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25-579: Józef Piłsudski Park or Marshal Józef Piłsudski Park is the name of several parks in Poland dedicated to Józef Piłsudski : Marshal Józef Piłsudski Park, Września A part of Mokotów Field , Warsaw The largest park in Łódź A park in Mława A park in Rypin See also [ edit ] Józef Piłsudski's cult of personality Topics referred to by

50-428: Is any material which is not native to the immediate locale but has been transported from elsewhere. The most common examples of erratics are associated with glacial transport, either by direct glacier-borne transport or by ice rafting. However, other erratics have been identified as the result of kelp holdfasts, which have been documented to transport rocks up to 40 centimetres (16 in) in diameter, rocks entangled in

75-422: Is commonly used to refer to erratic blocks, which geologist Archibald Geikie describes as: "large masses of rock, often as big as a house, that have been transported by glacier ice, and have been lodged in a prominent position in the glacier valleys or have been scattered over hills and plains. And examination of their mineralogical character leads the identification of their sources...". In geology , an erratic

100-401: Is deposited when the iceberg strands on the shore and subsequently melts, or drops out of the ice floe as it melts. Hence all erratic deposits are deposited below the actual high water level of the lake; however, the measured altitude of ice-rafted debris can be used to estimate the lake surface elevation. This is accomplished by recognizing that on a fresh-water lake, the iceberg floats until

125-418: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Marshal J%C3%B3zef Pi%C5%82sudski Park, Wrze%C5%9Bnia The park features a pond, playgrounds, natural monuments and sports facilities. In 2002, a municipal swimming pool , which serves as a skating rink during winter, was built in the neighbourhood of the park. A skatepark was added in 2006. The park

150-400: Is located in the northern part of the city. The main entrance to the park in the form of a gate and stairs is located on the side of Daszyński street. It is bordered by Parkowa street and the river Wrześnica . In 1925, the city began the construction of the city park with an area of 6.63 hectares (16.4 acres) at the intersection of Gniezno street and Dworcowa street. For this purpose, the land

175-425: Is material moved by geologic forces from one location to another, usually by a glacier. Erratics are formed by glacial ice erosion resulting from the movement of ice. Glaciers erode by multiple processes including: Evidence supports another possibility for the creation of erratics as well: rock avalanches onto the upper surface of the glacier ( supraglacial ). Rock avalanche – supraglacial transport occurs when

200-588: Is transported to the coast by glacier ice and released during the production, drift and melting of icebergs . The rate of debris release by ice depends upon the size of the ice mass in which it is carried as well as the temperature of the ocean through which the ice floe passes. Sediments from the late Pleistocene period lying on the floor of the North Atlantic show a series of layers (referred to as Heinrich layers ) which contain ice-rafted debris . They were formed between 14,000 and 70,000 years before

225-513: The Alps the subjects of special study, and Goethe, Charpentier as well as Schimper had even arrived at the conclusion that the erratic blocks of alpine rocks scattered over the slopes and summits of the Jura Mountains had been moved there by glaciers. Charles Darwin published extensively on geologic phenomena including the distribution of erratic boulders. In his accounts written during

250-585: The Canadian Prairies , Poland , England , Denmark and Sweden . One erratic megablock located in Saskatchewan is 30 by 38 kilometres (19 mi × 24 mi) (and up to 100 metres or 330 feet thick). Their sources can be identified by locating the bedrock from which they were separated; several rafts from Poland and Alberta were determined to have been transported over 300 kilometres (190 mi) from their source. In geology an erratic

275-454: The Swiss politician , jurist and theologian Bernhard Friedrich Kuhn  [ de ] saw glaciers as a possible solution as early as 1788. However, the idea of ice ages and glaciation as a geological force took a while to be accepted. Ignaz Venetz (1788–1859), a Swiss engineer, naturalist and glaciologist was one of the first scientists to recognize glaciers as a major force in shaping

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300-533: The Latin word errare ("to wander"), are carried by glacial ice, often over distances of hundreds of kilometres. Erratics can range in size from pebbles to large boulders such as Big Rock (16,500 metric tons) in Alberta . Geologists identify erratics by studying the rocks surrounding the position of the erratic and the composition of the erratic itself. Erratics are significant because: The term "erratic"

325-489: The earth. In the 19th century, many scientists came to favor erratics as evidence for the end of the ice age 10,000 years ago, rather than a flood. Geologists have suggested that landslides or rockfalls initially dropped the rocks on top of glacial ice. The glaciers continued to move, carrying the rocks with them. When the ice melted, the erratics were left in their present locations. Charles Lyell 's Principles of Geology (v. 1, 1830) provided an early description of

350-536: The erratic which is consistent with the modern understanding. Louis Agassiz was the first to scientifically propose that the Earth had been subject to a past ice age . In the same year, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . Prior to this proposal, Goethe , de Saussure , Venetz , Jean de Charpentier , Karl Friedrich Schimper and others had made the glaciers of

375-468: The glacier undercuts a rock face, which fails by avalanche onto the upper surface of the glacier. The characteristics of rock avalanche–supraglacial transport includes: Erratics provide an important tool in characterizing the directions of glacier flows, which are routinely reconstructed used on a combination of moraines , eskers , drumlins , meltwater channels and similar data. Erratic distributions and glacial till properties allow for identification of

400-449: The order of 100 to 1. These megablocks may be found partially exposed or completely buried by till and are clearly allochthonous , since they overlay glacial till . Megablocks can be so large that they are mistaken for bedrock until underlying glacial or fluvial sediments are identified by drilling or excavation. Such erratic megablocks greater than 1 square kilometre (250 acres) in area and 30 metres (98 ft) in thickness can be found on

425-408: The park is dominated by alder and black poplar as well as oak , maple , plane and black walnut . In the central part of the park there is a small pond. Natural monuments include an erratic block of granite. Erratic block A glacial erratic is a glacially deposited rock differing from the type of rock native to the area in which it rests. Erratics, which take their name from

450-628: The present. The deposited debris can be traced back to the origin by both the nature of the materials released and the continuous path of debris release. Some paths extend more than 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) distant from the point at which the ice floes originally broke free. The location and altitude of ice-rafted boulders relative to the modern landscape has been used to identify the highest level of water in proglacial lakes (e.g. Lake Musselshell in central Montana ) and temporary lakes (e.g. Lake Lewis in Washington state). Ice-rafted debris

475-515: The roots of drifting logs, and even in transport of stones accumulated in the stomachs of pinnipeds during foraging. During the 18th century, erratics were deemed a major geological paradox. Geologists identify erratics by studying the rocks surrounding the position of the erratic and the rock of the erratic itself. Erratics were once considered evidence of a biblical flood , but in the 19th century scientists gradually came to accept that erratics pointed to an ice age in Earth's past. Among others,

500-437: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Józef Piłsudski Park . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Józef_Piłsudski_Park&oldid=1161920567 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

525-419: The source rock from which they derive, which confirms the flow direction, particularly when the erratic source outcrop is unique to a limited locality. Erratic materials may be transported by multiple glacier flows prior to their deposition, which can complicate the reconstruction of the glacial flow. Glacial ice entrains debris of varying sizes from small particles to extremely large masses of rock. This debris

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550-725: The volume of its ice-rafted debris exceeds 5% of the volume of the iceberg. Therefore, a correlation between the iceberg size and the boulder size can be established. For example, a 1.5-metre-diameter (5 ft) boulder can be carried by a 3-metre-high (10 ft) iceberg and could be found stranded at higher elevations than a 2-metre (7 ft) boulder, which requires a 4-metre-high (13 ft) iceberg. Large erratics consisting of slabs of bedrock that have been lifted and transported by glacier ice to subsequently be stranded above thin glacial or fluvioglacial deposits are referred to as glacial floes, rafts (schollen) or erratic megablocks. Erratic megablocks have typical length to thickness ratios on

575-461: The voyage of HMS  Beagle , Darwin observed a number of large erratic boulders of notable size south of the Strait of Magellan , Tierra del Fuego and attributed them to ice rafting from Antarctica . Recent research suggests that they are more likely the result of glacial ice flows carrying the boulders to their current locations. If glacial ice is "rafted" by a flood such as that created when

600-472: Was purchased from Helena Mycielska. The project was overseen by the director of urban gardens in Poznan Dr. Wladyslaw Marciniec. The plan provided for flower beds, tennis courts , children's playgrounds, a restaurant building and nursery trees. The park became available to residents on the day of Corpus Christi , June 16, 1927. It was initially named Wiosna Ludów (Polish Revolution of 1848 ), and in 1935

625-485: Was renamed after Józef Piłsudski . About 500 trees and more than 7 thousand shrubs were planted in the park and in 1927-1928 more than 30 benches were purchased. Edward Grabski from Bieganowo presented the park with three statues the god of thunder- Perkun , the god of conflagration- Jesse and the goddess of war- Bellona . In the park, there are a variety of species of trees and shrubs, both deciduous and coniferous. There are 43 species of trees and 21 species of shrubs, but

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