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53-3152: The China–Japan Tengen was a professional go competition. It was played between Japan's Tengen titleholder and China's Tianyuan titleholder each year in a best-of-three match. The competition was held 15 times, from 1988 to 2002. It was discontinued the following year. Results [ edit ] Year Winner Score Runner-up 1988 [REDACTED] Cho Chikun 2–0 [REDACTED] Liu Xiaoguang 1989 [REDACTED] Cho Chikun 2–0 [REDACTED] Liu Xiaoguang 1990 [REDACTED] Rin Kaiho 2–1 [REDACTED] Liu Xiaoguang 1991 [REDACTED] Rin Kaiho 2–1 [REDACTED] Nie Weiping 1992 [REDACTED] Nie Weiping 2–0 [REDACTED] Rin Kaiho 1993 [REDACTED] Liu Xiaoguang 2–0 [REDACTED] Rin Kaiho 1994 [REDACTED] Ma Xiaochun 2–0 [REDACTED] Rin Kaiho 1995 [REDACTED] Ma Xiaochun 2–0 [REDACTED] Ryu Shikun 1996 [REDACTED] Ma Xiaochun 2–0 [REDACTED] Ryu Shikun 1997 [REDACTED] Chang Hao 2–0 [REDACTED] Ryu Shikun 1998 [REDACTED] Chang Hao 2–0 [REDACTED] Norio Kudo 1999 [REDACTED] Chang Hao 2–1 [REDACTED] Koichi Kobayashi 2000 [REDACTED] Koichi Kobayashi 2–1 [REDACTED] Chang Hao 2001 [REDACTED] Chang Hao 2–0 [REDACTED] Ryu Shikun 2002 [REDACTED] Naoki Hane 2–0 [REDACTED] Huang Yizhong See also [ edit ] China–Korea Tengen List of professional Go tournaments References [ edit ] ^ "走过15年风雨历程 中日围棋天元对抗赛停办" , Sohu (in Chinese), 2003-09-30 External links [ edit ] China-Japan Tengen Match v t e Continental Go titles Current Asian TV Cup World Mingren Bosai Cup Team Nongshim Cup Zhaoshang Cup Asian New Star Match CSK Cup China-Japan China-Japan Agon Cup China-Japan Supermatches China–Japan Tengen China-Korea China–Korea Tengen China-Korea New Pro Wang China-Korea Champions League Kangwon-Land Cup Riyuexing Cup China-Taiwan China-Taiwan Yayi Cup Japan-Taiwan Japan-Taiwan Jingying Team Jeonggwanjang Cup Huanglongshi Cup Competitions in italics are defunct Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China–Japan_Tengen&oldid=1070308063 " Category : International Go competitions Hidden category: CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh) Go (board game) The playing pieces are called stones . One player uses

106-410: A ko threat . Because Black has the advantage of playing the first move, the idea of awarding White some compensation came into being during the 20th century. This is called komi , which gives white a 5.5-point compensation under Japanese rules, 6.5-point under Korean rules, and 15/4 stones, or 7.5-point under Chinese rules (number of points varies by rule set). Under handicap play, White receives only

159-414: A 0.5-point komi, to break a possible tie ( jigo ). Two general types of scoring procedures are used, and players determine which to use before play. Both procedures almost always give the same winner. Both procedures are counted after both players have passed consecutively, the stones that are still on the board but unable to avoid capture, called dead stones, are removed. Given that the number of stones

212-447: A black stone. Such a point is often called a false eye . There is an exception to the requirement that a group must have two eyes to be alive, a situation called seki (or mutual life ). Where different colored groups are adjacent and share liberties, the situation may reach a position when neither player wants to move first because doing so would allow the opponent to capture; in such situations therefore both players' stones remain on

265-404: A circled point, because doing so would allow the opponent to capture their group on the next move. The outer groups in this example, both black and white, are alive. Seki can result from an attempt by one player to invade and kill a nearly settled group of the other player. Tactics deal with immediate fighting between stones, capturing and saving stones, life, death and other issues localized to

318-435: A game concludes, the winner is determined by counting each player's surrounded territory along with captured stones and komi (points added to the score of the player with the white stones as compensation for playing second). Games may also end by resignation. The standard Go board has a 19×19 grid of lines, containing 361 points. Beginners often play on smaller 9×9 or 13×13 boards, and archaeological evidence shows that

371-399: A group of stones that prevents capture) and establish formations for potential territory. Players usually start near the corners because establishing territory is easier with the aid of two edges of the board. Established corner opening sequences are called joseki and are often studied independently. However, in the mid-game, stone groups must also reach in towards the large central area of

424-490: A handicap—Black is allowed to place two or more stones on the board to compensate for White's greater strength. There are different rulesets (Korean, Japanese, Chinese, AGA, etc.), which are almost entirely equivalent, except for certain special-case positions and the method of scoring at the end. Basic strategic aspects include the following: The strategy involved can become very abstract and complex. High-level players spend years improving their understanding of strategy, and

477-490: A move is not suicide because the Black stones are removed first. In the "Examples of eyes" diagram, all the circled points are eyes. The two black groups in the upper corners are alive, as both have at least two eyes. The groups in the lower corners are dead, as both have only one eye. The group in the lower left may seem to have two eyes, but the surrounded empty point marked a is not actually an eye. White can play there and take

530-416: A novice may play many hundreds of games against opponents before being able to win regularly. Strategy deals with global influence, the interaction between distant stones, keeping the whole board in mind during local fights, and other issues that involve the overall game. It is therefore possible to allow a tactical loss when it confers a strategic advantage. Novices often start by randomly placing stones on

583-432: A player has on the board is directly related to the number of prisoners their opponent has taken, the resulting net score, that is, the difference between Black's and White's scores is identical under both rulesets (unless the players have passed different numbers of times during the course of the game). Thus, the net result given by the two scoring systems rarely differs by more than a point. While not actually mentioned in

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636-454: A situation in which the ko rule applies Players are not allowed to make a move that returns the game to the immediately prior position. This rule, called the ko rule , prevents unending repetition (a stalemate). As shown in the example pictured: White had a stone where the red circle was, and Black has just captured it by playing a stone at 1 (so the White stone has been removed). However, it

689-491: A specific part of the board. Larger issues which encompass the territory of the entire board and planning stone-group connections are referred to as Strategy and are covered in the Strategy section above. There are several tactical constructs aimed at capturing stones. These are among the first things a player learns after understanding the rules. Recognizing the possibility that stones can be captured using these techniques

742-400: A stone can never be moved and can be taken off the board only if it is captured . A player may pass their turn, declining to place a stone, though this is usually only done at the end of the game when both players believe nothing more can be accomplished with further play. When both players pass consecutively, the game ends and is then scored . Vertically and horizontally adjacent stones of

795-403: A stone such that it or its group immediately has no liberties unless doing so immediately deprives an enemy group of its final liberty. In the second case, the enemy group is captured, leaving the new stone with at least one liberty, so the new stone can be placed. This rule is responsible for the all-important difference between one and two eyes: if a group with only one eye is fully surrounded on

848-433: A time. The usual board size is a 19×19 grid, but for beginners or for playing quick games, the smaller board sizes of 13×13 and 9×9 are also popular. The board is empty to begin with. Black plays first unless given a handicap of two or more stones, in which case White plays first. The players may choose any unoccupied intersection to play on except for those forbidden by the ko and suicide rules (see below). Once played,

901-666: A way as to construct territories rather than kill. The end of the middlegame and transition to the endgame is marked by a few features. Near the end of a game, play becomes divided into localized fights that do not affect each other, with the exception of ko fights, where before the central area of the board related to all parts of it. No large weak groups are still in serious danger. Moves can reasonably be attributed some definite value, such as 20 points or fewer, rather than simply being necessary to compete. Both players set limited objectives in their plans, in making or destroying territory, capturing or saving stones. These changing aspects of

954-423: Is adjacent to two or more chains of the same color. A vacant point adjacent to a stone, along one of the grid lines of the board, is called a liberty for that stone. Stones in a chain share their liberties. A chain of stones must have at least one liberty to remain on the board. When a chain is surrounded by opposing stones so that it has no liberties, it is captured and removed from the board. An example of

1007-571: Is an important step forward. List of professional Go tournaments#Continental This is a list of professional Go tournaments , for competitors in the board game of Go . The tradition, initiated by the Honinbo Tournament in Japan , is for an event to be run annually, leading up to a title match and the award of a title for one year to the winner. Tournaments do not consist, generally, of players coming together in one place for

1060-421: Is readily apparent that now Black's stone at 1 is immediately threatened by the three surrounding White stones. If White were allowed to play again on the red circle, it would return the situation to the original one, but the ko rule forbids that kind of endless repetition. Thus, White is forced to move elsewhere, or pass. If White wants to recapture Black's stone at 1 , White must attack Black somewhere else on

1113-425: Is surrounded by the opponent on the outside, because each eye constitutes a liberty that must be filled by the opponent as the final step in capture. A formation having two or more eyes is said to be unconditionally alive , so it can evade capture indefinitely, and a group that cannot form two eyes is said to be dead and can be captured. The general strategy is to place stones to fence-off territory, attack

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1166-456: The number of atoms in the observable universe , which is estimated to be on the order of 10 . The name Go is a short form of the Japanese word igo ( 囲碁 ; いご ), which derives from earlier wigo ( ゐご ), in turn from Middle Chinese ɦʉi gi ( 圍棋 , Mandarin : wéiqí , lit.   ' encirclement board game ' or ' board game of surrounding ' ). In English,

1219-423: The Black stones. (Such a move is forbidden according to the suicide rule in most rule sets, but even if not forbidden, such a move would be a useless suicide of a White stone.) If a Black group has two eyes, White can never capture it because White cannot remove both liberties simultaneously. If Black has only one eye, White can capture the Black group by playing in the single eye, removing Black's last liberty. Such

1272-437: The black group with false eye a can be killed by white in two turns. When a group of stones is mostly surrounded and has no options to connect with friendly stones elsewhere, the status of the group is either alive, dead or unsettled . A group of stones is said to be alive if it cannot be captured, even if the opponent is allowed to move first. Conversely, a group of stones is said to be dead if it cannot avoid capture, even if

1325-413: The board (in seki). Neither player receives any points for those groups, but at least those groups themselves remain living, as opposed to being captured. Seki can occur in many ways. The simplest are: In the "Example of seki (mutual life)" diagram, the two circled points are liberties shared by both a black and a white group. Both of these interior groups are at risk, and neither player wants to play on

1378-428: The board so forcefully that Black moves elsewhere to counter that, giving White that chance. If White's forcing move is successful, it is termed "gaining the sente "; if Black responds elsewhere on the board, then White can retake Black's stone at 1 , and the ko continues, but this time Black must move elsewhere. A repetition of such exchanges is called a ko fight . To stop the potential for ko fights , two stones of

1431-457: The board to capture more territory. Dame are points that lie in between the boundary walls of black and white, and as such are considered to be of no value to either side. Seki are mutually alive pairs of white and black groups where neither has two eyes. Ko (Chinese and Japanese: 劫 ) is a potentially indefinitely repeated stone-capture position. The rules do not allow a board position to be repeated. Therefore, any move which would restore

1484-456: The board with one's stones than the opponent. As the game progresses, the players place stones on the board creating stone "formations" and enclosing spaces. Stones are never moved on the board, but when "captured" are removed from the board. Stones are linked together into a formation by being adjacent along the black lines, not on diagonals (of which there are none). Contests between opposing formations are often extremely complex and may result in

1537-411: The board, as if it were a game of chance. An understanding of how stones connect for greater power develops, and then a few basic common opening sequences may be understood. Learning the ways of life and death helps in a fundamental way to develop one's strategic understanding of weak groups . A player who both plays aggressively and can handle adversity is said to display kiai , or fighting spirit, in

1590-432: The elements of life or death are the primary challenges of Go. In the end game players may pass rather than place a stone if they think there are no further opportunities for profitable play. The game ends when both players pass or when one player resigns. In general, to score the game, each player counts the number of unoccupied points surrounded by their stones and then subtracts the number of stones that were captured by

1643-414: The expansion, reduction, or wholesale capture and loss of formations and their enclosed empty spaces (called "eyes"). Another essential component of the game is control of the sente (that is, controlling the offense, so that one's opponent is forced into defensive moves); this usually changes several times during play. Initially the board is bare, and players alternate turns to place one stone per turn. As

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1696-417: The game and takes a large proportion of professional players' thinking time. The first stone played at a corner of the board is generally placed on the third or fourth line from the edge. Players tend to play on or near the 4–4 star point during the opening. Playing nearer to the edge does not produce enough territory to be efficient, and playing further from the edge does not safely secure the territory. In

1749-522: The game is played is heuristic, meaning it is learned information about how the patterns of the stones on the board function, rather than a rule. Other rules are specialized, as they come about through different rulesets, but the above two rules cover almost all of any played game. Although there are some minor differences between rulesets used in different countries, most notably in Chinese and Japanese scoring rules, these differences do not greatly affect

1802-549: The game proceeds, players try to link their stones together into "living" formations (meaning that they are permanently safe from capture), as well as threaten to capture their opponent's stones and formations. Stones have both offensive and defensive characteristics, depending on the situation. An essential concept is that a formation of stones must have, or be capable of making, at least two enclosed open points known as eyes to preserve itself from being captured. A formation having at least two eyes cannot be captured, even after it

1855-480: The game usually occur at much the same time, for strong players. In brief, the middlegame switches into the endgame when the concepts of strategy and influence need reassessment in terms of concrete final results on the board. Aside from the order of play (alternating moves, Black moves first or takes a handicap) and scoring rules, there are essentially only two rules in Go: Almost all other information about how

1908-407: The game was played in earlier centuries on a board with a 17×17 grid. Boards with a 19×19 grid had become standard, however, by the time the game reached Korea in the 5th century CE and Japan in the 7th century CE. Go was considered one of the four essential arts of the cultured aristocratic Chinese scholars in antiquity. The earliest written reference to the game is generally recognized as

1961-406: The game. In the opening of the game, players usually play and gain territory in the corners of the board first, as the presence of two edges makes it easier for them to surround territory and establish the eyes they need. From a secure position in a corner, it is possible to lay claim to more territory by extending along the side of the board. The opening is the most theoretically difficult part of

2014-460: The historical annal Zuo Zhuan ( c.  4th century BCE). Despite its relatively simple rules , Go is extremely complex. Compared to chess , Go has both a larger board with more scope for play and longer games and, on average, many more alternatives to consider per move. The number of legal board positions in Go has been calculated to be approximately 2.1 × 10 , which is far greater than

2067-417: The joining of Bat , meaning 'field', and Dok , meaning 'stone'. Less plausible etymologies include a derivation of Badukdok , referring to the playing pieces of the game, or a derivation from Chinese páizi ( 排子 ), meaning 'to arrange pieces'. Go is an adversarial game between two players with the objective of capturing territory. That is, occupying and surrounding a larger total empty area of

2120-475: The life of a large group, while others may be worth just one or two points. Some ko fights are referred to as picnic kos when only one side has a lot to lose. In Japanese, it is called a hanami ko. Playing with others usually requires a knowledge of each player's strength, indicated by the player's rank (increasing from 30 kyu to 1 kyu, then 1 dan to 7 dan, then 1 dan pro to 9 dan pro). A difference in rank may be compensated by

2173-509: The middlegame, the players invade each other's territories, and attack formations that lack the necessary two eyes for viability. Such groups may be saved or sacrificed for something more significant on the board. It is possible that one player may succeed in capturing a large weak group of the opponent's, which often proves decisive and ends the game by a resignation. However, matters may be more complex yet, with major trade-offs, apparently dead groups reviving, and skillful play to attack in such

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2226-552: The name Go when used for the game is often capitalized to differentiate it from the common word go . In events sponsored by the Ing Chang-ki Foundation, it is spelled goe . The Korean name baduk (바둑) derives from the Middle Korean word Badok , the origin of which is controversial; the more plausible etymologies include the suffix dok added to Ba to mean 'flat and wide board', or

2279-448: The opening, players often play established sequences called joseki , which are locally balanced exchanges; however, the joseki chosen should also produce a satisfactory result on a global scale. It is generally advisable to keep a balance between territory and influence. Which of these gets precedence is often a matter of individual taste. The middle phase of the game is the most combative, and usually lasts for more than 100 moves. During

2332-427: The opponent's weak groups (trying to kill them so they will be removed), and always stay mindful of the life status of one's own groups. The liberties of groups are countable. Situations where mutually opposing groups must capture each other or die are called capturing races, or semeai . In a capturing race, the group with more liberties will ultimately be able to capture the opponent's stones. Capturing races and

2385-481: The opponent. The player with the greater score (after adjusting for handicapping called komi ) wins the game. In the opening stages of the game, players typically establish groups of stones (or bases ) near the corners and around the sides of the board, usually starting on the third or fourth line in from the board edge rather than at the very edge of the board. The edges and corners make it easier to develop groups which have better options for life (self-viability for

2438-433: The outside, it can be killed with a stone placed in its single eye. (An eye is an empty point or group of points surrounded by a group of stones). The Ing and New Zealand rules do not have this rule, and there a player might destroy one of its own groups (commit suicide). This play would only be useful in limited sets of situations involving a small interior space or planning. In the example at right, it may be useful as

2491-413: The owner of the group is allowed the first move. Otherwise, the group is said to be unsettled: the defending player can make it alive or the opponent can kill it, depending on who gets to play first. An eye is an empty point or group of points surrounded by a group of stones. If the eye is surrounded by Black stones, White cannot play there unless such a play would take Black's last liberty and capture

2544-431: The previous board position would not be allowed, and the next player would be forced to play somewhere else. If the play requires a strategic response by the first player, further changing the board, then the second player could "retake the ko," and the first player would be in the same situation of needing to change the board before trying to take the ko back. And so on. Some of these ko fights may be important and decide

2597-412: The rules of Go (at least in simpler rule sets, such as those of New Zealand and the U.S.), the concept of a living group of stones is necessary for a practical understanding of the game. Examples of eyes (marked). The black groups at the top of the board are alive, as they have at least two eyes. The black groups at the bottom are dead as they only have one eye. The point marked a is a false eye, thus

2650-410: The same color form a chain (also called a string or group ), forming a discrete unit that cannot then be divided. Only stones connected to one another by the lines on the board create a chain; stones that are diagonally adjacent are not connected. Chains may be expanded by placing additional stones on adjacent intersections, and they can be connected together by placing a stone on an intersection that

2703-451: The same color would need to be added to the group, making either a group of 5 Black or 5 White stones. While the various rulesets agree on the ko rule prohibiting returning the board to an immediately previous position, they deal in different ways with the relatively uncommon situation in which a player might recreate a past position that is further removed. See Rules of Go § Repetition for further information. A player may not place

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2756-411: The tactics and strategy of the game. Except where noted, the basic rules presented here are valid independent of the scoring rules used. The scoring rules are explained separately. Go terms for which there is no ready English equivalent are commonly called by their Japanese names. The two players, Black and White, take turns placing stones of their color on the intersections of the board, one stone at

2809-452: The white stones and the other black. The players take turns placing their stones on the vacant intersections ( points ) on the board . Once placed, stones may not be moved, but captured stones are immediately removed from the board. A single stone (or connected group of stones) is captured when surrounded by the opponent's stones on all orthogonally adjacent points. The game proceeds until neither player wishes to make another move. When

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