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34-640: In 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla began a revolt against the Royalist Spanish in Mexico, which would initiate the Mexican War of Independence. Likewise, in 1811, Juan Bautista de las Casas led a revolt against Spain at San Antonio , capturing the Spanish governor. The Spanish struck back, however, crushing the revolt. Governor Manuel María de Salcedo was restored to power. Father Hidalgo

68-508: A brutal reprisal, executing over 300 people. The situation in Nacogdoches was hardly any better, where they were brutally purging the rebels. On September 12, however, Elizondo's ruthlessness was ended, when he was assassinated by one of his own officers. The repercussions and vengeance of the Spanish caused many to flee Texas, and they would never fully come to trust the Spanish royal family again. San Antonio natives and future signers of

102-502: A group of large landowners of the region led by José Melchor Sanchez Navarro . Deceived into believing that Monclova was safely in the hands of rebel supporters, Allende, Hidalgo, other leaders, and 1,000 men of the rebel army departed Saltillo for Monclova. On March 21, 1811, Elizondo was waiting at the Wells of Baján with 150 men. The rebel leaders arrived first at the wells in carriages. Elizondo greeted them with an honor guard. He led

136-426: A propaganda campaign against organizer Gutiérrez. The Americans, convinced that Gutiérrez was not concerned with their interests, threatened to leave unless Gutiérrez was replaced. Gutiérrez exited for Natchitoches on August 6, which ultimately saved his life. In his absence, Toledo took charge. The Republican Army's dissension persisted. Some Texians liked their new leader, while others didn't. Toledo wanted to fight

170-466: A successful campaign against rebel armies he was assassinated by one of his junior officers. Elizondo was born in the village of Salinas (now Salinas Victoria , Nuevo León ). He was son of José Marcos de Elizondo and María Josefa de Villarreal. He was of Spanish and Basque ancestry. During his childhood, Elizondo lived in the village of Pesquería Grande (present-day Garcia , Nuevo León). His father owned many agricultural estates ( haciendas ). In 1787, at

204-827: The 1836 Texas Declaration of Independence José Francisco Ruiz and José Antonio Navarro were among those who fled Texas. Texas would remain a hot spot for revolution and filibusters for years to come. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 553428598 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:54:38 GMT Ignacio Elizondo Francisco Ignacio de Elizondo Villarreal , (born Salinas Valley, New Kingdom of León , New Spain , March 9, 1766 - died San Marcos, Texas , New Spain , c. September 12, 1813),

238-494: The Camino Real toward eastern Texas, where he captured and executed many of the rebel soldiers at the Spanish hacienda of Trinidad de Salcedo (1807-1813) on Trinity River, which he depopulated and burned (see translation of Elizondo's final reports appended here). He pursued rebel soldiers as far as Nacogdoches in eastern Texas and executed 71 rebel soldiers and took more than 100 prisoners. On September 3, 1813, Elizondo

272-535: The Republican Army began to stir additional support. Now interested in the conflict was José Álvarez de Toledo y Dubois , who had been consulted at the beginning of the filibuster. He proceeded into San Antonio on August 1, with the desire to take charge of the Texians and confront Arredondo. Advising was United States special agent William Shaler . Shaler and José Álvarez de Toledo teamed up and initiated

306-652: The Rio Grande. General Arredondo ordered Elizondo to join him in an effort to retake the Spanish colony of Texas. With 1,830 men the two commanders advanced from Mexico toward San Antonio. On August 18, 1813, at the Battle of Medina , Elizondo led a cavalry division of the Royal Spanish Army to defeat the 1,400 man rebel Republican Army of the North , crushing the so-called Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition as well as

340-621: The Spanish in Bexar, but was persuaded by Perry and San Antonians to spare the city and march out to surprise the Spanish. Colonel José Menchaca (a former Spanish officer, now leader of the Tejanos), being opposed to Toledo as their leader, instigated discord, slowing Álvarez de Toledo's advance against the Spanish. The Republican leader, Toledo was not able to make his move upon the Royalists until August 15. This situation would end up badly for

374-470: The Spanish, now in Bexar . Joining the Republican Army in the pursuit to San Antonio were volunteers, consisting of Americans, Tejanos , former Spanish soldiers, and Lipan and Tonkawa Indians. On March 29, they defeated Simón de Herrera 's Spanish army of 1,200 men, at the Battle of Rosillo Creek ( Salado Creek ). Governor Salcedo surrendered on April 1, 1813. Gutiérrez suggested the prisoners be sent to

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408-506: The Texans. Even though they had decisively won at the battle of Alazán and now had a large force, (composed of 1,400 Americans, Tejanos, Spanish, Indians, and blacks), they would suffer a crushing defeat on August 18, 1813, at the Battle of Medina . Toledo had planned on surprising the Spanish, but when he moved upon them it turned into an unintentional ambush. Toledo tried to turn the men around, but Colonel José Menchaca had chosen to fight till

442-626: The United States for safe keeping. But, as the prisoners were marched out of town by Captain Antonio Delgado, they were halted, tied to trees and killed. On April 17, the Republican Army drafted a declaration of independence of the state of Texas as part of the Mexican Republic and adopted a solid "Green Flag" for a banner. Gutiérrez declared himself governor of the new state. Because of poor judgement, Gutiérrez would lose

476-662: The age of twenty-one he married María Gertrudis. She died on March 6, 1797, while giving birth to his son, José Rafael Eusebio. Ignacio Elizondo began his military career in 1798, after being appointed Lieutenant of Pesquería's provincial militia company. Two years later, he was appointed Captain of the Punta de Lampazos provincial dragoons , one of the largest military units in the New Kingdom of León , present day Nuevo Leon . One year later Elizondo returned again to his former position at Pesquería's provincial militia. In 1806,

510-530: The capture of the rebel leaders, Elizondo was promoted to Lt. Colonel in the royalist army. Given the importance of his capture of the rebel leaders, the reward and the honors he received were modest. On March 29, 1813, the royalist army in Texas lost the Battle of Rosillo Creek and on April 1 the rebels occupied San Antonio . To begin the effort to recover Texas, General José Joaquín de Arredondo ordered Elizondo to reconnoiter, but not to engage in battle with,

544-411: The carriages behind a nearby hill not visible from the remainder of the rebel convoy. There, his men demanded the surrender of the rebel leaders. Padre Hidalgo, on horseback, drew a pistol but was restrained from firing by a royalist soldier. Allende was in the fifth carriage, and Allende opened fire. In the return fire Allende's son and several rebel soldiers were killed. The royalists tied the hands of

578-498: The confidence of Kemper and the other Americans. His proclamation, and allowing the execution of the Spanish governor and other officials, proved to be too much. Kemper ended up quitting and led about 100 Americans back to Louisiana and took no further part. The republicans looked for a new leader. Colonel Ignacio Elizondo and General José Joaquín de Arredondo took charge of the Spanish effort to secure Texas. Elizondo laid siege to San Antonio with 900 men. Without Kemper's leadership,

612-485: The danger and escaped capture. The next day Elizondo divided the prisoners into three groups: the leaders of the rebels including Padre Hidalgo; captured rebel clergymen, and the common soldiers. All prisoners were taken to Monclova first and the lesser offenders remained there for trial. Ten captured clergymen were taken to Durango and 27 military leaders and Hidalgo were taken to Chihuahua for trial. The rebel leaders and many of their followers were executed. After

646-464: The death. By chasing what appeared to be the main body of the Spaniards, they would end up surrounded. For in the meantime, Arredondo and Elizondo had reorganized a force of 1,800 and were ready to fight. The Gutiérrez-Magee expedition ended with a terrible loss of some 1,300 men. Toledo and a few of the men were able to flee to the United States. Spanish officials recaptured San Antonio and conducted

680-691: The governor of Nuevo León, Pedro de Herrera y Levya, appointed him to command the Eighth Dragoons, a company, which would operate in Texas against the frequent Apache attacks taking place. Elizondo requested from the Viceroy an exemption from his military command as he was having serious financial problems. He owed money to the Roman Catholic church for livestock and land he had purchased. However, Governor de Herrera, declined to exempt him from his military duties which caused friction between

714-572: The idea of a filibuster , consulting as many as would listen, including his cousin Guerro Caja de las Casas. They both traveled to Louisiana , to seek support for their filibuster. They met with Governor William C. C. Claiborne and William Shaler in New Orleans. Gutiérrez gained the support of Augustus Magee and formed a force of 130 men at Natchitoches, Louisiana . In early August, The men then crossed into Spanish Texas and captured

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748-591: The insurrection in Texas. Elizondo's last military service to the King of Spain was as the officer in command of a contingent of 500 cavalrymen dispatched by Arredondo from the capital at San Antonio, to chase and mop-up the fleeing survivors of the insurgent army immediately after the Battle of Medina. His last reports (before the incident that led to his death on his return from this successful mission) detail his march along

782-520: The rebel forces of José Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara in San Antonio. With a force of 1,050 men Elizondo crossed the Rio Grande on June 12 and, against Arredondo's orders, camped near San Antonio de Bexar and demanded Gutiérrez's surrender. On June 20, Gutiérrez's army of 1,500 men surprised Elizondo in the Battle of Alazan Creek and soundly defeated his forces, forcing Elizondo to retreat to

816-408: The rebel leaders and their escorts and escorted them to a makeshift prison camp. This process of capturing elements of the rebel army continued all day long. As each new element arrived they were taken captive by Elizondo's men. By the end of the day the royalists had 893 prisoners and had killed about 40 of the rebels who resisted. The rear guard was the only contingent in the rebel army which sensed

850-404: The rebels suffered from internal divisions. First Reuben Ross took command, but was unsupported and dropped to second in command. The job next fell to United States Colonel Henry Perry . On June 20, Perry routed Elizondo's troops in a dawn attack, at the Battle of Alazan Creek , once again freeing the Spanish hold on San Antonio. The splintered Spanish Army would have to regroup. The success of

884-578: The republican leaders. Magee died on February 6, 1813, following a long illness, and Samuel Kemper succeeded to the command. Captain John McFarland was sent to find new recruits: volunteers from Nacogdoches, Spanish army defectors, and a few Coushatta Indians joined in. Kemper beat back the governor's attacks. On February 10 and 13, Kemper successfully defeated Salcedo, who retreated toward San Antonio on February 19. In March, Kemper's forces again swelled, by some 500 men. The expedition would pursue

918-572: The side of the rebels in the Casas Revolt . Elizondo had the responsibility of guarding royalist prisoners in Monclova , Coahuila. There, or possibly earlier, he was persuaded to join the royalists. Some historians debate whether General Ramon Díaz de Bustamante or Bishop Primo Feliciano Marín de Porras won Elizondo over to the royalists. Others believe he was converted by Manuel María de Salcedo of Texas and Simón de Herrera of Nuevo León, while

952-514: The town of Nacogdoches . In Texas their numbers increased to 300, and they proceeded to take the town of Santísima Trinidad de Salcedo (located on the east bank of the Trinity River at Spanish Bluff, ten miles downriver from the present Highway 31 crossing), on September 13. Their success would push them on; they traveled southward, to conquer the next Spanish stronghold. The Spanish governor Manuel María de Salcedo , with about 800 men,

986-542: The two men. He subsequently married Maria Romana Carrasco and, in 1806, the couple moved to the Hacienda of San Juan de Canoas, in Coahuila state, where he also administrated the Hacienda of Alamo near the city of Monclova . The Mexican War of Independence from Spain began with the "grito" of the Roman Catholic priest , Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla , on September 16, 1810. Initially Elizondo, stationed in Texas, took

1020-666: The two royalist governors were his prisoners. Elizondo was asked to continue to pretend to support the rebels to gain intelligence about the plans of Allende and Hidalgo who were then in flight toward the United States after a military defeat in the Battle of Calderon Bridge . In March 1811, Hidalgo and Allende, rebel military leaders, and the remnants of the rebel army were in Saltillo , 160 kilometres (99 miles) south of Monclova. The royalist sympathizers in Monclova included

1054-565: Was a royalist military officer during the Mexican war of independence against Spain. He is mostly known for his capture of insurgent leaders Miguel Hidalgo , Ignacio Allende , José Mariano Jiménez , and Juan Aldama at the Wells of Baján , Coahuila in 1811. Initially a supporter of Mexican independence who converted to the royalist cause, Elizondo is sometimes compared to the American Benedict Arnold . In 1813, after

Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition - Misplaced Pages Continue

1088-529: Was critically wounded by Lieutenant Miguel (or Manuel) Serrano, while sleeping in his encampment at the edge of the Brazos River . He died a few days later. Many historians believe he was buried on the bank of the San Marcos River , in Texas, New Spain, where he died as he was being carried back to the capital on a litter. However, if Lt. Col. Elizondo was, indeed, first interred on the banks of

1122-585: Was executed in July, in Chihuahua , while de las Casas and his associates were executed in August. The remaining rebels then turned to the United States for help. Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara , a blacksmith from Nuevo Santander , traveled to Washington, D.C. , but he received little more than an assurance that the U.S. would not interfere with his plans. After trying the U.S. government's patience, he entertained

1156-511: Was patrolling the Guadalupe River area, in search of the revolutionaries. He later found them on the lower San Antonio River at Goliad . They had easily taken and were controlling the Spanish fort there, Presidio La Bahia . Magee was besieged for four months. He negotiated with the Spanish military leaders and considered surrendering, but he finally decided to fight. However, Magee's army lost confidence in him, and discord spread among

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