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97-576: In Serbian and Croatian , it is known as Fruška gora ( pronounced [frûʃkaː ɡǒra] , Фрушка гора), in Hungarian as Tarcal (also Almus-hegy or Árpatarló ), in German as Frankenwald , and in Latin as Alma Mons . In Medieval Greek, it was known as Frangochoria . The mountain's name originates in the old Serbian word "Fruzi" derived from the singular form "Frug" ; and its adjective

194-553: A Slavic language ( Indo-European ), of the South Slavic subgroup. Other standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian are Bosnian , Croatian , and Montenegrin . "An examination of all the major 'levels' of language shows that BCS is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system." It has lower intelligibility with the Eastern South Slavic languages Bulgarian and Macedonian , than with Slovene (Slovene

291-408: A pistil (male and female parts). There are 10 stamens enclosed within the petals; these are fused together in a diadelphous configuration, where the filaments of 9 are all joined to form a tube and one stamen is separate and above the joined stamens. The single ovary is superior and contains several ovules. Below each flower is a calyx which looks like leafy tube between the flower and the stem. It

388-482: A clear pale yellow in autumn. The leaflets fold together in wet weather and at night ( nyctinasty ), as some change of position at night is a habit of the entire leguminous family. Young trees are often spiny , especially on root suckers and branches near the ground; mature trees often lack spines. R. pseudoacacia is quite variable in the number of spines present, as some trees are densely prickly and other trees have no prickles at all. The spines typically remain on

485-519: A flared base and sharp point. Their color is of a dark purple and they adhere only to the bark. The winter buds are minute, naked (having no scales covering them), three or four together, protected in a depression by a scale-like covering lined on the inner surface with a thick coat of tomentum and opening in early spring. When the buds are forming they are covered by the swollen base of the petiole. The large flowers open in May or June for 7–10 days, after

582-407: A lawn mower or otherwise damaged) or after no damage at all. The suckers are stems which grow from the roots, directly into the air and may grow into full trees. The main trunk also has the capability to grow sprouts and will do so after being cut down. This makes removal of black locust difficult as the suckers need to be continually removed from both the trunk and roots or the tree will regrow. This

679-558: A nontoxic glucoside . Horses that consume the plant show signs of anorexia , depression, incontinence , colic , weakness, and cardiac arrhythmia . Symptoms usually occur about 1 hour following consumption, and immediate veterinary attention is required. The sawdust and shavings from Robinia lumber can cause contact dermatitis in sensitive persons. Black locust can be easily propagated from roots, softwood, or hardwood. Cultivars may be grafted , ensuring that parent and daughter plants will be genetically identical. In Europe, it

776-601: A reintroduction. A black locust planted by Jean Robin in 1601 still grows in the Square René Viviani in Paris, and is believed to be the oldest living tree in that city. Another was planted in 1636 by Vespasien Robin at the Jardin des plantes and can still be viewed today. The black locust is native to the eastern United States, but the exact native range is not accurately known as the tree has been cultivated and

873-399: A symptom of the disease. The black locust is among the preferred reproductive hosts of the polyphagous shot-hole borer (PSHB, Euwallacea fornicatus ). The PSHB will tunnel galleries into the trees, where it cultivates a fusarium fungus as a food source. The tree's vascular systems are disrupted; causing dieback. Black locust is considered invasive on its native continent, specifically in

970-420: A thick seed coat which means that not all seeds will germinate. The seed coat can be weakened via hot water, sulfuric acid , or be mechanically scarified, which will allow a greater quantity of the seeds to grow. The seeds are produced in good crops every year or every other year. Root suckers are an important method of local reproduction of this tree. The roots may grow suckers after damage (by being hit with

1067-440: A weed. Another common name is false acacia , a literal translation of the specific name ( pseudo [Greek ψευδο- ] meaning fake or false and acacia referring to the genus of plants with the same name). The roots of black locust contain nodules that allow it to fix nitrogen , as is common within the pea family. Trees reach a typical height of 12–30 metres (40–100 feet) with a diameter of 0.61–1.22 m (2–4 ft). It

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1164-600: Is Crveni Čot at 539 m (1,768 ft). Fruška Gora also divides Syrmia in two geographically distinct parts: Wine Syrmia (upper or mountainous) and Swine Syrmia (lower or lowland). Slopes of the mountain were established as one of the most prestigious vineyards in Hungary, ever since the 15th century. Golden age of the Fruška Gora's viticulture began after 1699 and the Treaty of Karlowitz , when Ottomans were expelled from

1261-609: Is Fruški , used for naming the Frankish people . The name of "Fruška Gora" is "Frankish mountain" in English whose meaning is based on describing a historical event. The mountain served as a natural border when Frankish campaigns were set up in the area. In the time of the Roman Empire , its name was Alma Mons , meaning the "fertile mount". It is recorded that during the reign of emperor Marcus Aurelius Probus , 276–282, who

1358-588: Is woodland crocus , it was found on only one location, but already spread to several thousand individual plants. With several other beech localities in the national parks of Tara and Kopaonik, beech forests Papratski Do and Ravne on Fruška Gora have been submitted for the inclusion into the UNESCO World Heritage Site Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe in May 2020. The nomination

1455-479: Is a highly durable organic wood product that does not require chemical treatment to preserve its beauty for 50 years or longer. Wet, newly cut planks have an offensive odor which disappears with seasoning. Black locust is still in use in some rustic handrail systems. In the Netherlands and some other parts of Europe, black locust is one of the most rot-resistant local trees, and projects have started to limit

1552-536: Is a part of the Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests . Black locust is host to up to 67 species of lepidoptera , and provides valuable cover when planted on previously open areas. Its seeds are eaten by bobwhite quail and other game birds and squirrels. Woodpeckers may nest in the trunk since older trees are often infected by heart rot. The deeply grooved bark also makes it a preferred species for some bat roosts. Locust leaf miner Odontota dorsalis attacks

1649-449: Is a rare example of synchronic digraphia , a situation where all literate members of a society have two interchangeable writing systems available to them. Media and publishers typically select one alphabet or the other. In general, the alphabets are used interchangeably; except in the legal sphere, where Cyrillic is required, there is no context where one alphabet or another predominates. Although Serbian language authorities have recognized

1746-415: Is a relative of the pea and bean. The black locust is commonly referred to as "false acacia" after its species name "pseudoacacia", although it is not particularly closely related to the acacia , which belongs to the mimosa subfamily ( Mimosoideae ). Both species are similar in the form of their feathered leaves and thorns, but the flower shapes are very different. Confusion between species of both genera

1843-590: Is a very upright tree with a straight trunk and narrow crown that grows scraggly with age. The bark is a reddish black and gray and tinged with red or orange in the grooves; it is deeply furrowed into grooves and ridges which run up and down the trunk and often cross and form diamond shapes. The branches are typically zig-zaggy and may have ridges and grooves or may be round. When young, the branches are at first coated with white silvery down; this soon disappears, and they become pale green and afterward reddish or greenish brown. The dark blue-green leaves are lighter on

1940-427: Is almost impossible in higher latitudes, since acacias are native to subtropical and tropical areas and do not thrive in the cooler climates favoured by the black locust. The tree was identified in 1607 at Jamestown by British colonists, who used the timber to build houses. The tree was named for its resemblance to Ceratonia siliqua , known as the "Old World Locust". Jesuit missionaries apparently fancied that this

2037-567: Is also prized by North American shipwrights for making rot-resistant trunnels in traditional wooden ship construction. The wood is extremely hard, being one of the hardest woods in Northern America with a Janka hardness test of 1,700 lbf (7,560 N) and specific gravity of 0.733 (733 kilograms per cubic metre or 45.7 pounds per cubic foot). It is very resistant to rot, and durable, making it prized for furniture, flooring, paneling, fence posts, and small watercraft . Black Locust

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2134-643: Is also the basis of standard Croatian , Bosnian , and Montenegrin varieties and therefore the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, and Montenegrins was issued in 2017. The other dialect spoken by Serbs is Torlakian in southeastern Serbia, which is transitional to Macedonian and Bulgarian . Serbian is practically the only European standard language whose speakers are fully functionally digraphic , using both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet

2231-557: Is also the habitat of 13 amphibian species and 11 reptilians, of which 14 are protected, among them fire salamander and European adder . Park is home to 211 bird species. Symbol of Fruška Gora is eastern imperial eagle , today with only 2 or 3 remaining breeding couples. There are 60 mammalian species, of which 17 are protected, including edible dormouse , European pine marten , European polecat and Mediterranean water shrew . Out of 30 species of bats which live in Serbia, 15 inhabits

2328-588: Is colloquially called Serbian Mount Athos . The Holy Synod of the Serbian Orthodox Church officially declared Fruška Gora a Holy Mountain on 12 October 2003. List of monasteries: Serbian language Serbian ( српски / srpski , pronounced [sr̩̂pskiː] ) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs . It is the official and national language of Serbia , one of

2425-700: Is considered an asexual form of reproduction. The suckers allow black locust to grow into colonies which often exclude other species. These colonies may form dense thickets which shade out competition. Black locust has been found to have either 2n=20 or 2n=22 chromosomes. Black locust leaves contain flavone glycosides characterised by spectroscopic and chemical methods as the 7- O -β-ᴅ-glucuronopyranosyl-(1→2)[α-ʟ-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β-ᴅ-glucopyranosides of acacetin (5,7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone), apigenin (5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavone), diosmetin (5,7,3′-trihydroxy-4′-methoxyflavone) and luteolin (5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxyflavone). Although similar in general appearance to

2522-459: Is considered an excellent plant for growing in disturbed areas as an erosion control plant. Black locust's shallow, aggressive roots help hold onto the soil, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria on its root system allow it to grow on poor soils, making it an early colonizer of disturbed areas. Obviating the mass application of fertilizers, black locust and other nitrogen-fixing tree and shrub species have gained importance in managed forestry. Black locust

2619-589: Is currently found across the continent, in all the lower 48 states, eastern Canada, and British Columbia. The native range is thought to be two separate populations, one centered about the Appalachian Mountains , from Pennsylvania to northern Georgia , and a second westward focused around the Ozark Plateau and Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas , Oklahoma and Missouri . Black locust's current range has been expanded by humans distributing

2716-406: Is eventually replaced with taller or more shade-tolerant species. It prefers dry to moist limestone soils but will grow on most soils as long as they are not wet or poorly drained. This tree tolerates a soil pH range of 4.6 to 8.2. Within its native range it will grow on soils of Inceptisols , Ultisols , and Alfisols groups, but does not do well on compacted, clayey or eroded soils. Black locust

2813-532: Is highest in Europe. In time, linden became the dominant tree species, replacing formerly much larger and dominant oak forests, which are considered to be the autochthonous vegetation on Fruška Gora. Altogether, 1,500 plant species inhabits the park, of which 200 are protected. There are also 400 species of fungi. Pannonian plant endemites include Tatar dock ( Crambe tataria ), broadleaf wild leek and Hungarian leopard's-bane . There are some 30 species of orchids in

2910-517: Is made from fused sepals and is dark green and may be blotched with red. The pedicels (stems which connect the flower to the branch) are slender, 1.3 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2  in), dark red or reddish green. The fruit is a typical legume fruit, being a flat and smooth pea-like pod 5.1–10.2 cm (2–4 in) long and 1.3 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2  in) broad. The fruit usually contains 4–8 seeds. The seeds are dark orange brown with irregular markings. They ripen late in autumn and hang on

3007-436: Is not a tree farm where the trees should be "replaced" and that protected forests can't be perceived as a feedstock . Director of the park said that he doesn't know how much trees they cut and planted, but numbers officially published by the park in 2018 show that in an undefined period they planted 50,000 seedlings, but 100,000 trees have been cut. Also, the park's plan for 2019 envisioned almost 100 time more money for cutting

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3104-481: Is often planted along streets and in parks, especially in large cities, because it tolerates pollution well. Several cultivars exist, 'Frisia' being one of the most planted ones. Black locust has been spread and used as a plant for erosion control as it is fast growing and generally a tough tree. The wood, considered the most durable wood in North America, has been very desirable and motivated people to move

3201-536: Is part of the Western South Slavic subgroup, but there are still significant differences in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation to the standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian, although it is closer to the Kajkavian and Chakavian dialects of Serbo-Croatian ). Speakers by country: Serbian was the official language of Montenegro until October 2007, when the new Constitution of Montenegro replaced

3298-416: Is planted for firewood, as it grows rapidly, is highly resilient in a variety of soils, and it grows back rapidly after harvest from the existing root system (i.e. coppicing ). Black locust is highly valued as firewood for wood-burning stoves; it burns slowly, with little visible flame or smoke, and has a higher heat content than any other species that grows widely in the eastern United States, comparable to

3395-590: Is prohibited in Massachusetts. In Australia, black locust has become naturalized within Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia and Western Australia. It is considered an environmental weed there. In South Africa, it is regarded as a weed because of its suckering habit. The bark, leaves, and wood are toxic to both humans and livestock. Important constituents of the plant are the toxalbumin robin, which loses its toxicity when heated, and robinin ,

3492-530: Is shows that it was in accord with its time; for example, the Serbian Alexandride , a book about Alexander the Great , and a translation of Tristan and Iseult into Serbian. Although not belonging to the literature proper, the corpus of Serbian literacy in the 14th and 15th centuries contains numerous legal, commercial and administrative texts with marked presence of Serbian vernacular juxtaposed on

3589-718: Is the "identity script" of the Serbian nation. However, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language , or standard language itself by any means, leaving the choice of script as a matter of personal preference and to the free will in all aspects of life (publishing, media, trade and commerce, etc.), except in government paperwork production and in official written communication with state officials, which have to be in Cyrillic. Traffic signs and directional signs, and place names, on main or international roads are to be written with both Cyrillic and Latin script To most Serbians,

3686-435: Is the only general historical dictionary of Serbo-Croatian. Its first editor was Đuro Daničić , followed by Pero Budmani and the famous Vukovian Tomislav Maretić . The sources of this dictionary are, especially in the first volumes, mainly Štokavian . There are older, pre-standard dictionaries, such as the 1791 German–Serbian dictionary or 15th century Arabic-Persian-Greek-Serbian Conversation Textbook . The standard and

3783-743: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbian, written in the Cyrillic script : Сва људска бића рађају се слободна и једнака у достојанству и правима. Она су обдарена разумом и свешћу и треба једни према другима да поступају у духу братства. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbian, written in the Latin alphabet : Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i svešću i treba jedni prema drugima da postupaju u duhu bratstva. Article 1 of

3880-746: The Kingdom of Hungary , the Ottoman Empire , the Habsburg monarchy , the Austrian Empire , Austria-Hungary , the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs , the Kingdom of Serbia , the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , Serbia and Montenegro , and now is within the Republic of Serbia . During World War II , this area

3977-631: The Proto-Slavic language . There are many loanwords from different languages, reflecting cultural interaction throughout history. Notable loanwords were borrowed from Greek, Latin, Italian, Turkish, Hungarian, English, Russian, German, Czech and French. Serbian literature emerged in the Middle Ages , and included such works as Miroslavljevo jevanđelje ( Miroslav's Gospel ) in 1186 and Dušanov zakonik ( Dušan's Code ) in 1349. Little secular medieval literature has been preserved, but what there

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4074-484: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia , commonly known in its native territory as black locust , is a medium-sized hardwood deciduous tree, belonging to the tribe Robinieae of

4171-426: The honey locust , the black locust lacks that tree's characteristic long branched thorns on the trunk, having instead pairs of short prickles at the base of each leaf; the leaflets are also much broader than honey locust. It may resemble Styphnolobium japonicum , which has smaller flower spikes and lacks spines. The black locust is a plant from the subfamily of Faboideae in the family of legumes ( Fabaceae ) and

4268-590: The 11th century, when Christianity was split between Catholicism and Orthodoxy , both communities had their churches in this region. A very important group of Serb medieval monasteries was formed on the mountain. Since the 19th century, during the Austro-Hungarian period, cities developed so as the trade and crafts. Settlements on the mountain itself developed, designed in the typical folk tradition. Two most distinct settlements, in terms of architectural inheritance, are Sremski Karlovci , which grew into

4365-528: The Bajina Bašta municipality by the Drina River. These monks were writers famous for their illuminated manuscripts. The Fruška Gora Monasteries were declared Monuments of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1990, and are protected by the state. Ottoman documents mention 35 monasteries, of which 16 survived and are still active today. Due to such a large number of monasteries on one place, Fruška Gora

4462-592: The Constitution of 1992. Amid opposition from pro-Serbian parties, Montenegrin was made the sole official language of the country, and Serbian was given the status of a language in official use along with Bosnian , Albanian , and Croatian . In the 2023 Montenegrin census, 43.18% declared Serbian to be their native language, while Montenegrin was declared by 34.52% of the population. Standard Serbian language uses both Cyrillic ( ћирилица , ćirilica ) and Latin script ( latinica , латиница ). Serbian

4559-433: The Fruška Gora region numbered at 114,263 people. Settlements in the area include 23 villages, as well as several towns, which are located around the mountain. These towns are: Šid , Beočin , Petrovaradin , Sremska Kamenica , Sremski Karlovci and Irig . There are over a dozen Serbian Orthodox monasteries located on Fruška Gora. In the eighteenth century the monasteries became the home of monks from Rača monastery in

4656-772: The Latin alphabet whereas 36% favors the Cyrillic one. Latin script has become more and more popular in Serbia, as it is easier to input on phones and computers. The sort order of the ćirilica ( ћирилица ) alphabet: The sort order of the latinica ( латиница ) alphabet: Serbian is a highly inflected language , with grammatical morphology for nouns, pronouns and adjectives as well as verbs. Serbian nouns are classified into three declensional types, denoted largely by their nominative case endings as "-a" type, "-i" and "-e" type. Into each of these declensional types may fall nouns of any of three genders : masculine, feminine or neuter. Each noun may be inflected to represent

4753-410: The Latin script predominates, although both scripts are commonly seen. The Serbian government has encouraged increasing the use of Cyrillic in these contexts. Larger signs, especially those put up by the government, will often feature both alphabets; if the sign has English on it, then usually only Cyrillic is used for the Serbian text. A survey from 2014 showed that 47% of the Serbian population favors

4850-450: The Latin script tends to imply a cosmopolitan or neutral attitude, while Cyrillic appeals to a more traditional or vintage sensibility. In media, the public broadcaster, Radio Television of Serbia , predominantly uses the Cyrillic script whereas the privately run broadcasters, like RTV Pink , predominantly use the Latin script. Newspapers can be found in both scripts. In the public sphere, with logos, outdoor signage and retail packaging,

4947-661: The Roman Empire ( limes ), and on the northern side of the mountain several Roman border fortresses were built. In the Early Middle Ages , this area was settled by Quadi , Huns , Goths , Gepids , Slavs and Avars . The Franks expelled Huns, Avars, Gepids and Lombards from this area and formed the southern border of the Frankish Empire, ultimately giving its name to the mountain. It was later inhabited by Bulgarians , Pechenegs and Hungarians . In

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5044-458: The amount of nectar collected, as well; in Ohio for example, good locust honey flow happens in one of five years. In traditional medicine of India, different parts of R. pseudoacacia are used as laxative , antispasmodic , and diuretic . In Liguria , Italy and Romania the flowers are sometimes used to produce a sweet and perfumed jam. This means manual harvesting of flowers, eliminating

5141-703: The area, until the late 19th century. In Sremski Karlovci, a famous dessert wine called bermet is produced, with protected geographical indication . It is recorded that the crates of bermet were used as a bribe by the Serbs to obtain certain privileges from the Austrian empress Maria Theresa . The wine was served at the Russian and British courts, and was on the wine list of Titanic . The slopes of Fruška Gora are perfectly suited for grape arbors, and wine -makers producing Traminer , Riesling and other wines in

5238-420: The beginning of the 13th century, the entire official correspondence of Dubrovnik with states in the hinterland was conducted in Serbian. In the mid-15th century, Serbia was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and for the next 400 years there was no opportunity for the creation of secular written literature. However, some of the greatest literary works in Serbian come from this time, in the form of oral literature,

5335-451: The branches until early spring. There are typically 25,500 seeds per pound. Cotyledons are oval in shape and fleshy. Black locust reproduces both sexually via flowers, and asexually via root suckers. The flowers are pollinated by insects, primarily by Hymenopteran insects. The physical construction of the flower separates the male and female parts so that self-pollination will not typically occur. The seedlings grow rapidly but they have

5432-974: The center of the political and cultural life of the Serbs in Austria and, later, Austria-Hungary, and Irig , one of the most developed Syrmian settlements since the 18th century. Over the time, the area was part of the Hun Empire , the Ostrogothic Kingdom , the Gepid Kingdom , the Lombard state , the Byzantine Empire , the Avar Khaganate , the Frankish Empire , the Bulgarian Empire , Lower Pannonia ,

5529-439: The cut ones were old. Members of the commission which participated in the planning said that even more trees should have been cut as 80% of the forest is over 80 years old. Only 3% of park's territory is under the strict protection (some 800 ha (2,000 acres) of forest at Papratski Dol locality). The trees have been cut right along the border of this area, clearing the land which surrounds it. Citizens responded that national park

5626-580: The early 19th century, Vuk Stefanović Karadžić promoted the spoken language of the people as a literary norm. The dialects of Serbo-Croatian , regarded Serbian (traditionally spoken in Serbia), include: Vuk Karadžić 's Srpski rječnik , first published in 1818, is the earliest dictionary of modern literary Serbian. The Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika (I–XXIII), published by the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts from 1880 to 1976,

5723-440: The environmentalists, regular visitors and recreational athletes, the cutting was never so massive. Timber was transported outside of the park and was sold by the park administration. They responded that everything is being part of the planned action, that park has to think about the "economic part" of its existence (as the government is allocating small amounts of money to the park) and that trees will be "replenished later" because

5820-507: The heat content of anthracite . For best results, it should be seasoned like any other hardwood, but black locust is also popular because of its ability to burn even when wet. In fireplaces, it can be less satisfactory because knots and beetle damage make the wood prone to "spitting" coals for distances of up to several feet. If the black locust is cut, split, and cured while relatively young (within 10 years), thus minimizing beetle damage, "spitting" problems are minimal. This native hardwood

5917-430: The leaves have developed. They are arranged in loose drooping clumps ( racemes ) which are typically 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long. The flowers themselves are cream-white (rarely pink or purple) with a pale yellow blotch in the center and imperfectly papilionaceous in shape. They are about 2.5 cm (1 in) wide, very fragrant, and produce large amounts of nectar. Each flower is perfect, having both stamens and

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6014-474: The legume family Fabaceae. It is native to a few small areas of the United States, but it has been widely planted and naturalized elsewhere in temperate North America, Europe, Southern Africa and Asia and is considered an invasive species in some areas, such as the temperate east coast of Australia where the cultivar "Frisia" (Golden Robinia) was widely planted as a street tree before being classed as

6111-525: The locality of Bikić Do , a Roman vault was discovered with 11,500 coins, including ones from the reign of Constantine the Great . Attractions from the later period include the Tower of Vrdnik , the only remaining part of the medieval fortress, the Rivica Watermill and Stražilovo , where the remains of the poet Branko Radičević were reinterred from Vienna in 1883. In 1991, the population of

6208-550: The matrix of Serbian Church Slavonic . By the beginning of the 14th century the Serbo-Croatian language, which was so rigorously proscribed by earlier local laws, becomes the dominant language of the Republic of Ragusa . However, despite her wealthy citizens speaking the Serbo-Croatian dialect of Dubrovnik in their family circles, they sent their children to Florentine schools to become perfectly fluent in Italian. Since

6305-407: The most notable form being epic poetry . The epic poems were mainly written down in the 19th century, and preserved in oral tradition up to the 1950s, a few centuries or even a millennium longer than by most other "epic folks". Goethe and Jacob Grimm learned Serbian in order to read Serbian epic poetry in the original. By the end of the 18th century, the written literature had become estranged from

6402-455: The mountain and all are under strict protection. In January 2018, for the first time after the 1960s, additional mouflons were introduced in the park. 30 animals were relocated from Slovakia , which raised the number of mouflons in the park to 70. European fallow deer was also reintroduced. On 29 March 2022, five European bisons were reintroduced in the previously prepared habitat on the mountain. One bull and four cows were transported from

6499-415: The noun they modify, but must agree in number, gender and case with the modified noun. Serbian verbs are conjugated in four past forms— perfect , aorist , imperfect , and pluperfect —of which the last two have a very limited use (imperfect is still used in some dialects, but the majority of native Serbian speakers consider it archaic), one future tense (also known as the first future tense, as opposed to

6596-517: The noun's grammatical case , of which Serbian has seven: Nouns are further inflected to represent the noun's number , singular or plural. Pronouns, when used, are inflected along the same case and number morphology as nouns. Serbian is a pro-drop language , meaning that pronouns may be omitted from a sentence when their meaning is easily inferred from the text. In cases where pronouns may be dropped, they may also be used to add emphasis. For example: Adjectives in Serbian may be placed before or after

6693-420: The oaks have been planted. In the spring of 2019, aggressive cutting continued. Apparently indiscriminate cutting, without proper notifications what is being cut and by whom, destroyed hiking paths and orienteering marks. Also, the cutting sections of the forest weren't properly secured and some were completely wrong: beech trees have been cut even though the table stated that oak trees are being cut. According to

6790-451: The official status of both scripts in contemporary Standard Serbian for more than half of a century now, due to historical reasons, the Cyrillic script was made the official script of Serbia's administration by the 2006 Constitution . The Latin script continues to be used in official contexts, although the government has indicated its desire to phase out this practice due to national sentiment. The Ministry of Culture believes that Cyrillic

6887-682: The only completed etymological dictionary of Serbian is the " Skok ", written by the Croatian linguist Petar Skok : Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika ("Etymological Dictionary of Croatian or Serbian"). I-IV. Zagreb 1971–1974. There is also a new monumental Etimološki rečnik srpskog jezika (Etymological Dictionary of Serbian). So far, two volumes have been published: I (with words on A-), and II (Ba-Bd). There are specialized etymological dictionaries for German, Italian, Croatian, Turkish, Greek, Hungarian, Russian, English and other loanwords (cf. chapter word origin ). Article 1 of

6984-456: The order for Stambolić's murder. Edreš Hill was used as a quarry by prehistoric people for their tools. There are numerous Roman remains, like the fortress Acumincum near Slankamen and Bassianae , a Roman town near Donji Petrovci . The town was fortified with the ramparts and square towers. Within the walls, the objects with the heating and sewage systems were discovered, so as the walls painted with frescoes and floor mosaics. In 1952, in

7081-445: The park. In 2016, massive cutting of trees in the park occurred, one of the largest in the mountain's recorded history. Over 10 ha (25 acres) of forest have been cut. Park administration then stated that an autochthonous species of oak will be planted instead. However, they never planted anything and in the future years a thicket of the remaining black locust high shrubs grew instead. The administration, nevertheless, claims that

7178-573: The region. After the fall of communism, the Serbian Orthodox Church got 10,000 hectares restitution in the area of their nationalized properties. The national park of Fruška Gora was declared in 1960 and covers an area of 266.72 km (102.98 sq mi). It is the oldest modern national park in Serbia. Rich fossil fauna is preserved and almost 90% of the park area is forested. The predominant tree species include linden , oak and beech . The concentration of linden forests

7275-413: The second conditional (without use in the spoken language—it should be used for impossible conditional clauses). Serbian has active and passive voice . As for the non-finite verb forms, Serbian has one infinitive , two adjectival participles (the active and the passive), and two adverbial participles (the present and the past). Most Serbian words are of native Slavic lexical stock, tracing back to

7372-433: The second future tense or the future exact, which is considered a tense of the conditional mood by some contemporary linguists), and one present tense . These are the tenses of the indicative mood. Apart from the indicative mood, there is also the imperative mood . The conditional mood has two more tenses: the first conditional (commonly used in conditional clauses, both for possible and impossible conditional clauses) and

7469-697: The seeds and boiling the petals with sugar, in certain proportions, to obtain a light sweet and delicate perfume jam. Although the bark and leaves are toxic, various reports suggest that the seeds and the young pods of the black locust are edible. Shelled seeds are safe to harvest from summer through fall, and are edible both raw and boiled. Due to the small size of the seeds, shelling them efficiently can prove tedious and difficult. In France, Italy and Romania, R. pseudoacacia flowers are eaten as beignets after being coated in batter and fried in oil; they are also eaten in Japan, largely as tempura. R. pseudoacacia

7566-466: The spoken language. In the second half of the 18th century, the new language appeared, called Slavonic-Serbian . This artificial idiom superseded the works of poets and historians like Gavrilo Stefanović Venclović , who wrote in essentially modern Serbian in the 1720s. These vernacular compositions have remained cloistered from the general public and received due attention only with the advent of modern literary historians and writers like Milorad Pavić . In

7663-592: The three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina and co-official in Montenegro and Kosovo . It is a recognized minority language in Croatia , North Macedonia , Romania , Hungary , Slovakia , and the Czech Republic . Standard Serbian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian (more specifically on the dialects of Šumadija-Vojvodina and Eastern Herzegovina ), which

7760-539: The tip and typically rounded at the base. The leaves come out of the bud folded in half, yellow green, covered with silvery down which soon disappears. Each leaflet initially has a minute stipel, which quickly falls, and is connected to the ( rachis ) by a short stem or petiolule. The leaves are attached to the branch with slender hairy petioles which are grooved and swollen at the base. The stipules are linear, downy, membranous at first and occasionally develop into prickles. The leaves appear relatively late in spring, and turn

7857-528: The tree for landscaping and now includes Pakistan , India, Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Northern and South Africa, temperate regions in Asia, New Zealand, Southern South America. Black locust is a shade-intolerant species and therefore is typical of young woodlands and disturbed areas where sunlight is plentiful and the soil is dry. In this sense, black locust can be considered a weed tree. It also spreads by underground shoots or suckers, which contributes to

7954-454: The tree in spring and turns the leaves brown by mid summer, slowing the growth of the tree though not seriously. Locust borer Megacyllene robiniae larvae carve tunnels into the trunk of the tree and make it more prone to being knocked down by the wind. Heart rot is the only significant disease affecting black locust. Black locust is also attacked by Chlorogenus robiniae , a virus which causes witch's broom growths; clear leaflet veins are

8051-530: The tree to areas where it is not native so the wood can be farmed and used. Black locust is a major honey plant in the eastern US, and has been planted in European countries. In many European countries, it is the source of the renowned acacia honey . Flowering starts after 140 growing degree days . However, its blooming period is short (about 10 days) and it does not consistently produce a honey crop year after year. Weather conditions can have quite an effect on

8148-412: The tree until the young thin bark to which they are attached is replaced by the thicker mature bark. They develop from stipules (small leaf-like structures that grow at the base of leaves), and since stipules are paired at the base of leaves, the spines will be paired at the bases of leaves. They range from .65–2 cm ( 1 ⁄ 4 – 3 ⁄ 4  in) in length and are somewhat triangular with

8245-515: The trees than for the planting of the new ones. In 2020, 60,000 new trees were planned to be planted in the park, to commemorate 60th anniversary of the national park establishment. By the 2010s, the predominant cultivated plant on the foothills of the mountain and the surrounding vast fields, became the rapeseed . In March 2020 it was announced that saffron was discovered on the mountain. There are some 20 species of saffron living in Serbia, but they never populated Fruška Gora. The discovered species

8342-572: The underside, and are compound , meaning that each leaf contains many smaller leaflike structures called leaflets , which are roughly paired on either side of the stem that runs through the leaf ( rachis ). There is typically one leaflet at the tip of the leaf ( odd pinnate ), and the leaves are alternately arranged on the stem. Each leaf is 15–36 cm (6–14 in) long and contains 9–19 leaflets, each being 2.5–5.1 cm (1–2 in) long, and .65–1.9 cm ( 1 ⁄ 4 – 3 ⁄ 4  in) wide. The leaflets are rounded or slightly indented at

8439-468: The use of tropical wood by promoting this tree and creating plantations. Flavonoids in the heartwood allow the wood to last over 100 years in soil. With a light yellowish color and strength, the wood was much used for decorative inlays and banding in furniture in England and France in the 17th and 18th centuries, under the name "acacia" or "Virginia acacia". In 1900, the value of Robinia pseudoacacia

8536-478: The weedy character of this species. When growing in sandy areas this plant can enrich the soil by means of its nitrogen-fixing nodules, allowing other species to move in. On sandy soils black locust may replace other vegetation which cannot fix nitrogen. Black locust is a typical early successional plant, a pioneer species . It grows best in bright sunlight and does not handle shade well. It specializes in colonizing disturbed areas and edges of woodlots before it

8633-625: The western United States, New England region, northern California, and in the Midwest. In the prairie and savanna regions of the Midwest, black locust can dominate and shade open habitats. These ecosystems have been decreasing in size, and black locust is contributing to this reduction; when black locust invades an area, it will convert the grassland ecosystem into a forested ecosystem where the grasses are displaced. Black locust has been listed as invasive in Connecticut, Wisconsin, and Michigan, and

8730-409: The zoo in the Czech Republic and Poland 's Białowieża Forest reserve, respectively. It is estimated that the last bison on Serbian territory was hunted in c.1800. The male, who was named Đuka by popular vote, got ill but the therapy didn't help, and he died on 12 October 2023. The post-mortem showed several inflammatory diseases and a major trauma on Djuka's rib cage . Foul play was excluded, and it

8827-696: Was born in the nearby Sirmium , the first grapevines on the mountain were planted. The mountain is a natural geological phenomenon as it is built from rocks from almost all geological periods. It used to be an island during the existence of the Pannonian Sea . To the north, the mountain is bordered by the Danube river, while to the south it descends into the Syrmian lowlands. It is stretching approximately 80 km (50 mi) from east to west and 15 km (9.3 mi) from north to south. Its highest peak

8924-481: Was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić , who created it based on phonemic principles. The Latin alphabet used for Serbian ( latinica ) was designed by the Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s based on the Czech system with a one-to-one grapheme-phoneme correlation between the Cyrillic and Latin orthographies, resulting in a parallel system. Serbian is a standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian ,

9021-463: Was occupied by the Axis Powers , and Fruška Gora was an important center of Partisan resistance movement. A liberated partisan territory was formed in this region. On 28 March 2003, police revealed that former Serbian president Ivan Stambolić had been assassinated by eight men on the mountain. At the time Slobodan Milošević was still in power. It was later determined that Milošević had given

9118-593: Was rejected due to the Serbian laws allowing shelterwood cutting on the area of 5 hectares (12 acres), while UNESCO accepts cut areas no larger than 1 hectare (2.5 acres), and even that is not only in the areas of the highest level of protection, but also in the surrounding zones. It was announced that the rules will be changed, so that parts of Fruška Gora might be included in 2023. Protected insect species include Balkan goldenring , certain species of dragonflies and hoverflies , and Hungarian ground beetle , which already went extinct in some other European countries. Park

9215-769: Was reported to be practically destroyed in nearly all parts of the U.S. beyond the mountain forests which are its home by locust borers which riddle the trunk and branches. Were it not for these insects, it would be one of the most valuable timber trees that could be planted in the northern and middle states. Young trees grow quickly and vigorously for a number of years, but soon become stunted and diseased, and rarely live long enough to attain any commercial value. In Asia, many black locusts, called cihuai ( zh:刺槐 ), yanghuai (foreign huai zh:洋槐 , against native huai zh:国槐 ) or simply "acacias", were planted in Dalian, Liaoning , China, during its Russian and Japanese occupation, and are loved by

9312-556: Was suggested the trauma was caused by another animal or by the fall of the tree during the severe storm in July. There are traces of human habitation in this area that date from neolithic times. Before the Roman conquest, Illyrians and Celts inhabited this region. In 31 AD, this area was conquered by the Romans and was included into Pannonia province. The Danube river was a border of

9409-505: Was the tree that supported St. John in the wilderness, despite its being native to North America. It was introduced into Britain in 1636. Robinia is a native North American genus, but traces of it are found in the Eocene and Miocene rocks of Europe. The genus is named after the royal French gardeners Jean Robin and his son Vespasien Robin  [ fr ] , who brought the plant to Europe in 1601, in what may be regarded as

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