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46-557: The town is the center of the ethnocultural and historical region of Țara Hațegului . It lies at an altitude of 315 m (1,033 ft), on the banks of the Râul Galben . Hațeg is located in the south-central part of Hunedoara County, 37 km (23 mi) south of the county seat, Deva . In 1765, while part of the Habsburg controlled Principality of Transylvania , the settlement was completely militarised and integrated into

92-571: A humid continental climate ( Koppen : Dfb) with warm summers and cold winters. Precipitation peaks in the month of June. Deva is dominated by the Citadel Hill, a protected nature reserve because of its rare floral species and the presence of the horned adder . Perched on the top of the hill are the ruins of the Citadel built in the 13th century. Tourists can visit the Citadel by climbing

138-859: A in Thracian, has been disputed by Russu. A comparison of Georgiev's and Duridanov's reconstructed words with the same meaning in the two languages shows that, although they shared some words, many words were different. However, even if such reconstructions are accepted as valid, an insufficient quantity of words have been reconstructed in each language to establish that they were unrelated. According to Georgiev (1977), Dacian placenames and personal names are completely different from their Thracian counterparts. However, Tomaschek (1883) and Mateescu (1923) argue that some common elements exist in Dacian and Thracian placenames and personal names, but Polomé considered that research had, by 1982, confirmed Georgiev's claim of

184-784: A Thracian or Dacian word contained such a phoneme, a Greek or Latin transcript would not represent it accurately. Because of this, there are divergent and even contradictory assumptions for the phonological structure and development of the Dacian and Thracian languages. This can be seen from the different sound-changes proposed by Georgiev and Duridanov, reproduced above, even though these scholars agree that Thracian and Dacian were different languages. Also, some sound-changes proposed by Georgiev have been disputed, e.g., that IE *T (tenuis) became Thracian TA (tenuis aspiratae), and *M (mediae) = T : it has been argued that in both languages IE *MA (mediae aspiratae) fused into M and that *T remained unchanged. Georgiev's claim that IE *o mutated into

230-791: A clear onomastic divide between Thrace and Moesia/Dacia. Georgiev highlighted a striking divergence between placename-suffixes in Dacia/Moesia and Thrace: Daco-Moesian placenames generally carry the suffix -dava (variants: -daba , -deva ), meaning "town" or "stronghold". But placenames in Thrace proper, i.e. south of the Balkan mountains commonly end in -para or -pera , meaning "village" or "settlement" (cf Sanskrit pura = "town", from which derives Hindi town-suffix -pur , e.g., Udaipur = "city of Udai"). Map showing -dava/-para divide Georgiev argues that such toponymic divergence renders

276-611: A language closely related to Venetic and Phrygian but with a certain Daco-Moesian admixture. Venetic and Phrygian are considered centum languages, and this may mean that Georgiev, like many other paleolinguists, viewed Illyrian as probably being a centum language with Daco-Moesian admixture. Georgiev proposed that Albanian, a satemised language, developed from Daco-Moesian, a satemised language group, and not from Illyrian. But lack of evidence prevents any firm centum/satem classification for these ancient languages. Renfrew argues that

322-805: A privilege-grant for the Count Chyl of Kelling ( Romanian : comitele Chyl din Câlnic ). Partially destroyed by the Ottoman Turks in 1550, it was afterward rebuilt and the fortress extended. In 1621 Prince Gabriel Bethlen transformed and extended the Magna Curia Palace (also known as the Bethlen Castle) in Renaissance style. In 1711–1712, Deva was settled by a group of Roman Catholic Bulgarian merchant refugees from

368-532: Is a city in Romania , in the historical region of Transylvania , on the left bank of the river Mureș . It is the capital of Hunedoara County . Its name was first recorded in 1269 as castrum Dewa . The origin of the name gave rise to controversy. It is considered that the name comes from the ancient Dacian word dava , meaning "fortress" (as in Pelendava , Piroboridava , or Zargidava ). Other theories trace

414-1059: Is an extinct language generally believed to be a member of the Indo-European language family that was spoken in the ancient region of Dacia . The Dacian language is poorly documented. Unlike Phrygian , which is documented by c. 200 inscriptions, only one Dacian inscription is believed to have survived. The Dacian names for a number of medicinal plants and herbs may survive in ancient literary texts, including about 60 plant-names in Dioscorides . About 1,150 personal names and 900 toponyms may also be of Dacian origin. A few hundred words in modern Romanian and Albanian may have originated in ancient Balkan languages such as Dacian (see List of Romanian words of possible Dacian origin ). Linguists have reconstructed about 100 Dacian words from placenames using established techniques of comparative linguistics , although only 20–25 such reconstructions had achieved wide acceptance by 1982. There

460-406: Is not so significant as to rank them as separate languages. According to Georg Solta (1982), there is no significant difference between Dacian and Thracian. Rădulescu (1984) accepts that Daco-Moesian possesses a certain degree of dialectal individuality, but argues that there is no fundamental separation between Daco-Moesian and Thracian. Renfrew (1990) argues that there is no doubt that Thracian

506-454: Is related to the Dacian which was spoken in modern-day Romania before that area was occupied by the Romans. However, all these assertions are largely speculative, due to the lack of evidence for both languages. Polomé (1982) considers that the evidence presented by Georgiev and Duridanov, although substantial, is not sufficient to determine whether Daco-Moesian and Thracian were two dialects of

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552-433: Is scholarly consensus that Dacian was a member of the Indo-European family of languages . These descended, according to the two leading theories of the expansion of IE languages, from a proto-Indo-European tongue ("PIE") that originated in an urheimat ("original homeland") in S. Ukraine/ Caucasus region ( Kurgan hypothesis ) or in central Anatolia ( Anatolian hypothesis ). According to both theories, Indo-European reached

598-632: Is ultimately based on the testimony of several Greco-Roman authors: most notably the Roman imperial-era historian and geographer Strabo, who states that the Dacians, Getae , Moesians and Thracians all spoke the same language. Herodotus states that "the Getae are the bravest and the most just amongst the Thracians", linking the Getae with the Thracians. Some scholars also see support for a close link between

644-468: Is very different from that of Thracian; the vowel change IE *o > *a recurs and the k-sounds undergo the changes characteristic of the satem languages. For the phonology of Thracian, Georgiev uses the principle that an intelligible placename in a modern language is likely to be a translation of an ancient name. Georgiev (1977) also argues that the modern Albanian language is descended from Dacian, specifically from what he called Daco-Moesian or Daco-Mysian,

690-617: The 2011 census , Hațeg had 9,685 inhabitants, of which 93.15% were Romanians, 1.6% Hungarians, 1,1% of other ethnicities, and unknown for 4,14% of the population. At the 2021 census , the town had a population of 8,793; of those, 90.88% were Romanians and 7.61% of unknown ethnicities. This Hunedoara County location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Deva, Romania Deva ( Romanian pronunciation: [ˈdeva] ; Hungarian : Déva , Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈdeːvɒ] ; German: Diemrich , Schlossberg , Denburg ; Latin : Sargetia ;

736-492: The 2021 census , Deva had a population of 53,113. At the previous census , from 2011, there were 56,647 people living within the city, making it the 37th largest city in Romania. The ethnic makeup in 2011 was as follows: Romanians 89.67%, Hungarians 7.79%, Roma 1.6%, other 0.91%. Automotive, commerce, construction materials and power industries are important to Deva's economy. A private University of Ecology and Tourism

782-664: The Tethys Sea , dinosaurs , primitive mammals, birds, and Pterosaurs (such as Hatzegopteryx , which was named for the region). Hațeg Island was an island during the Cretaceous Period where a dwarf species of sauropod dinosaur, Magyarosaurus dacus , lived until their extinction at the end of the Cretaceous . Baron Franz Nopcsa published articles about these Mesozoic -era archosaurs on Hațeg Island. His studies led to his theory of insular dwarfism ,

828-659: The Carpathian region no later than c. 2500 BC. According to one scenario, proto-Thracian populations emerged during the Bronze Age from the fusion of the indigenous Eneolithic (Chalcolithic) population with the intruders of the transitional Indo-Europeanization Period . From these proto-Thracians, in the Iron Age , developed the Dacians / North Thracians of the Danubian-Carpathian Area on

874-1240: The Citadel Park. It is an important tourist spot for the Transylvania region. Downtown the city, the House of culture and the musical fountain represent two elements that define the town centre of Deva. Deva is considered the Gymnastics capital of Romania because the National gymnastics training center is located in the city. Many of the country's Olympic gymnasts have trained in Deva, including Nadia Comăneci . Dacian language Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European Dacian ( / ˈ d eɪ ʃ ə n / )

920-608: The Jewish communities. In 1940, all of the Jewish residents of Hațeg were rounded up and housed in one location, and all of their possessions were confiscated. By the end of World War II, only 30 Jewish residents remained. Țara Hațegului (the Hațeg Country ) is the region around the town of Hațeg. The fossils found in the Hațeg area span over 300 million years of Earth's geologic history, showing tropical coral reefs and volcanic island in

966-624: The Moesian dialect of Dacian, but this view has not gained wide acceptance among scholars and is rejected by most linguists, who consider that Albanian belongs to the Illyrian branch of IE. Polomé accepts the view that Albanian is descended from Illyrian but considers the evidence inconclusive. There is general agreement among scholars that Dacian and Thracian were Indo-European languages; however, widely divergent views exist about their relationship: Georgiev (1977) and Duridanov (1985) argue that

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1012-688: The Second Border Company of the First Border Regiment from Orlat , until 1851, when that unit was disbanded. Prior to WWII, Hațeg was home to a thriving Jewish community comprising both Ashkenazi and Sephardim Jews, and featured at least one synagogue. During the Second World War, antisemitic policies of the Antonescu dictatorship resulted in the confiscation of Jewish properties, forced labour and extortion of

1058-687: The Thracian and Dacian languages in the works of Cassius Dio , Trogus Pompeius , Appian and Pliny the Elder . But the Daco-Thracian theory has been challenged since the 1960s by the Bulgarian linguist Vladimir I. Georgiev and his followers. Georgiev argues, on phonetic, lexical and toponymic grounds, that Thracian, Dacian and Phrygian were completely different languages, each a separate branch of IE, and that no Daco-Thraco-Phrygian or Daco-Thracian branches of IE ever existed. Georgiev argues that

1104-526: The centum/satem classification is irrelevant in determining relationships between languages. This is because a language may contain both satem and centum features and these, and the balance between them, may change over time. There was a well-established tradition in the 4th century that the Getae, believed to be Dacians by mainstream scholarship, and the Gothi were the same people, e.g., Orosius: Getae illi qui et nunc Gothi . This identification, now discredited,

1150-637: The confluence of the Danube and Great Morava , at the site of the former town of Devín ) or from the Old Hungarian name Győ. Additionally, it is possible the name Deva was derived from the reconstructed proto-Indo-European dhewa ("settlement"). On medieval maps Deva appears as: Dewan (first mention), Deva , or later Diemrich . Documentary evidence of the city's existence first appeared in 1269 when Stephen V , King of Hungary and Duke of Transilvania , mentioned "the royal castle of Deva" in

1196-612: The distance between Dacian and Thracian was approximately the same as that between the Armenian and Persian languages, which are completely different languages. In elaborating the phonology of Dacian, Georgiev uses plant-names attested to in Dioscorides and Pseudo-Apuleius, ascertaining their literal meanings, and hence their etymology, using the Greek translations provided by those authors. The phonology of Dacian produced in this way

1242-470: The form of Mysian by a migration of the Moesi people; Strabo asserts that Moesi and Mysi were variants of the same name. Dacian was an Indo-European language (IE). Russu (1967, 1969 and 1970) suggested that its phonological system, and therefore that of its presumed Thraco-Dacian parent-language, was relatively close to the primitive IE system. While there is general agreement among scholars that Dacian

1288-603: The funding and efforts of its Bulgarian population, so that the monastery was commonly known as the Bulgarian Monastery. However, the Great Plague of 1738 and the gradual assimilation of the Deva Bulgarians into other ethnicities of Transylvania prevented the colony from growing and by the late 19th century the Bulgarian ethnic element in the town had disappeared completely. Jews first settled in

1334-652: The hill or using the cable car. The machinery covers a distance of 160 meters and it can transport up to 16 people. Deva's tourist attractions include the Arts Theatre, the Patria Cinema, the Old Centre and the Citadel Park, where there are the statues of Mihai Eminescu and Decebal and the Magna Curia Palace . There is also the Aqualand Complex, a recently built leisure centre situated near

1380-734: The majority emigrated to Israel after 1948. Deva is situated in the central part of Hunedoara County, on the left bank of the middle course of the Mureș River at 187 m above sea level. The city administers four villages: Archia ( Árki ), Bârcea Mică ( Kisbarcsa ), Cristur ( Csernakeresztúr ) and Sântuhalm ( Szántóhalma ). In 1850, the town had 2,129 inhabitants, of which 1,038 were Romanians (48.8%), 517 Hungarians (24.3%), 255 Germans (12%), 216 Roma (10.1%) and 103 (4.8%) of other ethnicities, meanwhile in 1910, out of 8,654 inhabitants, 5,827 were Hungarians (67.33%), 2,417 Romanians (27.92%), 276 Germans (3.18%) and 134 (1.57%) of other ethnicities. At

1426-486: The mid-1920s. In 1930, there were 914 Jews, or 8.7% of the total. On 5 December 1940, during the National Legionary State , Jewish merchants were forced to give up their shops to members of the ruling Iron Guard . In June 1941, when Romania entered World War II , 695 Jewish refugees from surrounding villages were brought to Deva. In the war's aftermath, many remained there. There were 1190 Jews in 1947;

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1472-643: The name to a Roman Legion , the Legio II Augusta , transferred to Deva from Castrum Deva, now Chester ( Deva Victrix ) in Britain. János András Vistai assume the name is of old Turkic origin from the name Gyeücsa . Others assert that the name is probably of Slavic origin where Deva or Devín means "girl" or "maiden" (a similar case exists in Slovakian for the Devín Castle , located at

1518-416: The notion that "limited resources" on small islands can lead to a downsizing of the indigenous vertebrate animals. Since 2015 the area has been an UNESCO Global Geopark . According to the first ethnic census of 1850, the town had 1,194 inhabitants, 915 of them being Romanians , 92 Roma , 77 Hungarians , 62 Germans (more specifically Transylvanian Saxons ), and 48 of other ethnicities . According to

1564-473: The notion that Thracian and Dacian were the same language implausible. However, this thesis has been challenged on a number of grounds: Georgiev's thesis has by no means achieved general acceptance: the Thraco-Dacian theory retains substantial support among linguists. Crossland (1982) considers that the divergence of a presumed original Thraco-Dacian language into northern and southern groups of dialects

1610-544: The one hand and the Thracians of the eastern Balkan Peninsula on the other. According to Georgiev, the Dacian language was spread south of the Danube by tribes from Carpathia, who reached the central Balkans in the period 2000–1000 BC, with further movements (e.g., the Triballi tribe) after 1000 BC, until c. 300 BC. According to the ancient geographer Strabo , Daco-Moesian was further spread into Asia Minor in

1656-485: The phonetic development from proto-Indo-European of the two languages was clearly divergent. Note : Asterisk indicates reconstructed PIE sound. ∅ is a zero symbol (no sound, when the sound has been dropped). Georgiev and Duridanov argue that the phonetic divergences above prove that the Dacian and Thracian (and Phrygian, per Georgiev) languages could not have descended from the same branch of Indo-European, but must have constituted separate, stand-alone branches. However,

1702-618: The place of Dacian in the IE evolutionary tree. According to a dated view, Dacian derived from a Daco-Thraco-Phrygian (or "Paleo-Balkan") branch of IE. Today, Phrygian is no longer widely seen as linked in this way to Dacian and Thracian. In contrast, the hypothesis of a Thraco-Dacian or Daco-Thracian branch of IE, indicating a close link between the Thracian and Dacian languages, has numerous adherents, including Russu 1967, Georg Solta 1980, Vraciu 1980, Crossland 1982, Rădulescu 1984, 1987. Mihailov (2008) and Trask 2000. The Daco-Thracian theory

1748-465: The same language or two distinct languages. The ethnonym Moesi was used within the lands alongside the Danube river, in north-western Thrace. As analysed by some modern scholars, the ancient authors used the name Moesi speculatively to designate Triballians and also Getic and Dacian communities. It is possible that Illyrian, Dacian and Thracian were three dialects of the same language, according to Rădulescu. Georgiev (1966), however, considers Illyrian

1794-414: The satem/centum distinction, once regarded as a fundamental division between IE languages, is no longer considered as important in historical linguistics by mainstream scholars. It is now recognised that it is only one of many isoglosses in the IE zone; that languages can exhibit both types at the same time, and that these may change over time within a particular language. There is much controversy about

1840-534: The town in the 1830s, organizing a community in 1848. Rabbi Moshe Herzog (1893-1898) delivered patriotic sermons in Hungarian. The synagogue was rebuilt in 1925. In 1923, the strictly Orthodox established their own congregation under Hayyim Yehuda Ehrenreich, a rabbinical scholar whose periodical Otzar ha-Hayyim became renowned in Jewish academic circles. In 1927, he set up a press that printed classical Hebrew works. Zionist organizations were especially active in

1886-460: The unsuccessful anti- Ottoman Chiprovtsi Uprising of 1688. The refugees were originally mostly from Chiprovtsi and Zhelezna , though also from the neighbouring Kopilovtsi and Klisura. However, the refugees came to Deva from Wallachia and from Alvinc (now Vinţu de Jos , Romania), where a similar colony had been established in 1700. They numbered in 1716 51 families and three Franciscan friars, established their own neighbourhood, which

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1932-506: The validity of this conclusion has been challenged due to a fundamental weakness in the source-material for sound-change reconstruction. Since the ancient Balkan languages never developed their own alphabets, ancient Balkan linguistic elements (mainly placenames and personal names) are known only through their Greek or Latin transcripts. These may not accurately reproduce the indigenous sounds, e.g., Greek and Latin had no dedicated graphic signs for phonemes such as č, ġ, ž, š and others. Thus, if

1978-481: Was an Indo-European language , there are divergent opinions about its place within the IE family: Several linguists classify Dacian as a satem IE language: Russu, Rădulescu, Katičić and Križman. In Crossland's opinion (1982), both Thracian and Dacian feature one of the main satem characteristics, the change of Indo-European * k and * g to s and z . But the other characteristic satem changes are doubtful in Thracian and are not evidenced in Dacian. In any case,

2024-433: Was established in the city in 1990, and the academic centres of Timișoara and Cluj-Napoca have opened branches in the city. Deva is also the home of Romania's national women gymnastics training center called Colegiul National Sportiv "Cetatea" Deva [1] . Here is a list of the high schools from Deva: *Traian Theoretical High School was disbanded in 2014 and the students were enrolled at Decebal National College. Deva has

2070-519: Was known to the locals as Greci ("Greeks", i.e. "merchants"). Their influence over local affairs caused Deva to be officially called a "Bulgarian town" for a short period, even though the maximum population of the colony was 71 families in 1721. The Bulgarians received royal privileges of the Austrian crown along with their permission to settle and their acquisition of land and property. The construction of Deva's Franciscan friary commenced in 1724 with

2116-459: Was supported by Jacob Grimm . In pursuit of his hypothesis, Grimm proposed many kindred features between the Getae and Germanic tribes. The mainstream view among scholars is that Daco-Moesian forms the principal linguistic substratum of modern Romanian , a neo-Latin ( Romance ) language, which evolved from eastern Eastern Romance in the period AD 300–600, according to Georgiev. The possible residual influence of Daco-Moesian on modern Romanian

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