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36-588: The river Mureș has its source in Izvoru Mureșului, at an altitude of 866 m (2,841 ft). The Chindeni joins the Mureș near Voșlăbeni. The administration of the Cheile Bicazului-Hășmaș National Park is located in Izvoru Mureșului. In 2011, 1,921 people lived in the commune, of which 1,127 or 58.67% are Romanians , 771 or 40.14% are Hungarians . Of the latter, around half live in

72-640: A Sephardic one following in 1874. Most local Jews in the 19th century worked in viticulture and bought land for growing vines; in the 20th century, they were mainly artisans. By 1930, the 1558 Jews of Alba Iulia represented nearly 13% of the town's population. In October 1940, during the National Legionary State , the Iron Guard terrorized local Jews. The following year, the Ion Antonescu regime confiscated Jewish property and sent

108-459: A stellar shape, was constructed between 1716 and 1735 by two Swiss fortification architects. The first was Giovanni Morandi Visconti , who built two old Italian-style bastions. The second was Nicolaus Doxat de Demoret —nicknamed "Austrian Vauban ". After 1720, the two architects radically transformed the medieval fortress shaped by the former Roman castrum into a seven-bastion baroque fortress, developing Menno van Coehorn's new Dutch system, of which

144-575: A traditional iconographic style. The first monarchs of the Unified Romania, King Ferdinand I and Queen Marie were crowned in the cathedral on 15 October 1922. The National Museum of Unification in Alba Iulia is located in the "Babylon" Building. It was built between 1851 and 1853 for military purposes and became a museum in 1887. The museum exhibits over 130,000 pieces of artworks, organized chronologically. The Unification Hall, also part of

180-614: A year and a half until he was murdered in 1601, by General Giorgio Basta 's agents. Alba Iulia became part of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1690. The fortress Alba Carolina , designed by architect Giovanni Morando Visconti, was built between 1716 and 1735, at the behest of Emperor Charles VI of Habsburg . The leaders of the Transylvanian peasant rebellion were executed in Alba Iulia in January 1785. Important milestones in

216-531: Is a city that serves as the seat of Alba County in the west-central part of Romania . Located on the river Mureș in the historical region of Transylvania , it has a population of 63,536 (as of 2011 ). During ancient times, the site was the location of the Roman camp Apulum . Since the High Middle Ages , the city has been the seat of Transylvania's Roman Catholic diocese . Between 1526 and 1570 it

252-702: Is a translation of the earlier Slavic form, meaning "white castle of the Gyula" meaning "white city of Julius". Alba is the Romanian feminine form of the word for white , and Iulia ("Julius") refers to Gyula II , a mid-10th-century Hungarian warlord who was baptized in Constantinople . Under the influence of the Hungarian form, Gyulafehérvár, the town's Latin name eventually became Alba Julia or Alba Yulia . Its modern Romanian name, Alba Iulia ,

288-526: Is located near the site of the important Dacian political, economic and social centre of Apulon , which was mentioned by the ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy and believed by some archaeologists to be the Dacian fortifications on top of Piatra Craivii. After Dacia became a province of the Roman Empire , the capital of Dacia Apulensis was established here, and the city was known as Apulum . Apulum

324-417: Is the adoption of this that started to spread in Romanian in ordinary speech in the 18th century. The modern name has been officially used since the town became part of Romania. The 16th-century German name was Weyssenburg . The Saxons later renamed the town to Karlsburg (Carlsburg) in honour of Charles VI (1685–1740). In Yiddish and Hebrew , Karlsburg was prevalent. In Ladino , Carlosburg

360-470: The 2021 census , there was a total population of 64,227 people living in this city. At the 2011 census , there were 63,536 inhabitants; of these, 95.3% were ethnic Romanians, 3.2% Romani , 1.9% Hungarians , and 0.2% Germans (more specifically Transylvanian Saxons ). In 1850, Alba Iulia had 5,408 inhabitants, 2,530 of them being Romanians (46.78%), 1,009 Hungarians (18.67%), 748 Germans/Transylvanian Saxons (13.83%), and 1,121 (20.73%) others. In 1891,

396-604: The Alba Iulia Orthodox Cathedral . Alba Iulia is historically important for Romanians , Hungarians , and Transylvanian Saxons . In December 1918, Alba Iulia was officially declared Capital of the Great Union of Romania . The city administers four villages: Bărăbanț ( Borbánd ), Micești ( Ompolykisfalud ), Oarda ( Alsóváradja ), and Pâclișa ( Poklos ). During the Roman period the settlement

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432-617: The Hășmașu Mare Range in the Eastern Carpathian Mountains , Romania , rising close to the headwaters of the river Olt , and joins the Tisza at Szeged in southeastern Hungary . In Romania, its length is 761 km (473 mi) and its basin size is 27,890 km (10,770 sq mi). The Mureș River flows through the Romanian counties Harghita , Mureș , Alba , Hunedoara , Arad and Timiș , and

468-593: The Union of Transylvania with the Kingdom of Romania . The representatives of the Transylvanian Saxons decided to join this declaration on 8 January 1919. In 1922, Ferdinand I of Romania was symbolically crowned King of Romania in Alba Iulia. In October 2012, at the 90th anniversary of King Ferdinand's coronation, his great-granddaughter Princess Margarita of Romania visited Alba Iulia to commemorate

504-530: The 10th century. Geula was baptized in the Byzantine Empire and built around 950 in Alba Iulia the first church of Transylvania. The ruins of a church were discovered in 2011. According to Ioan Aurel Pop and other historians, here lived Hierotheos the first bishop of Transylvania, who accompanied Geula back to Hungary after Geula had been baptized in Constantinople around 950. Analysis of

540-544: The 12th or 13th century. In 1442, John Hunyadi , Voivode of Transylvania , used the citadel to prepare for a major battle against the Ottoman Turks . The cathedral was enlarged during his reign and he was entombed there after his death. In 1542 — after the partition of the Kingdom of Hungary — Alba Iulia became the capital of Transylvania and some of its neighboring territories to the west (later known as Partium ),

576-919: The Hungarian county Csongrád . The largest cities on the Mureș/Maros are Târgu Mureș , Alba Iulia , Deva and Arad in Romania as well as Makó and Szeged in Hungary. The Hungarian reaches of the Mureș/Maros are 73 km (45 mi) long as the state border. Some 28.5 km (11.0 sq mi) on the northern side of the river are protected as part of the Körös-Maros National Park . The Maros Floodplain Protected Area consists of gallery forests, floodplain meadows and 0.6 km (0.23 sq mi) of forest reserve near Szeged. Salt used to be traded in medieval times on

612-547: The National History Museum, retains historical significance from having hosted, on 1 December 1918, the rally of the 1228 Romanian delegations from Transylvania who determined the province's union with the Kingdom of Romania. The building was used in 1895 as a military casino. The Princely Palace (Palatul Principilor or Palatul Voievodal) was Michael the Brave's residence during the first political unification of

648-610: The Roman Catholic cathedral is the most representative building in the medieval Romanic style in Transylvania, and is considered to be an important monument of early Transylvanian medieval architecture. The tombs of John Hunyadi and Isabella Jagiełło —Queen of Hungary are located there. The Batthyaneum Library is held in a former church built in Baroque style. In 1780, Ignác Batthyány , bishop of Transylvania, adapted

684-474: The Romanians in 1600. Foreign chronicles pictured it as an extremely luxurious building, richly adorned with frescos and marble stairs, which later deteriorated. During the rule of Princes Gábor Bethlen and George II Rákóczi the second palace was restored, but not to its previous condition. After 1716, the building was used as an Habsburg Imperial Army barracks. Alba Iulia is twinned with: According to

720-470: The autonomous Principality of Transylvania , and remained so until 1690. The Treaty of Weissenburg was signed in the town in 1551. During the reign of Prince Gábor Bethlen , the city reached a high point in its cultural history with the establishment of an academy. The former Ottoman Turkish equivalent was Erdel Belgradı or Belgrad-ı Erdel ("Belgrade of Transylvania" in English) where Erdel ( Erdély )

756-539: The city's development include the creation of the Batthyaneum Library in 1780 and the arrival of the railway in the 19th century. At the end of World War I, representatives of the Romanian population of Transylvania, the National Assembly of Romanians of Transylvania and Hungary , gathered in Alba Iulia on 1 December 1918 during the so-called Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia to proclaim

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792-400: The event. The Jewish community, which was the first in Transylvania, was established in the 14th century. A community was officially founded by permission of Prince Gabriel Bethlen in 1623. The 18th century saw an influx of Ashkenazim from Hungary and Wallachia, as well as Sephardim. From 1754 to 1868, the town rabbi was the chief rabbi of Transylvania. A synagogue was built in 1840, with

828-807: The fortress of Alba Iulia is the best preserved example. Inside the fortress are The Union Hall with the National Honour Gallery, The National History Museum of Unification, the Princely Palace (Voivodal Palace), the Orthodox cathedral, the Roman Catholic cathedral, the Batthyaneum Library, the Roman Catholic bishop's palace, the Apor Palace, and the University of Alba Iulia . Built in the 10th and 11th centuries,

864-511: The inside of the building for use as a library. It is famous for its series of manuscripts, incunabula and rare books—such as half of the 9th century Codex Aureus of Lorsch , the 15th century Codex Burgundus and the 13th century Biblia Sacra (13th century). The first astronomical observatory in Transylvania was founded here in 1792. The Apor Palace, situated on the same street as the Bathyaneum Library, belonged to Prince Apor and

900-589: The men to forced labor. After World War II, the community was re-established but soon dwindled as Jews emigrated. Alba Iulia has a humid continental climate ( Dfa in the Köppen climate classification ). The main historical area of Alba Iulia is the Upper Town region, developed by Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor in honour of whom the Habsburgs renamed the city Karlsburg. The fortress, with seven bastions in

936-475: The necropoles of the city prior to the 11th century show that they were used by a population different from the conquering Hungarians. After Stephen I adopted Catholicism, and the establishment of the Catholic Transylvanian bishopric, recent archaeological discoveries suggest that the first cathedral was built in the 11th century or possibly before. The present Catholic cathedral was built in

972-2298: The river Mureș (from source to mouth): Left: Cărbunele Negru, Senetea , Fierăstrăul, Șumuleul Mare , Borzontul Mare , Borzontul Mic , Pietrosul , Bacta , Limbuș, Piatra , Eseniu , Martonca , Calnaci, Muscă, Gălăuțaș , Zăpodea, Măgheruș , Mărșinețul de Sus, Gudea Mare , Sălard , Iod , Borzia, Sebeș , Fițcău, Idicel , Deleni , Gurghiu , Mocear, Beica , Habic , Petrilaca , Valea cu Nuci, Terebici , Pocloș , Budiu, Niraj , Pârâul Mare, Lăscud, Sărata , Șeulia , Valea Luncilor, Ațintiș , Găbud, Fărău , Ciunga, Pusta Băgăului, Rât , Târnava , Hăpria, Sebeș , Pianul , Cioara , Cugir , Vaidei , Romos , Orăștie , Turdaș , Strei , Tâmpa, Cerna , Herepeia, Căoi , Vulcez, Leșnic , Săcămaș, Plai , Dobra , Abucea , Valea Mare , Sălciva, Peștiș , Căpriorișca, Somonița , Birchiș, Izvor , Corbul, Fiac, Suliniș , Lalașinț, Chelmac, Pârâul Mare , Șiștarovăț , Țârnobara, Sinicoț , Valea Fânețelor de Jos, Zădărlac, and Zădăreni Right: Chindeni , Arinul Scurt, Chirtoegher, Strâmba , Pârâul Noroios, Belcina , Lăzarea , Ghiduț, Ditrău , Faier, Jolotca , Filipea, Sărmaș, Ciucic , Toplița , Călimănel , Mermezeu, Zebrac , Neagra, Ilva , Obcina Ferigelor (Fântânel), Răstolița , Gălăoaia , Bistra , Pietriș, Dumbrava, Râpa , Agriș, Lueriu , Luț , Șar , Voiniceni , Cuieșd , Valea Fânațelor, Șăușa, Valea din Jos , Lechința , Ranta, Pârâul de Câmpie , Grindeni, Arieș , Unirea , Ciugud , Ormeniș, Mirăslău, Lopadea, Aiud , Gârbova , Geoagiu (Alba) , Galda , Ampoi , Pâclișa, Valea Vințului , Blandiana , Stânișoara, Băcăinți , Homorod , Geoagiu (Hunedoara) , Boiul, Bobâlna , Valea lui Sânpetru, Lazu , Vărmaga , Certej , Boholt , Căian , Bejan, Boz , Sârbi , Băcișoara , Gurasada , Zam , Almaș , Petriș , Crăciuneasca, Troaș , Vinești , Stejar , Julița , Valea Mare, Grosul , Monoroștia , Bârzava , Nadăș, Conop , Cornic, Milova , Jernova, Șoimoș , Radna, Cladova , Crac, and Száraz-ér Alba Iulia Alba Iulia ( Romanian pronunciation: [ˌalba ˈjuli.a] ; German : Karlsburg or Carlsburg , formerly Weißenburg ; Hungarian : Gyulafehérvár [ˈɟulɒfɛɦeːrvaːr] ; Latin : Apulum )

1008-805: The river on large rafts. The river is known to be first mentioned by Herodotus in 485 BC bearing the name Maris (Μάρις). Strabo calls it Marisos (Μάρισος). It was known in Latin as the Marisus ; the Mureș is also mentioned, as Morisis (Μορήσης), in a document of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII , in 948 AD. It was also known in German variously as the Mieresch , Marosch or Muresch , owing to Transylvanian Saxon settlements and prior Habsburg rule. It

1044-603: The village of Izvoru Mureșului, which has a Hungarian majority of 58.75%. This Harghita County location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mure%C8%99 (river) The Mureș ( Romanian: [ˈmureʃ] ) or Maros ( IPA: [ˈmɒroʃ] ; German : Mieresch , Serbian : Мориш , romanized :  Moriš ) is a 789-kilometre-long (490 mi) river in Eastern Europe . Its drainage basin covers an area of 30,332 km (11,711 sq mi). It originates in

1080-564: Was added to prevent confusion with Belgrat and Arnavut Belgradı ("Albanian Belgrade" in Turkish, early name of Berat during Ottoman rule). In 29 November 1599, Michael the Brave , Voivode of Wallachia , entered Alba Iulia following his victory in the Battle of Șelimbăr and became Voivode of Transylvania. In 1600 he gained control of Moldavia , uniting the principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania under his rule, which lasted for

1116-586: Was built in the second half of the 17th century. At the beginning of the 18th century, it was the residence of the Austrian army leader Prince Steinville. The palace was renovated in 2007 under the supervision of the Romanian Ministry of Culture. The Orthodox Unification Cathedral was built between 1921 and 1923, following the plans of architect D.G. Ștefănescu and built under the supervision of eng. T. Eremia. The frescoes were painted by Constantin in

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1152-570: Was called Apulum (from the Dacian Apoulon , mentioned by Ptolemy ). When the settlement with its Roman ruins became the seat of a dukedom in the 10th century, the population may have been Slavic . From the 9th to the 11th centuries, the settlement bore the Slavic name Bălgrad (meaning "white castle" or "white town"). The old Romanian name of the town was Bălgrad , which originated from Slavic . The Hungarian name Gyulafehérvár

1188-777: Was known in Turkish as the Maroş or Muriş under the Ottomans . The following towns are situated along the river Mureș, from source to mouth: Toplița , Reghin , Târgu Mureș , Luduș , Ocna Mureș , Aiud , Teiuș , Alba Iulia , Geoagiu , Orăștie , Simeria , Deva , Lipova , Arad , Nădlac (all in Romania), Makó , Szeged (both in Hungary). The Mureș flows through the following communes (grouped by counties, from source to mouth): The following rivers are tributaries to

1224-774: Was the capital of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom from which the Principality of Transylvania emerged by the Treaty of Speyer in 1570 and it was the capital of the Principality of Transylvania until 1711. At one point it also was a center of the Eastern Orthodox Metropolitan of Transylvania with suffragan to Vad diocese. On 1 December 1918, the Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared in Alba Iulia, and Romania's King Ferdinand I and, in 1922 Queen Marie were crowned in

1260-534: Was the largest urban centre in Roman Dacia and was the seat of the XIII Gemina Legion . Apulum is the largest castrum located in Romania, occupying 37.5 hectares (93 acres) (750 x 500 m ). The Gesta Hungarorum mentions a Hungarian regent named Jula or Geula—the maternal grandfather of Stephen I of Hungary and lord [regent] of Transylvania—who built the capital of his dukedom there during

1296-1100: Was used. Alba Carolina was also a Medieval Latin form of its name. Among Ruthenians , the city was known as Bilhorod ("white city"). The city's Latin name in the 10th century was Civitatem Albam in Ereel . The first part of the name Alba denotes the ruins of the Roman fort Apulum , the pre-feudal white citadel. Later in the Middle Ages, different names were used: Frank episcopus Belleggradienesis in 1071, Albae Civitatis in 1134, Belegrada in 1153, Albensis Ultrasilvanus in 1177, eccl. Micahelis in 1199, Albe Transilvane in 1200, Albe Transsilvane in 1201, castrum Albens in 1206, canonicis Albensibus in 1213, Albensis eccl. Transsylvane in 1219, B. Michaelis arch. Transsilv. in 1231, Alba... Civitas in 1242, Alba sedes eptus in 1245, Alba Jula in 1291, Feyrvar in 1572, Feyérvár in 1574, Weissenburg in 1576, Belugrad in 1579, Gyula Feyervár in 1619, Gyula Fehérvár in 1690 and Karlsburg in 1715. The modern city

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