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22-462: Chūzan Seifu ( 中山世譜 , lit. Genealogy book of Chūzan ) was an official history of the Ryūkyū Kingdom compiled between 1697 and 1701 by a group of scholar-officials led by Sai Taku . It was a Kanbun translated version of Chūzan Seikan . Later, it was rewritten into Classical Chinese by Sai Taku's famous son Sai On in 1725, and expanded each year until 1876. This article about

44-666: A German attack. On 12 August 1914, the Intelligence Corps crossed the English Channel, near Le Havre, France as part of the deployment of the B.E.F. Kirke served in the First World War as a General Staff Officer at GHQ in France and Belgium. In 1916 he learned that German soldiers were intercepting British field telephone conversations and acted to secure them. On 23 March 1918, Kirke was flown in from

66-690: A basis in truth, necessary to teach useful lessons to students. The British Report of the Committee on the Lessons of the Great War ( Kirk Report , 1931) drew on the published volumes of the British official history and the conclusions were incorporated into a new edition of Field Service Regulations . That operations might be conducted in Iraq and Iran, led to official history volumes being produced against

88-563: A few paragraphs in Les Armées Françaises dans la Grande Guerre . Many of the historians, editors and contributors to the History of the Great War (1915–1949) had been senior officers during the war, which had the advantage first-hand knowledge of events and experience of military art for the work but this risked allowing a desire to protect reputations to intrude, leading to unfair blame, particularly on outsiders. Volume III of

110-584: A non-fiction book on Japanese history is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Official history Official histories frequently have the advantage that the author has had access to archives , been allowed to interview subjects and use other primary sources closed to independent historians. Because of the close relationship between author and subject, such works may be (or be perceived to be) partisan in tone and to lack historical objectivity . Such bias varies and some official histories have been called exercises in propaganda ; in other cases

132-725: The Twenty-Four Histories records the official history of a Chinese dynasty . Sixteen of the histories were written between the 7th and 15th centuries. The first is Records of the Grand Historian , authored by Sima Qian ( c.  145 – c.  86 BCE) in the Han dynasty and the last is History of Ming (completed in the 1730s). From the Tang dynasty (618–907) a government office for historiography compiled official histories. They were revised and expanded by

154-709: The North West Frontier of India between 1901 and 1902. From July 1902 he was seconded for service with the Burma Military Police . Kirke was instrumental in creating the Army's Intelligence Corps in 1907, and he worked for Colonel George Macdonogh in the War Office's Intelligence Department. This area of work comprised special duties, such as protective security, ciphers and censorship of post (news) and telegraphs. Starting 1 October 1909,

176-580: The New Zealand government decided that after a total war, its official histories should be written for a public who had fought in the war or supported the war effort. After the Second World War, the low academic standard of military education, especially in historical analysis, led to a view that professionally trained historians should write official histories, applying their academic training to explain why as well as describe what. Since many of

198-612: The Royal Navy history Naval Operations (1923) had the narrative of the Battle of Jutland (1916) and the draft text was revised at the request of some serving officers present at the battle, to remove critical remarks about them. When a revised edition was published in 1940, many of the officers were retired or dead but the excised passages were not restored. The British Army Military Operations.... volumes have been criticised for dishonesty in not blaming General Headquarters (GHQ) for

220-483: The academics had participated in the war, they could be expected to have experience of military service and knowledge of the war to inform their writing. A contemporary view is that official history should incorporate the three points of view, containing the detailed description needed for works of military instruction but also to be suitable for a general readership and to show how participants tried to solve problems, drawing lessons from their successes and failures. None of

242-667: The army or navy. The parts of The War in the Air (six text volumes and an appendix volume, 1922–1937) written by Walter Raleigh and Henry Jones, gave undue emphasis to strategic bombing, which unbalanced the work. Embarrassing events can be disguised by underwriting as happened in Histoire de La Grande Guerre , where the French Army Mutinies of 1917 occurred in 43 percent of the French Army, yet were passed over in

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264-483: The authors have retained a measure of independence. There is a tradition of history written or published under official patronage ; Polydore Vergil wrote the Anglica Historia (drafted by 1513 and published in 1534), a history of England, at the request of King Henry VII ( r.  1485–1509 ); William Camden 's Annales Rerum Gestarum Angliae et Hiberniae Regnate Elizabetha (1615–1627), recounts

286-474: The compilers during the dynasty and the succeeding dynasty published a final edition. The modern form of official history began in the mid-nineteenth century in reports written as military guides for later officers. The histories were detailed descriptions of events, not easy reading for a lay audience and left judgements to the discretion of a mainly professional readership. After the First World War,

308-669: The extent of British casualties and for exculpating Sir Douglas Haig (commander of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) from December 1915 to the Armistice). That the history is a description of events, rather than an analytical work with criticism and conclusions, means that Haig and other commanders may escape blame, yet it leaves the reader free to form conclusions. Walter Kirke General Sir Walter Mervyn St George Kirke , GCB , CMG , DSO (19 January 1877 – 2 September 1949)

330-810: The front to brief the War Cabinet in London on Operation Michael . In late 1918 he became deputy director of Military Operations at the War Office and was then moved to Aldershot in 1922. In 1924 he was appointed Head of the British Military Mission to Finland and in 1925 President of Inter-Allied Commission of Investigation for Hungary. In 1926 Kirke became Deputy Chief of the General Staff for India, moving on to be General Officer Commanding 5th Division in 1929. In 1933 he

352-774: The history of the reign of Elizabeth I of England (1558–1603). In early-modern Europe, royal courts appointed official historians, including the Kongelig historiograf (Historiographer Royal) in the kingdom of Denmark–Norway from 1594, the Rikshistoriograf in Sweden from 1618, the Historiographer Royal in England from 1660 and the Historiographer Royal in Scotland from 1681. Each book in

374-548: The new Secret Service Bureau (MI5) was created and fell under Macdonogh's supervision. Here, Kirke came to know Major Vernon Kell (headed up counter-espionage) and Captain Mansfield Cumming (enemy intelligence). Together, Cumming and Kell formed the two halves of MI5. Macdonogh and Kirke travelled to France and spent two weeks on a walking tour of the French and Belgium borders, visiting areas that looked vulnerable to

396-577: The objections of the Foreign Office. Military histories concentrated on the doings of national contingents, with only rare references to those of allied and opposing armies, since they had their own histories. Comparative analysis can be absent and national bias from ulterior motives, like mythologising and apologetics can also be found. The Australian Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 edited by Charles Bean contains exaggerations of

418-466: The points of view to be served by the production of official history is immune to error, because work by a military historian might be fraudulent for personal or political reasons, distorting the record. Populist history can dilute the story to the point of worthlessness and civilian academics can be prone to select facts and interpretations according to ideals, ideology and preconceived ideas. Military histories written as textbooks might be thought to have

440-494: The significance of the Australian contribution, the prowess of Australian soldiers and disparagement of soldiers from Britain and its allies. Australian failures and casualties are sometimes blamed on British higher commanders, when high-ranking Australian officers could justly be criticised. The post-war Royal Air Force (RAF) was at risk of abolition and to justify its existence needed a function that could not be replicated by

462-557: Was appointed General Officer Commanding-in-Chief for Western Command and in 1936 he became Director-General of the Territorial Army . Kirke served in the Second World War , initially as Inspector-General of Home Defence and then as Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces . In that role he always thought that the threat of a German invasion was exaggerated. He retired in 1940. He was also an Aide-de-Camp General to

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484-795: Was the Commander in Chief of the British Home Forces at the beginning of the Second World War . Born the second son of Colonel St. George Mervyn Kirke of the Royal Engineers and his wife Sarah, Walter Kirke was commissioned into the Royal Artillery as a second lieutenant on 21 September 1896. He was promoted to lieutenant on 21 September 1899, and to captain on 4 December 1901 while serving in Waziristan on

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