth Republic, and proposed reunification plans were announced, but only held favorable conditions for their respective countries and was mostly used for propaganda . North Korean relations soured in 1983 after
897-740: The Korea Strait by throwing him overboard en route to Korea. However, they were forced to abandon this plan as the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force began pursuit and fired an illuminating shell at the boat just when the kidnappers brought Kim on the deck. Kim was subsequently released in Busan , and was found alive five days after the kidnapping at his house in Seoul. In April 1975, the People's Revolutionary Party Incident resurfaced when 1024 individuals were arrested by
966-679: The Kori Nuclear Power Plant near Busan began commercial operation in 1978. A variety of events in international diplomacy led the Park regime to reconsider its diplomatic position. Notable were the normalization of U.S. diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, which cast doubt on South Korea's ability to count on Cold War backing from the United States. The South Korean government began to establish diplomatic relations with many countries, such as Canada. In addition,
1035-580: The May 16 coup (which he had led) overthrew the Second Republic of Korea . The Supreme Council established a provisional military junta government that prioritized the economic development of South Korea, but faced strong pressure from the United States to restore civilian rule. In 1963, Park abdicated from his military position to run as a civilian in the October 1963 presidential election , defeating
1104-590: The National Assembly , and was elected president by the council in the August 1980 presidential election . The Fourth Republic was dissolved on the adoption of a new constitution in March 1981 and replaced with the Fifth Republic of Korea . Park Chung Hee had served as the leader and de facto dictator of South Korea since July 1961, coming to power two months after leading the May 16 coup which overthrew
1173-489: The New Korea and Democratic Party (NKDP) was founded as the successor of the New Democratic Party , including notable opposition leaders Kim Dae-jung and Kim Young-sam , and campaigned on a focus on greater democratic rights. The NKDP became the opposition in the National Assembly after strong success in the 1985 South Korean legislative election , with only 6% fewer votes than Chun's Democratic Justice Party. Reportedly,
1242-725: The President of the Philippines , who had orchestrated a similar coup a few weeks earlier . The Fourth Republic was governed under the Yushin Constitution . Yushin ( 유신 ; 維新 ) has the same Chinese root of "restoration" as a component of the Japanese Meiji Restoration ( 明治維新 , Meiji-ishin ) , the event which brought Japan under the effective rule of the Emperor of Japan and began
1311-775: The Rangoon bombing , an attempted assassination of President Chun during a state visit in Rangoon , Burma . Three North Korean agents detonated a bomb at the Martyrs' Mausoleum intending to kill Chun during a wreath laying ceremony to commemorate Aung San . The blast killed 21 people, including four senior South Korean politicians: foreign minister Lee Bum Suk , minister of power resource Suh Sang-chul , economic planning minister and deputy prime minister Suh Suk-Joon, and minister for commerce and industry Kim Dong-Whie. In September 1984, relations improved when North Korea sent large quantities of aid to South Korea during major flooding. The aid
1380-559: The Second Republic of Korea . Park and his supporters established the Supreme Council of National Reconstruction , a provisional military junta government that prioritized the economic development of South Korea, but faced strong pressure from the United States to restore the civilian government. In 1963, Park abdicated from his military position to run as a civilian in the October 1963 presidential election , defeating
1449-567: The Supreme Court of Korea sentenced eight of the arrested to death: Do Ye-jong, Yeo Jeong-nam, Kim Yong-won, Lee Sub-yeong, Ha Jae-wan, Seo Do-won, Song Sang-jin, and Woo Hong-seon. All eight were executed only 18 hours after the announcement of the death penalty. Do Ye-jong was one of the original eight people arrested in 1965. The People's Revolutionary Party Incident received attention outside of South Korea and spawned significant negative press for Park's regime. Internally, knowledge about
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#17328021513331518-422: The 10 largest conglomerates in the gross national product increased from 33% in 1979 to 54% in 1989, while the number of affiliated companies in the 30 largest conglomerates increased from 126 in 1970 to 429 in 1979 and 513 in 1989. The liberalization of imports saw the influx of agricultural and livestock products expanded. However, the government's policies provided a favorable environment for large companies, while
1587-492: The 1970s. The Yushin Constitution allowed Park to legally and more openly violate civil liberties , particularly to suppress his mounting opposition, but this exacerbated resistance to his regime. Park repeatedly promised a transition to full democracy, but few believed him. Kim Dae-jung was involved in a car accident shortly after the 1971 presidential election which left him with a permanent hip joint injury. Kim believed
1656-534: The Garrison Act. The army was mobilized, and 59 civilians were brought to military court. Six days later, Park was assassinated by his own intelligence chief Kim Jae-gyu , leading to the Seoul Spring and seizure of power by general Chun Doo-hwan the following year. The 1978 National Assembly election was held in December and was influenced by the government. Nevertheless, the ruling Republican Party
1725-561: The KCIA and the government intelligence apparatus. On 6 December, the National Council for Unification confirmed Choi Kyu-hah as President according to the framework of the Yusin Constitution, but six days later, Chun spearheaded the coup d'état of December Twelfth , forcibly arresting and detaining General Jeong. By this point Choi had lost any meaningful authority in government, and in early 1980 Chun installed himself as Director of
1794-564: The KCIA without a warrant under the National Security Act . The arrested were accused of attempting to re-establish a North Korean-backed radical socialist organization known as the People's Revolutionary Party, for which eight people were arrested for founding in August 1965 under South Korea's anti-communism laws. Similar to the original incident, the majority of the arrested were acquitted, with 253 of them imprisoned. On April 9,
1863-412: The KCIA. In May 1980, Chun launched the coup d'état of May Seventeenth , establishing a military dictatorship under the National Council for Reunification and dissolving the National Assembly, and the following day the Gwangju Uprising began in protest in Gwangju . In response, Chun tightened martial law and violently suppressed protests with troops, with around 200-600 people estimated to have died in
1932-623: The NKDP's electoral success shocked and infuriated Chun. However, in 1986 the NKDP experienced internal ideological conflicts over the severity of opposition to Chun, and in 1987 Kim Young-sam's faction split to form the Reunification Democratic Party . The 1980 constitution limited the president to a single seven-year term, with no possibility of reelection even if it was nonsuccessive. It also stipulated that any amendments to remove presidential term limits would not apply to
2001-476: The National Assembly passed a constitutional amendment that allowed him to serve a third term, which he won in the 1971 presidential election against Kim Dae-jung . In December 1971, Park declared a state of emergency . On 10 October 1972, Park launched a self-coup known as the October Restoration , dissolving the National Assembly, suspending the constitution, and declaring martial law across
2070-806: The New Democratic Party achieved significant electoral gains against the Democratic Republican Party, rising from 32.7% of the vote in 1968 to 44.4%. Public dissatisfaction with Park's authoritarian rule increased as the rapid economic growth of the 1960s began to slow down. Additionally, Park became anxious about changes in Cold War politics, especially the United States' policy towards communism under President Richard Nixon 's Nixon Doctrine . The legitimacy of Park's government depended on staunch anti-communism, and any moderation of that policy from South Korea's allies threatened
2139-695: The South Korean leadership to fear it lacked the self-sufficiency to defend itself from North Korea without significant assistance from the United States. In the late 1960s, increasing American involvement in the Vietnam War led the South Korean leadership to believe the transfer of enough troops from the United States Forces Korea to Indochina would make South Korea vulnerable to North Korea, which had amassed an enormous army, and an industrial establishment almost wholly devoted to
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2208-711: The Yushin Constitution was approved in the 1972 South Korean constitutional referendum with an implausible 92.3% of the vote with a turnout of 91.9% and came into force, dissolving the Third Republic and establishing the Fourth Republic of Korea. Park was re-elected as president for a fourth term in 1972 and a fifth term in 1978 , both times unopposed. The Fourth Republic witnessed greater instability as Park's popularity, and tolerance of his increasingly naked autocracy, declined steadily during
2277-650: The accident was a failed assassination attempt from Park, fleeing to Japan for his safety and forming the dissident South Korean democracy movement there. Kim entered a self-imposed exile in Japan after the enactment of the Yushin Constitution in 1972. On 8 August 1973, Kim was kidnapped at a meeting of the Democratic Unification Party at the Hotel Grand Palace in Tokyo . According to Kim, his kidnappers probably intended to drown him in
2346-528: The authoritarian governments in Korea, and had been in dispute with Park since he led the Supreme Council of National Reconstruction. The Korean Central Intelligence Agency began to force The Dong-a Ilbo' s main advertisers to withdraw, and the company relied on small advertisers until it was eventually pressured by the government into ending its protest campaign seven months later. The incident resulted in employees being dismissed, many of whom co-founded
2415-450: The country's economy. By the mid-1980s, the South Korean economy improved, with high-tech industries such as the manufacture of electronics and semiconductors becoming prosperous. In 1986, Hyundai Motors began exporting the Pony and Excel models to the United States, the first signal that South Korea was competing with developed countries in the automobile industry. Thanks to exports,
2484-424: The country's rise into a world power in the late 19th century. The significance of the term Yushin was the allusion to the "imperial" role which scholars have seen attached to the presidency under the Yusin Constitution, which effectively concentrated all governing power in Park's hands. The Yushin Constitution was a severely authoritarian document, marked by the sweeping executive and legislative powers granted to
2553-406: The country. Park commissioned work on a brand new constitution, known as the Yushin Constitution , which essentially formalized his long-held dictatorial powers and guaranteed him as president for life. On 21 November 1972, the Yushin Constitution was approved in the 1972 South Korean constitutional referendum with 92.3% of the vote and came into force, dissolving the Third Republic and establishing
2622-417: The countryside migrated to the cities. Rural migrants often lived in poverty at the very bottom of urban society, engaging in industrial or services work, and sometimes illegal activity. The Fifth Republic openly maintained close relations with the United States and Japan under the banner of anti-communism, promoting a Korea-US-Japan Triangular Alliance. The Chun government's strong pro-American stance caused
2691-457: The escalating martial law declared after Park's death. Choi was unofficially overthrown by Chun Doo-hwan in the coup d'état of December Twelfth in December 1979, and began the armed suppression of the Gwangju Uprising against martial law. Chun launched the coup d'état of May Seventeenth in May 1980, establishing a military dictatorship under the National Council for Reunification and dissolving
2760-533: The first half of the 1980s, where foreign debts became a major issue in the aftermath of rapid economic development in the 1960s and 1970s. Many problems surfaced such as the Lee–Chang scandal , the first financial scandal of Chun's presidency, and the dismantling of the International Group, a major Korean conglomerate. Falling oil prices, falling US dollar value, and falling interest rates also affected
2829-414: The first round of Red Cross talks were held between South Korea and North Korea. Park also announced plans for eventual reunification. In December 1974, The Dong-A Ilbo , one of the largest newspapers in South Korea, and its subsidiaries began to release media with empty advertisement slots in protest against Park's strict censorship laws. The Dong-a Ilbo had a long history of defying and protesting
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2898-414: The foundations for the relatively stable democratic system of the current sixth Republic of Korea . Park Chung Hee had served as the leader of South Korea since July 1961, during which he was a de facto military dictator and maintained his near-absolute power through legal and illegal channels. Park originally came to power as Chairman of the Supreme Council of National Reconstruction two months after
2967-507: The government system and created numerous new ministries , but South Korea remained a de facto one-party state under the Democratic Justice Party, and most elections during this era were not considered legitimate. Nevertheless, Chun had far less power than Park, and with few exceptions his rule was somewhat milder. In the mid-1980s, Chun began to release political prisoners arrested during his rise to power. In 1985,
3036-401: The gross national product (GNP) grew rapidly and the annual average growth rate remained around 10%. In 1987, GNP per capita exceeded $ 3,000. The start of color television broadcasting in 1980 was also a sign of economic growth. The South Korean economy continued to be dominated by family-owned conglomerates known as chaebols and their influence grew during the Fifth Republic. The share of
3105-435: The incident was limited to first-hand experience and information from foreign newspapers shared secretly through universities and churches due to the country's strict censorship laws. Most people viewed the People's Revolutionary Party as a farce for Park to suppress democracy activists rather than communists, and news of the incident spread and emboldened the democratization movement at home and abroad. On 26 October 1979, Park
3174-471: The incumbent President Yun Posun and inaugurating the Third Republic of Korea two months later in December. The Third Republic was presented as a return to civilian government under the National Assembly , but in reality was a continuation of Park's military dictatorship and the government was predominantly members of the Supreme Council. Park won re-election in the 1967 presidential election , and
3243-428: The incumbent President Yun Posun . The Third Republic of Korea was inaugurated two months later in December and presented as a return to civilian government under the National Assembly . In reality, it was a continuation of Park's military dictatorship, as the government was predominantly members of the Supreme Council, and the National Assembly was dominated by his Democratic Republican Party . Park won re-election in
3312-415: The incumbent, effectively foreclosing any attempts by Chun to run again in 1987. Despite this, Chun resisted calls to open up the regime. In January 1987, the death of Park Jong-chul caused a flare in the democratization movement and sparked widespread protests. Bak, a student at Seoul National University and democracy movement activist, died from causes related to police torture after being arrested at
3381-431: The next election would be indirect, a decision which was opposed by the protesters. However, unwilling to resort to violence before the 1988 Olympic Games and believing Roh could win legitimate elections due to divisions within the opposition, Chun and Roh acceded to the key demands of direct presidential elections and restoration of civil liberties. On 16 December 1987, Roh won the 1987 presidential election with 36.6% of
3450-504: The popular newspaper The Hankyoreh . In 1975, Park ordered the homeless to be removed from the streets of Seoul, and thousands of people were arrested by the police and sent to thirty-six camps. The detainees were then used as slave labor by the authorities and subjected to degrading treatment with many dying under torture. Fifth Republic of Korea The Fifth Republic of Korea ( Korean : 제5공화국 ; RR : Je 5 Gonghwaguk ; lit. "Fifth Republic")
3519-550: The president. His term was extended to six years, with no limits on re-election. The president was indirectly elected through the National Conference for Unification , an electoral college whose delegates were elected by the public. The requirements for presidential candidacy, however, were so stringent that only one candidate could be on the conference's ballot. He was vested with broad powers to suspend constitutional freedoms and rule by decree . Only one concession
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#17328021513333588-432: The previous December, effectively turning his presidency into a legal dictatorship. The new document sparked widespread but ineffective protests. Park now argued that Western-style liberal democracy was not suitable for South Korea because of its still-developing economy. Instead, he argued that "Korean-style democracy" with a strong, unchallenged presidency was the only way to keep the country stable. On 21 November 1972,
3657-480: The protests grew to include citizens and spread to Masan on 18 and 19 October. It is also called the Busan–Masan Democratic Uprising ( Korean : 부마민주항쟁 ; Hanja : 釜馬民主抗爭 ) or Busan–Masan Democratization Movement ( 부마민주화운동 ; 釜馬民主化運動 ). President Park Chung Hee declared martial law on 18 October and referred 66 people to military court . On 20 October, Park invoked
3726-412: The rural economy was seriously damaged by the importation of cheap foreign agricultural products. The self-sufficiency rate of grains fell from 86% in 1970 to 48.4% in 1985. Therefore, foreign agricultural and livestock products occupied a large portion of food consumed by South Korean people. While urban areas grew in wealth and size, in contrast the rural population rapidly declined, and many peasants from
3795-549: The supply it, on the other side of the DMZ . Therefore, South Korea viewed the development of heavy industries as necessary for survival against potential North Korean aggression and set out to build an industrial infrastructure that could support a modernized military. Park decided to channel the economic development capabilities of the state into the development of several key industries: steel , petrochemicals , automobiles, machine tools , shipbuilding , and electronics . Park enlisted
3864-573: The unrest. Although the Gwangju Uprising was successfully suppressed, it consolidated the momentum of nationwide support for democracy in South Korea. In August, Choi resigned and Chun was elected President in the 1980 presidential election by the National Council, running unopposed and winning 99.37% of the vote. In October, Chun abolished all political parties and established his own, the Democratic Justice Party , which
3933-480: The very basis of his rule. In December 1971, Park declared a state of emergency "based on the dangerous realities of the international situation". On 17 October 1972, Park Chung Hee launched a self-coup known as the October Restoration , dissolving the National Assembly, suspending the 1963 constitution, declaring martial law across the country, and commissioning work on a brand new constitution. Park had drawn inspiration for his self-coup from Ferdinand Marcos ,
4002-405: The vote, the first honest national elections in South Korea in two decades. Three days later on 19 December, a new highly-democratic and liberal constitution came into effect, dissolving the Fifth Republic and establishing the current Sixth Republic of Korea . Chun finished out his term and handed the presidency to Roh on 25 February 1988. The Fifth Republic experienced economic difficulties during
4071-544: The vote. In October, Chun abolished all political parties and established his own, the Democratic Justice Party , which was effectively a re-branding of Park's Democratic Republican Party that ruled South Korea since 1963. Soon afterwards, a new constitution was enacted that, while far less authoritarian than Park's Yusin Constitution, was still clearly patterned after that document, including indirect presidential elections and vague "emergency powers" which could be invoked to suspend civil liberties . The Fifth Republic of Korea
4140-716: Was accepted by Chun despite the North Korean attempt on his life less than a year earlier. In 1985, Chun proposed an inter-Korean summit that was eventually held in September in Seoul. The summit was considered a success in inter-Korean relations, but the bombing of Korean Air Flight 858 on 29 November 1987 by North Korean agents damaged relations again. The Fifth Republic continued South Korea's openly pro- Western stance and promoted stronger diplomatic ties with NATO countries in Europe , hoping to form greater economic ties to
4209-627: Was an ineffective president whose authority was largely ignored by the political elite. In December, Major General Chun Doo-hwan , the Chairman of the Defense Security Command and a former military colleague of Park, overthrew Choi's government in the Coup d'état of December Twelfth , and over the next few months gained control over most government apparatuses. In May 1980, Chun launched the Coup d'état of May Seventeenth establishing
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#17328021513334278-473: Was assassinated in a safehouse inside the Blue House presidential complex by Kim Jae-gyu , the director of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) and the president's security chief. Park, four of his bodyguards, and his chauffeur were killed by Kim and other KCIA agents for unknown reasons. The death of Park after 18-years of dictatorial rule caused immediate political turmoil in South Korea. Park
4347-470: Was defeated by the New Democratic Party . In August 1979, female workers of the YH Trading Company ( YH무역주식회사 ) performed a sit in at the headquarters of the New Democratic Party. Because of the lockout, the ruling Republican Party expelled Kim Young-sam from the National Assembly , leading to the resignation of all opposition party members from the National Assembly. The protests history
4416-471: Was effectively a re-branding of Park's Democratic Republican Party that ruled South Korea since 1963. Chun enacted a new constitution less authoritarian than Park's Yusin Constitution, but that still gave fairly broad powers to the president. The Fourth Republic was dissolved on 3 March 1981 when Chun was formally inaugurated as President after being re-elected in the February 1981 presidential election , and
4485-490: Was formally inaugurated on 3 March 1981, when Chun was inaugurated as President after being re-elected in the February 1981 presidential election . Although Chun gradually dismantled the highly centralized government structures set up by Park, his presidency was plagued by public outrage over his reaction to the Gwangju Uprising in 1980. The killings had consolidated momentum of nationwide support for democracy, and many people protested for faster democratization. Chun reorganized
4554-528: Was founded on the approval of the Yushin Constitution in the 1972 constitutional referendum , codifying the de facto dictatorial powers held by President Park Chung Hee , and succeeding the Third Republic . Park and his Democratic Republican Party ruled under the centralized and authoritarian Yushin System until the assassination of Park on 26 October 1979. The Fourth Republic entered a period of political instability under Park's successor, Choi Kyu-hah , and
4623-545: Was given to the National Assembly, the ability to remove the State Council by a vote of no confidence. Even this was a dead letter, as the President could not only dissolve the National Assembly at will, but also had the right to appoint one-third of its members, effectively guaranteeing a parliamentary majority . For all intents and purposes, the Yusin Constitution codified the emergency powers Park had exercised since
4692-528: Was succeeded by Choi Kyu-hah , the Prime Minister since 1975, assuming power as acting president but was almost immediately marginalized by competing factions in the military. After the declaration of martial law following Park's death, General Jeong Seung-hwa acted as the government's chief administrator and appointed Major General Chun Doo-hwan the same day to lead a Joint Investigation Headquarters. On 27 October, Chun unilaterally assumed control of
4761-536: Was the government of South Korea from February 1981 to February 1988. The Fifth Republic was established in February 1981 by Chun Doo-hwan , a military colleague of long-time president and dictator Park Chung Hee , after the political instability and military rule in the fourth republic since the assassination of Park in October 1979. The Fifth Republic was ruled by Chun and the Democratic Justice Party as
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