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43-462: Horní Jiřetín consists of Černice, Dolní Jiřetín, Horní Jiřetín, Jezeří and Mariánské Údolí. Horní Jiřetín is located about 9 kilometres (6 mi) northwest of Most and 35 km (22 mi) west of Ústí nad Labem . It lies on the border between the Most Basin and Ore Mountains . The highest point is a mountain at 852 m (2,795 ft) above sea level. The Loupnice Stream flows though

86-569: A 500 seat auditorium and was called Divadlo Pracujících ("Theatre of the Working People") until 1990. Three universities have detached workplaces in Most: Czech University of Life Sciences Prague , VSB – Technical University of Ostrava , and University of Finance and Administration . The local football club FK Baník Most 1909 existed for more than 100 years and used to play in the top tier of Czech football, but it

129-449: A planetarium located on the roof sphere, a cinema and numerous rooms and halls. The city sold the building to the private sector in 2010 and has been subject to numerous replacement and refurbishment proposals. The new theatre was planned for the new city centre from the late 1960s but construction didn't commence until 1979 and was opened on 7 November 1985. Designed by Ivo Klimeš following his completion winning design in 1969, it features

172-629: A rapid increase in the number of inhabitants and newly built apartments, and there was an influx of the Czech population. A sugar factory, a porcelain factory, a steel factory, a brewery and a city museum were built. In 1938, Most was annexed by Nazi Germany . Under German occupation from 1938 until 1945, the city was administered as a part of the Regierungsbezirk Aussig of the Reichsgau Sudetenland . In 1944, there

215-669: Is a city in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic . It has about 64,000 inhabitants. Most is an industrial city with a long tradition of lignite mining. Due to mining, the historic city was demolished and replaced by a planned city. In locations where mining has ended, Most is an example of successful landscape revitalization. Most is made up of eight city parts and villages: Most, Starý Most, Čepirohy, Komořany, Rudolice , Souš, Velebudice and Vtelno. The name Most means 'bridge' in Czech . It first appeared as translation of

258-520: Is also often present in the mine shafts, in small quantities (often around 0.1%). This can still be recovered though with specialised systems. An added advantage of recovering the methane finally is that the methane does not come into the atmosphere, and so does not contribute to global warming. As research methods continue to expand the focus for future studies should be directed at the correlation that can be observed between biodiversity, mine ecological restoration and carbon sequestration. Depending on

301-427: Is an ongoing process, often resulting in open pit mines being backfilled. After mining finishes, the mine area must undergo rehabilitation. For underground mines, rehabilitation is not always a significant problem or cost. This is because of the higher grade of the ore and lower volumes of waste rock and tailings. In some situations, stopes are backfilled with concrete slurry using waste, so that minimal waste

344-399: Is known for Autodrom Most , a race track for motorsport opened in 1983. Aquadrom Most is a water park located in the centre of Most. Hněvín Castle belongs to the main landmarks of the city. After the original castle was demolished in 1651–1653, the current romantic castle was built as a copy of it. Its main part is a stone lookout tower, built in 1900. The most important monument is

387-405: Is left at surface. The removal of plant and infrastructure is not always part of a rehabilitation programme, as many old mine plants have cultural heritage and cultural value. Often in gold mines, rehabilitation is performed by scavenger operations which treat the soil within the plant area for spilled gold using modified placer mining gravity collection plants. Also possible is that

430-521: Is linked to coal mining. It is a large lignite power plant with a total installed electrical output of 239 MWe , built in 1955–1958. In addition to mining, heavy industry and chemistry were developed in Most, but in the 21st century they are replaced by services in the composition of the city's economy. The mining segment operates not only in the form of coal mining, but also in the framework of extensive land rehabilitation . The cultivation of wine and fruit

473-639: Is still in operation today as the Triola company and it manufactures underwear and swimwear. The I/27 road (the section from Most to Litvínov ) runs along the eastern municipal border. The most important architectural monument is the Jezeří Castle incorporated into the slopes of the Ore Mountains . It was originally a Gothic castle from the 14th century, later rebuilt in the Renaissance and then in

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516-431: Is the hill Ressl at 413 m (1,355 ft) above sea level. The Bílina River flows through the city. There are several artificial lakes created during land rehabilitation after coal mining. The largest of them is Most Lake , created in 2008–2012. With an area of 309.4 ha (765 acres), it is the second largest artificial lake in the country. It is mainly used for sports and recreation. The second notable lake in

559-520: The German name "Brüx" (derived from the German word for 'bridge', Brücke ). The city was named after the system of bridges that crossed the swamps in this area in the 10th century. Most is located about 33 kilometres (21 mi) southwest of Ústí nad Labem and 70 km (43 mi) northwest of Prague . It lies on the border between the Most Basin and Central Bohemian Uplands . The highest point

602-421: The Most Basin and is an important lignite -mining region. Since the discovery of huge reserves of coal, the city has been shaped by mining. It caused an influx of residents and the development of other industries, but it also caused the destruction of historic parts of the city. The mining industry still employs hundreds of people; the largest employer in the city is Czech Coal Group . The Komořany power plant

645-431: The land fill of water bodies. In Alberta , Canada, for example, reclamation is defined by the provincial government as "The process of reconverting disturbed land to its former or other productive uses." Modern mine rehabilitation aims to minimize and mitigate the environmental effects of modern mining , which may in the case of open pit mining involve movement of significant volumes of rock. Rehabilitation management

688-649: The Baroque style. Most of its English-style park was destroyed by coal mining. Since 2023, it has been protected as a national cultural monument . In Horní Jiřetín is the valuable Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. It was built in the early Baroque style in 1694–1700 according to design of the architect Jean Baptiste Mathey . Horní Jiřetín is twinned with: Most (city) Most ( Czech pronunciation: [most] ; German : Brüx )

731-530: The Gothic Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary . It was built in 1517–1602, after the old city church was destroyed by a huge fire in 1515. The church became famous when it was moved 841.1 m (2,760 ft) away to the newly constructed town in 1975, due to the demolition of the historic centre of the old town. The move took 28 days to complete with an average speed of 2.16 cm (0.85 in) per minute. The Czechoslovak government took pride in

774-537: The Most-Kopisty and Třebušice stops are also located in the municipal territory. The city operates a transport company together with the neighbouring town of Litvínov . In addition to buses, there is also the Most–Litvínov tramway network . The Repre House of Culture (originally called "Regional House of Culture of Miners and Energy Workers") started in 1972 but was not completed until 2 June 1984. It includes

817-677: The Regional Museum in Most, Neorenaissance fountain, plague column with the sculptural group of St. Anne, set of Stations of the Cross , and Jewish cemetery in Souš. Most was nationwide popularized by successful TV series Most! (2018). It used to be a popular location for filming foreign war films, particularly as period buildings could be realistically exploded for the cameras. Several films were shot here, including The Bridge at Remagen (1969), Slaughterhouse-Five (1972), All Quiet on

860-584: The Western Front (1979) and Battle of Moscow (1985), and Czech films The Joke (1969), Something Like Happiness (2005), Dolls (2007) and ROMing (2007). Most is twinned with: Land rehabilitation Land rehabilitation as a part of environmental remediation is the process of returning the land in a given area to some degree of its former state, after some process ( industry , natural disasters , etc.) has resulted in its damage. Many projects and developments will result in

903-401: The beginning of the 19th century. In the first half of the 19th century, the medieval wall were demolished. In 1820, Most was hit by another big fire. At the beginning of the 19th century, mining of lignite was started. Industrialization began and the turning point was the construction of the railway in 1870, which brought connection with coal outlets. The last quarter of the 19th century saw

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946-585: The centre of Most is Matylda Lake, also used for sports and recreation. It was infused in 1992 and has an area of 38.7 ha (96 acres). The first written mention of Most is from 1040, when it was mentioned in Latin Chronica Boemorum as Gnevin Pons ("Hněvín Bridge"). From the end of the 12th century, the Hrabišic dynasty began to colonize the territory and established here a stronghold. Most

989-410: The character of a town. It was first referred to as a town in 1247. In the mid-13th century, it was promoted to a royal city. King Ottokar II granted the city further privileges in 1273. The city developed rapidly and benefited from its advantageous location near the kingdom's borders and on an important road. During the reign of next kings, the city continued to prosper. In 1321, 1334, 1395 and 1455,

1032-541: The city was damaged by fires. In 1374, Charles IV granted Most the vineyard right, wine has probably been produced here since the 12th century. In the mid-14th century, the city walls were finished. The prosperity ended with the Hussite Wars but in both 1421 and 1424 the city withstood the Hussite siege. Most recovered thanks to the trade route of international importance and thanks to the start of iron ore mining in

1075-580: The city was resettled by Czechs . In 1964, the Czechoslovak Communist government decided to demolish the historic Most due to the expansion of coal mining, including the Gothic city centre, the brewery founded in 1470, the 1910 theatre, and the cemetery established in 1853. Only the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary was saved. The destruction of the historic city began in 1965 and

1118-483: The country, mining companies are regulated by federal and state bodies to rehabilitate the affected land and to restore biodiversity offset areas around the mines. Mine rehabilitation, a legal obligation for mining companies in Australia for which they are required to pay bonds, could be a source of considerable employment generation and economic investment in regional areas, if governments were willing to enforce

1161-582: The debts for the next hundred years. In 1595, the city bought the Hněvín Castle from Emperor Rudolf II and other estates. In 1639–1648, during the Thirty Years' War , the city was occupied by Swedish troops because of the Hněvín Castle. After the Thirty Years' War, the city lost much of its economic and political significance. So that the castle would no longer be a reason to besiege the city,

1204-479: The inhabitants of Most asked Emperor Ferdinand III to demolish the castle. The demolition took place in 1651–1653. Huge reserves of coal were discovered in the 18th century. Most was affected by the Silesian Wars when the city had to pay war contributions. After the city's economic conditions were consolidated in the second half of the 18th century, Most was affected by the passage of Napoleon 's army at

1247-569: The land becoming degraded , for example mining , farming and forestry . It is crucial that governments and businesses act proactively by working on improvement, lay out rehabilitation standards and ensure that decisions on mediation should be based around value judgment for higher sustainability in the future. In some jurisdictions, including parts of the United States , the term "reclamation" can refer to land rehabilitation, as in returning disturbed lands to an improved state, instead of

1290-595: The laws covering the process. Before mining activities begin, a rehabilitation security bond must be provided. The Australian mine rehabilitation bonds totals $ 9.49 billion, with the state of NSW bond totaling $ 2.68bn in 2019. The size of mining security bonds has been questioned by NSW's Auditor General as being insufficient to cover the complete costs associated with mine rehabilitation activities. In addition to operational mine rehabilitation activities, often termed 'progressive rehabilitation', abandoned mines are also restored. The financing for restoring abandoned mines

1333-585: The middle of the 19th century. Today, a significant part of the municipal territory is occupied by a lignite surface mine, Lom ČSA . In 2015, the Ministry of Industry proposed breaking the mining limits imposed on the mine. This would lead to the demolition of 170 houses in Horní Jiřetín. However, the proposal specifically for this mine was not accepted. In 1828, a cotton plant was built in Mariánské Údolí. It

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1376-631: The move of the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, the churches found themselves next to each other. Today the Church of the Holy Spirit has been desecrated and exhibitions and classical music concerts take place in its premises. In Vtelno is the Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross. It was built in the Baroque style in 1736–1738. Among the other monuments are the building of

1419-422: The nearby Ore Mountains . In 1515, the worst fire in its history hit the city, damaging the church from 1253–1257 and the town hall. Construction of the new church began in 1517, and the new Renaissance city hall was built before 1553. In the second half of the 16th century, the crisis was deepened by crop failures, loans to the king, plague, famine, further fires and Turkish wars. Most went into debt and paid off

1462-502: The relocation of this religious structure, and the building was mentioned in the Golden Guinness Book Of World Records as the heaviest building ever moved on wheels. The oldest preserved building in Most is the Church of the Holy Spirit. It was probably built in the 1320s and first documented in 1351. The church is small, but it is very valuable due to its preservation and pure Gothic style. After

1505-407: The section of the mine that is below ground, is kept and used to provide heating, water and/or methane. Heat extraction can be done using heat exchangers, that convey the heat to a nearby city (hence making it be used for district heating purposes. Water can be harvested from the mine as well (mines are often filled with water once the mine has been shut down and the pumps no longer operate). Methane

1548-633: The stream Jiřetínský potok, was mainly governed by the Lobkowicz and Waldstein families. From 1938 to 1945, the municipality was annexed by Nazi Germany and administered as part of the Reichsgau Sudetenland . After World War II , most of the population was expelled and replaced by Czechs. In the past, the inhabitants of Jiřetín subsisted mainly on fishing in Lake Komořany , ore mining and various forms of agriculture, mainly arboriculture . Lignite has been continuously mined in Horní Jiřetín since

1591-417: The town. There are several ponds and artificial lakes in the municipal territory. The first written mention of Horní Jiřetín is from 1263 under the name Jorenthal . In 1409, Jiřetín was divided into Horní ("Upper") and Dolní ("Lower") Jiřetín. During the 17th century, Horní Jiřetín was affected by the Thirty Years' War and by the great plague epidemic in 1680. From the 17th century, Horní Jiřetín, divided by

1634-591: Was a subcamp of the Flossenbürg concentration camp providing forced labor in coal mines outside Most. The prisoners were mostly Poles . Most was repeatedly bombed during the Oil Campaign of World War II . The Germans also operated a Gestapo prison in the city. After the war, Most was restored to Czechoslovakia. German population was expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement and

1677-406: Was also restored. The recultivation of the landscape in the vicinity of Most is unique and appreciated as an effective and sensitive revitalization of the landscape, which is a model for further recultivations. The ouskirts of Most have become attractive for tourism. Most is located on the railway lines Prague – Cheb , Kadaň – Děčín and Rakovník – Osek . In addition to the main railway station,

1720-508: Was completed in 1977 after construction delays. The Ležáky coal mine in the place of the historic Most was closed in 1999. Most Lake was created in that location, by filling the former coal mine by water from the Ohře River. It was opened to the public in 2020. Most has a significant Romani people community, concentrated especially in the Chanov housing estate . Most lies on the edge of

1763-503: Was disestablished in 2016. The city is now represented by FK Baník Most-Souš, playing in the 3rd tier of Czech football. Most Hippodrome is located in the Velebudice part of Most. The city hosts eight horse racing days per year, and is thus one of the leading horse racing locations in the region. The area with the race track was created during the reclamation of the landscape and is also used for other sports and cultural events. Most

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1806-426: Was finished in 1985. Simultaneously with the start of mining, a new city began to emerge, with the first building finished in 1971. Newly built, standardized blocks of flats ( paneláks ) followed brutalist architecture common for that era. The destruction of Most brought monetary profit to the state as coal was mined in the locality for an estimated 3 billion CSK . Construction of the new City Hall began in 1972 and

1849-480: Was originally a market village at the crossroads of old trade routes. After 1210, the villages was moved to the other bank of the river Bílina. In 1227 Kojata, the last Hrabišic, passed his property to the Zderaz Monastery, but King Wenceslaus I used the right of escheat and took Most from the monastery. Hněvín Castle was built on the site of the old stronghold in 1238–1248. After 1240, Most acquired

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