Drummond—Arthabaska was a federal electoral district in Quebec , Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1867 to 1968.
61-883: It was created by the British North America Act , 1867 . It was amalgamated into the Richmond , Drummond and Lotbinière electoral districts in 1966. This riding elected the following members of Parliament : Lavergne nominated as Puisne Judge of the Superior Court of the Province of Quebec, 4 August 1897 Lavergne called to the Senate British North America Act, 1867 [REDACTED] Canada portal The Constitution Act, 1867 ( French : Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 ), originally enacted as
122-741: A preamble declaring that the three provinces New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , and the Province of Canada (which later became Ontario and Quebec ) have requested to form "one Dominion ...with a Constitution similar in Principle to that of the United Kingdom ". This description of the Constitution has proven important in its interpretation. As Peter Hogg wrote in Constitutional Law of Canada , some have argued that, since
183-793: Is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen ". In section 10, the Governor General or an administrator of the government , is designated as "carrying on the Government of Canada on behalf and in the Name of the Queen". Section 11 creates the King's Privy Council for Canada . Section 12 states that the statutory powers of the executives of the former provinces of Upper Canada, Lower Canada, Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick continue to exist, until modified by subsequent legislation. To
244-664: Is in a delimited federal competency like those listed under section 91 (see e.g. AG Canada v AG Ontario (Labour Conventions) , [1937] AC 326 (PC)). In 2019, the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal sided with the federal government in a 3–2 split on the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act , allowing an expansion of the federal government's taxation power over the provinces in the wake of the climate change crisis, concurrently as Parliament joined with other national legislatures in declaring that
305-627: Is no indication that the British government consulted the government of Canada about the amendment. Section 2 defined the term "Her Majesty the Queen" as used in the Constitution Act, 1867 . Even though section 2 has been repealed, the courts have held that the references to the British monarch in the Preamble to the Constitution Act, 1867 , as well as in section 9 of the Act , relating to
366-743: The British North America Act, 1867 ( BNA Act ), is a major part of the Constitution of Canada . The act created a federal dominion and defines much of the operation of the Government of Canada , including its federal structure , the House of Commons , the Senate , the justice system , and the taxation system. In 1982, with the patriation of the Constitution, the British North America Acts which were originally enacted by
427-421: The British North America Act, 1867 , the Act continues to be the foundational statute for the Constitution of Canada, although it has been amended many times since 1867. It is now recognised as part of the supreme law of Canada. The Constitution Act, 1867 is part of the Constitution of Canada and thus part of the supreme law of Canada . The Act sets out the constitutional framework of Canada, including
488-715: The British Parliament , including this Act, were renamed. However, the acts are still known by their original names in records of the United Kingdom . Amendments were also made at this time: section 92A was added, giving provinces greater control over non-renewable natural resources . The long title is "An Act for the Union of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, and the Government Thereof; and for Purposes Connected Therewith." The act begins with
549-716: The Governor General in Council as the governor general acting with the advice of the Privy Council. Section 14 allows the Governor General to appoint deputies to exercise their powers in various parts of Canada. The Commander-in-Chief of all armed forces in Canada continues to be vested in the King under Section 15. Section 16 declares Ottawa to be the seat of government for Canada. The Parliament of Canada comprises
610-604: The Maritime Provinces and the Western Provinces (at the time of the Union, there were 72 senators). Section 23 lays out the qualifications to become a senator. Senators are appointed by the governor general under Section 24 (which until the 1929 judicial decision in Edwards v Canada (AG) was interpreted as excluding women), and the first group of senators was proclaimed under section 25. Section 26 allows
671-506: The exclusive jurisdiction of a section 96 court. To validate the jurisdiction of a federal or provincial tribunal it must satisfy a three-step inquiry first outlined in Reference Re Residential Tenancies Act (Ontario) . The tribunal must not touch upon what was historically intended as the jurisdiction of the superior court. The first stage of inquiry considers what matters were typically exclusive to
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#1732790290881732-589: The seats of government of the first four provinces (Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick), but also allows those provinces to change their seats of government. Sections 69 and 70 establishes the Legislature of Ontario, comprising the lieutenant governor and the Legislative Assembly of Ontario , and Sections 71 to 80 establishes the Parliament of Quebec , which at the time comprised
793-538: The Commons under Section 53 and must be proposed by the governor general (i.e. the government) under section 54. Sections 55, 56, and 57 allow the governor general to assent to in the Queen's name, withhold assent to or "reserve" for the "signification of the Queen's pleasure" any bill passed by both houses. Within two years of the governor general's royal assent to a bill, the Queen-in-Council may disallow
854-511: The Commons, under Section 37, consists of 308 members : 106 for Ontario, 75 for Quebec, 11 for Nova Scotia, 10 for New Brunswick, 14 for Manitoba, 36 for British Columbia, 4 for Prince Edward Island, 28 for Alberta, 14 for Saskatchewan, 7 for Newfoundland and Labrador, 1 for Yukon, 1 for the Northwest Territories, and 1 for Nunavut. The House is summoned by the governor general under Section 38. Section 39 forbids senators to sit in
915-459: The Commons. Section 41 divides the provinces in electoral districts and Section 41 continues electoral laws and voting qualifications of the time, subject to revision. Section 44 allows the house to elect its own speaker and allows the House to replace the speaker in the case of death (Section 45) or prolonged absence (47). A speaker is required to preside at all sittings of the House (46). Quorum for
976-566: The Constitution Act, 1867 Section 2 of the Constitution Act, 1867 ( French : article 2 de la Loi constitutionnelle de 1867 ) is a repealed provision of the Constitution of Canada relating to the monarch of Canada. It defined the term "Her Majesty the Queen" for the purposes of the Constitution Act, 1867 . The Constitution Act, 1867 is the constitutional statute which established Canada . Originally named
1037-637: The Crown to add four or eight senators at a time to the Senate, divided among the divisions, but according to section 27 no more senators can then be appointed until, by death or retirement, the number of senators drops below the regular limit of 24 per division. The maximum number of senators was set at 113, in Section 28. Senators are appointed for life (meaning until age 75 since 1965), under Section 29, though they can resign under Section 30 and can be removed under
1098-563: The Crown and the Indigenous peoples of the Great Lakes basin together in a familial relationship, a relationship that exists to this day, exemplified by First Nations attendance at the coronation of King Charles III . Treaty rights would be incorporated into the 1982 Constitution. Section 91(27) gives Parliament the power to make law related to the "criminal law, except the constitution of courts of criminal jurisdiction, but including
1159-576: The Indians". Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC), formerly known as Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC), has been the main federal organization exercising this authority. This empowered the Canadian government to act as if the treaties between the Indigenous peoples and the British Crown preceding Confederation did not exist. The Treaty of Niagara of 1764 bound
1220-502: The King and two chambers (the House of Commons of Canada and the Senate of Canada ), as created by section 17. Section 18 defines its powers and privileges as being no greater than those of the British parliament . Section 19 states that Parliament's first session must begin six months after the passage of the act. The Senate has 105 senators (Section 21), most of whom represent (Section 22) one of four equal divisions: Ontario, Quebec,
1281-518: The National Assembly of Quebec. All federal and Quebec laws must be enacted in both languages, and both language versions have equal authority. Section 146 allows the federal government to negotiate the entry of new provinces into the Union without the need to seek the permission of the existing provinces. Section 147 establishes that Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland would have 4 senators upon joining Confederation. Section 2 of
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#17327902908811342-515: The North American British "Provinces" (colonies) of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Section 3 established that the union would take effect within six months of passage of the act and Section 4 confirmed "Canada" as the name of the country (and the word "Canada" in the rest of the act refers to the new federation and not the old province). Section 5 listed the four provinces of the new federation. Those were formed by dividing
1403-503: The Provincial Provinces power over the competency of education, but there are significant restrictions designed to protect minority religious rights. This is due that it was created during a time when there was a significant controversy between Protestants and Catholics in Canada over whether schools should be parochial or non-denominational. Section 93(2) specifically extends all pre-existing denominational school rights into
1464-582: The Queen 2. The Provisions of this Act referring to Her Majesty the Queen extend also to the Heirs and Successors of Her Majesty, Kings and Queens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Section 2 was found in Part I of the Constitution Act, 1867 , dealing with preliminary matters. The Quebec Resolutions of 1864 and the London Resolutions of 1866 both stated that the new federation
1525-606: The United Kingdom had some freedom of expression in 1867, the preamble extended this right to Canada even before the enactment of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982; this was a supposed basis for the Implied Bill of Rights . In New Brunswick Broadcasting Co. v. Nova Scotia , the leading Canadian case on parliamentary privilege, the Supreme Court of Canada grounded its 1993 decision on
1586-564: The United Kingdom. Section 96 authorizes the federal government to appoint judges for "the Superior, District, and County Courts in each Province". No provinces have district or county courts anymore, but all provinces have superior courts. Although the provinces pay for these courts and determine their jurisdiction and procedural rules, the federal government appoints and pays their judges. Historically, this section has been interpreted as providing superior courts of inherent jurisdiction with
1647-478: The act is not the Constitution of Canada's only preamble. The Charter also has a preamble . Part I consists of just one extant section. Section 1 gives the short title of the act as Constitution Act, 1867 . Section 2 , repealed in 1893, originally stated that all references to the Queen (then Victoria ) equally apply to all her heirs and successors. The act established the Dominion of Canada by uniting
1708-408: The act; and within two years of the governor general's reservation, the Queen-in-Council may assent to the bill. The basic governing structures of the provinces are laid out in Part V of the act. (Specific mentions are made to the four founding provinces, but the general pattern holds for all the provinces.) Each province must have a lieutenant governor ( Section 58 ), who serves at the pleasure of
1769-574: The better Administration of the Laws of Canada". Section 92(14) gives the provincial legislatures the power over the "Constitution, Maintenance, and Organization of Provincial Courts, both of Civil and of Criminal Jurisdiction". This power includes the creation of both the superior courts , both of original jurisdiction and appeal, as well as inferior tribunals. Superior courts are known as "courts of inherent jurisdiction", as they receive their constitutional authority from historical convention inherited from
1830-702: The better Administration of the Laws of Canada". Parliament has used this power to create the Supreme Court of Canada and lower federal courts. It has created the Supreme Court under both branches of s. 101. The lower federal courts, such as the Federal Court of Appeal , the Federal Court , the Tax Court of Canada and the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada are all created under the second branch, i.e. as "additional Courts for
1891-423: The constitutional authority to hear cases. The "section 96 courts" are typically characterized as the "anchor" of the justice system around which the other courts must conform. As their jurisdiction is said to be "inherent", the courts have the authority to try all matters of law except where the jurisdiction has been taken away by another court. However, courts created by the federal government under section 101 or by
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1952-414: The court at the time of Confederation in 1867. In Sobeys Stores Ltd. v. Yeomans (1989) the Supreme Court stated that the "nature of the disputes" historically heard by the superior courts, not just the historical remedies provided, must be read broadly. If the tribunal is found to intrude on the historical jurisdiction of the superior court, the inquiry must turn to the second stage which considers whether
2013-445: The extent those pre-Confederation statutory powers now came within provincial jurisdiction, they could be exercised by the lieutenant governors of the provinces, either alone or by the advice of the provincial executive councils. To the extent the pre-Confederation statutory powers now came within federal jurisdiction, they could be exercised by the Governor General, either with the advice of the Privy Council or alone. Section 13 defines
2074-530: The federal Divorce Act is valid legislation, even though the Divorce Act has some incidental effects on child custody , which is usually considered to be within the provincial jurisdictions of "civil rights" (s. 92(13)) and "matters of a private nature" (s. 92(16)). Section 92(10) allows the federal government to declare any "works or undertakings" to be of national importance, and thereby remove them from provincial jurisdiction. Sections 93 and 93A give
2135-517: The federal Parliament the legislative power to implement treaties entered to by the British government on behalf of the Empire. With the acquisition of full sovereignty by Canada, this provision has limited effect. Section 133 establishes English and French as the official languages of the Parliament of Canada and the Legislature of Quebec. Either language can be used in the federal Parliament and
2196-419: The federal and provincial governments share power over agriculture and immigration. Either order of government can make laws in this area, but in the case of a conflict, federal law prevails. The authority over the judicial system in Canada is divided between Parliament and the provincial Legislatures. Section 101 gives Parliament power to create a "general court of appeal for Canada" and "additional Courts for
2257-422: The federal government is liable for the debts of the provinces (Sections 111–116). It establishes the tradition of the federal government supporting the provinces through fiscal transfers (Section 119). It creates a customs union which prohibits internal tariffs between the provinces ( Sections 121 –124). Section 125 prevents one order of government from taxing the lands or assets of the other. Section 132 gives
2318-433: The federal government power over divorce and marriage. On this basis, Parliament can legislate on the substantive law of marriage and divorce. However, the provinces have power over the procedural law governing the solemnization of marriage (section 92(12)). There are also several instances of overlap in laws relating to marriage and divorce, which in most cases is solved through interjurisdictional immunity . For instance,
2379-431: The former Province of Canada into two: its two subdivisions, Canada West and Canada East , renamed Ontario and Quebec , respectively, become full provinces in Section 6. Section 7 confirmed that the boundaries of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are not changed. And Section 8 provided that a national census of all provinces must be held every ten years. Section 9 confirms that all executive authority "of and over Canada
2440-420: The function of the tribunal and whether it operates as an adjudicative body. The final step assesses the context of the tribunal's exercise of power and looks to see if there are any further considerations to justify its encroachment upon the superior court's jurisdiction. Not all courts and tribunals have jurisdiction to hear constitutional challenges. The court, at the very least, must have jurisdiction to apply
2501-455: The governor general (Section 59), whose salary is paid by the federal parliament (Section 60), and who must swear the oath of allegiance (Section 61). The powers of a lieutenant governor can be substituted for by an administrator of government (Sections 62 and 66). All provinces also have an executive council (Sections 63 and 64). The lieutenant governor can exercise executive power alone or " in council " (Section 65). Section 68 establishes
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2562-458: The house is set at 20 members, including the speaker by Section 48. Section 49 says that the speaker cannot vote except in the case of a tied vote. The maximum term for a house is five years between elections under Section 50. Section 51 sets out the rules by which Commons seats are to be redistributed following censuses, allowing for more seats to be added by section 52. " Money bills " (dealing with taxes or appropriation of funds) must originate in
2623-401: The law. In N.S. v. Martin; N.S. v. Laseur (2003) the Supreme Court re-articulated the test for constitutional jurisdiction from Cooper v. Canada . The inquiry must begin by determining whether the enabling legislation gives explicit authority to apply the law. If so, then the court may apply the constitution. The second line of inquiry looks into whether there was implied authority to apply
2684-522: The law. This can be found by examining the text of the act, its context, and the general nature and characteristics of the adjudicative body. See Section Twenty-four of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms for the jurisdiction of the Charter . This Part lays out the financial functioning of the government of Canada and the provincial governments. It establishes a fiscal union where
2745-665: The lieutenant governor, the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (renamed in 1968 to the National Assembly of Quebec ), and the Legislative Council of Quebec (since abolished). The legislatures are summoned by the Lieutenant Governors (Section 82). Section 83 prohibits provincial civil servants (excluding cabinet ministers) from sitting in the provincial legislatures. Section 84 allows for existing election laws and voting requirements to continue after
2806-454: The nation was in a " climate emergency " on 17 June. In Grant Huscroft 's dissenting opinion on the Court of Appeal for Ontario , he provides that "counsel for Canada conceded that the act was not passed on the basis that climate change constitutes an emergency". Section 91(24) of the act provides that the federal government has the legislative jurisdiction for "Indians and lands reserved for
2867-505: The peace, order, and good government of Canada, in relation to all matters not coming within the classes of subjects by this Act assigned exclusively to the Legislatures of the provinces". Although the text of the act appears to give Parliament residuary powers to enact laws in any area that has not been allocated to the provincial governments , subsequent Privy Council jurisprudence held that the "peace, order, and good government" power
2928-509: The post-Confederation era. Section 94 allows for the provinces that use the British-derived common law system, in effect all but Quebec, to unify their property and civil rights laws. This power has never been used. Under Section 94A, the federal and provincial governments share power over Old Age Pensions. Either order of government can make laws in this area, but in the case of a conflict, provincial law prevails. Under Section 95,
2989-549: The preamble. Moreover, since the UK had a tradition of judicial independence , the Supreme Court ruled in the Provincial Judges Reference of 1997 that the preamble shows judicial independence in Canada is constitutionally guaranteed. Political scientist Rand Dyck criticized the preamble in 2000, saying it was "seriously out of date". He claimed the act "lacks an inspirational introduction". The preamble to
3050-475: The procedure in criminal matters". It was on this authority that Parliament enacted and amends the Criminal Code . However, under section 92(14), the provinces are delegated the power to administer justice, "including the constitution, maintenance, and organization of provincial courts, both of civil and criminal jurisdictions, and including procedure in civil matters in both courts". This provision allows
3111-568: The provinces powers over the "prisons". This means that offenders sentenced to two years or more go to federal penitentiaries while those with lighter sentences go to provincial prisons. Section 92(13) gives the Provinces the exclusive power to make law related to " property and civil rights in the province". In practice, this power has been read broadly to give the provinces authority over numerous matters such as professional trades, labour relations , and consumer protection. Section 91(26) gives
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#17327902908813172-647: The provinces to create the courts of criminal jurisdiction and to create provincial police forces such as the OPP and the Sûreté du Québec (SQ) . As a matter of policy dating back to Confederation, the federal government has delegated the prosecutorial function for almost all criminal offences to the provincial Attorneys General. Crown Prosecutors appointed under provincial law thus prosecute almost all Criminal Code offences across Canada. Section 91(28) gives Parliament exclusive power over "penitentiaries" while section 92(6) gives
3233-462: The provincial government under 92(14) are generally not allowed to intrude on the core jurisdiction of a section 96 court. The scope of the core jurisdiction of section 96 courts has been a matter of considerable debate and litigation. When commencing litigation a court's jurisdiction may be challenged on the basis that it does not have jurisdiction. The issue is typically whether the statutory court created under section 101 or 92(14) has encroached upon
3294-427: The provisions regarding money votes, royal assent, reservation and disallowance, as established for the federal Parliament to the provincial legislatures but with the governor general in the role of the Queen-in-Council. The powers of government are divided between the provinces and the federal government and are described in sections 91 to 95 of the act. Sections 91 and 92 are of particular importance, as they enumerate
3355-620: The structure of the federal government and the powers of the federal government and the provinces . It was the product of extensive negotiations between the provinces of British North America at the Charlottetown Conference in 1864, the Quebec Conference in 1864, and the London Conference in 1866 . Those conferences were followed by consultations with the British government in 1867. The Act
3416-666: The subjects for which each jurisdiction can enact a law, with section 91 listing matters of federal jurisdiction and section 92 listing matters of provincial jurisdiction. Sections 92A and 93 and 93A are concerned with non-renewable natural resources and education, respectively (both are primarily provincial responsibilities). Section 94 leaves open a possible change to laws regarding property and civil rights , which so far has not been realized. Sections 94A and 95, meanwhile, address matters of shared jurisdiction, namely old age pensions (section 94A) and agriculture and immigration (section 95). Section 91 authorizes Parliament to "make laws for
3477-428: The terms of section 31, in which case the vacancy can be filled by the governor general (Section 32). Section 33 gives the Senate the power to rule on its own disputes over eligibility and vacancy. The speaker of the Senate is appointed and dismissed by governor general under Section 34. Quorum for the Senate is (initially) set at 15 senators by Section 35, and voting procedures are set by Section 36. The composition of
3538-439: The union. Section 85 sets the life of each legislature as no more than four years, with a session at least once every twelve months under Section 86. Section 87 extends the rules regarding speakers, by-elections, quorum, etc., as set for the federal House of Commons to the legislatures of Ontario and Quebec. Section 88 simply extends the pre-union constitutions of those provinces into the post-Confederation era. Section 90 extends
3599-582: Was repealed by the British Parliament in 1893 in the Statute Law Revision Act 1893 . That act repealed outdated provisions of British statutes which no longer had any effect. The repeal may have been because the British Parliament had enacted a new Interpretation Act which had a general provision defining the monarch in legislation, and it was felt that there was no need for a specific provision in other legislation. There
3660-650: Was then enacted in 1867 by the British Parliament under the name the British North America Act, 1867 . In 1982 the Act was brought under full Canadian control through the Patriation of the Constitution, and was renamed the Constitution Act, 1867 . Since Patriation , the Act can only be amended in Canada, under the amending formula set out in the Constitution Act, 1982 . Section 2 has been repealed. As originally enacted in 1867, section 2 read: Application of Provisions referring to
3721-406: Was to be under the Crown of Great Britain, and the executive power was to be vested in the "Sovereign of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland", but did not provide the specific details set out in section 2. The more specific details about succession set out in section 2 were presumably introduced by the British legislative drafter responsible for the bill, Francis S. Reilly. Section 2
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