The Kęsgaila family ( pl. Kęsgailos) was a Lithuanian noble family , one of the largest landowners in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The family descended from the land of Deltuva [ lt ] and its roots trace to the 14th century (a semi-legendary Buseika (Lithuanian sources: Buška, Polish sources: Buszka) is considered the ancestor of the family). Their seat was in the Samogitia and Trakai regions. Kęsgailos family members had been the Elders of Samogitia from 1412 until 1532.
16-554: According to the 1528 census of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the family had to provide the most troops in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The family died out in the 16th century, the last member of the family was Stanislovas, a close friend of Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus and supporter of his marriage with Barbara Radziwiłł . The name Kęsgaila comes from the native first name of Mykolas Kęsgaila (son of Valimantas , son of Bushka) whose elder brother Jaunutis son of Valimantas
32-541: Is presented based on Rimvydas Petrauskas. This Lithuanian history -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This biographical article about a member of the Lithuanian nobility is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 1528 census of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania The census of 1528 was the first census carried out in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . It
48-570: The World War II , working as an academic archivist wrote a two-volume Studia nad początkami społeczeństwa i państwa litewskiego (1931-32), and a treatise Uwagi w sprawie podłoża społec-znego i gospodarczego Unii Jagiellońskiej (1934). In the meantime he took over the Chair of the History of Eastern Europe in 1932 until the termination of the university in 1939. In 1945, at the invitation of
64-949: The Dean of the Faculty of Humanities of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań , Kazimierz Tymieniecki, he took over the Chair of the History of Eastern Europe, later renamed the Chair of the History of the Nations of the USSR in 1951, until 1968. In 1946 was appointed as a full professor. He researched the early history of Poland and of the Eastern Slavs, publishing Podstawy gospodarczego formowania się państw słowiańskich (1953) and Zagadnienia roli Normanów w genezie państw słowiańskich (1957) before his most important work,
80-565: The census and increased the estimate to more than 2 million residents. Henryk %C5%81owmia%C5%84ski Henryk Łowmiański (August 22, 1898 near Ukmergė - September 4, 1984 in Poznań ) was a Polish historian and academic who was an authority on the early history of the Slavic and Baltic people. A researcher of the ancient history of Poland , Lithuania and the Slavs in general, Łowmiański
96-403: The conscription and started keeping detailed lists and inventories of who reported for duty and who did not. These inventories were made at the time and location of army gathering. In 1528, scribes visited nobles and their properties to count and verify the number of peasant households. The First Statute of Lithuania codified the procedures of reporting for military duty. The census determined
112-433: The maximum size of the army. Nobles could provide about 20,000 cavalrymen, magnates and city dwellers could provide additional 10,000. Because the census counted only households, it is difficult to extrapolate the number of residents. German Werner Conze estimated 1.3 million residents. Henryk Łowmiański and Jerzy Ochmański pointed out that Conze did not account for Grand Duke's and church lands that were not counted in
128-650: The mourning ceremony by the academic community, reputable historian Gerard Labuda assessed his role in the Polish historiography as equal to Jan Długosz and Joachim Lelewel . His wife was Maria Łowmiańska (1899-1961), Polish philologist with historical interests, also graduate from USB. He was awarded the Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta (1951), the Order of the Banner of Work , 2nd class (1954), and on
144-566: The six-volume monumental monograph Początki Polski ( The Beginnings of Poland ) between 1963-1984. From 1953 he was the head of the medieval history department of the newly established Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences and from 1956 an ordinary academic member of the PAN. In the years 1951-1956 / 1957 he was the head of historical departments at the AMU in Poznań, and in
160-610: The years 1956 / 1957-1968 he was the director of the Institute of History at AMU. He was also a member of number of scientific societies, including Society of Friends of Science in Wilno (1935), Shevchenko Scientific Society (1936), Poznań Society of Friends of Learning (1945) among others. Besides major books, his bibliography includes around 300 items, and the first volume of his selected works about Lithuanian and Belarusian history Studia nad dziejami Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskieg
176-457: Was a bearer of the name as a patronymic , which subsequently evolved into a family name . Its Polonized form Kieżgajło is most common in Polish historiography over other variants, such as Kezigal , Kieżgajłła , Gezgajło , Kiezgajło , Kieżgajłło , Kierżgajłło , Kieżgałło and Kieżgało . Kęsgaila ( plural Kęsgailos ) is a modern Lithuanian spelling of the original family name. Family
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#1732801303731192-547: Was conducted in 1565. The Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars brought first substantial territorial losses and caused a fundamental shift in the military. Instead of being a privilege that brought profit from war loot and career opportunities in newly acquired territories, military service became an expensive duty in defense of the motherland. Each soldier had to provide his own weapons, armor, horse, and food. The nobles made their living off agriculture and looked for ways to shirk their army responsibilities. The state needed ways to enforce
208-745: Was granted the Zadora coat of arms in the Union of Horodło of 1413. In line with the common practice for nobles' names after the Christianization of Lithuania , after his baptism, the Christian name *M ī kālas ( Michael ) was added to a pagan Lithuanian name , which can be reconstructed as * Kensg a ĭla (from kęsti ("be patient") and gailas ("strong")). His son Jonas Kęsgailaitis , mentioned in written sources in Latin as Johannes Kyensgalowicz ,
224-403: Was not a true census since it had limited scope: it only sought to count peasant households ( Lithuanian : dūmas ) for military purposes. The Grand Duchy used a conscript army where Lithuanian nobles were required to provide one soldier per each 16 or 20 households owned. Therefore, the state needed to count such households to know whether a noble fulfilled his military duty. The next census
240-614: Was published in 1983. According to Maciej Siekierski, the "continuing timeliness and scholarly value of these works are a tribute to the great historian". According to Stanisław Alexandrowicz , Łowmiański had a universal authority already during his lifetime, being considered as an expert on historical sources, the history of Lithuania, Slavic and Baltic people in the Middle Ages, economic and social relations of medieval Poland, and statehood formation in Central and Eastern Europe. During
256-500: Was the author of many works, including most prominently the six-volume monumental monograph Początki Polski ( The Beginnings of Poland ). Łowmiański was born to father Konstanty and mother Kazimiera née Rudzińska. After receiving his doctorate on the "Wschody" miast litewskich w XVI wieku ( Beginnings of Lithuanian Cities ) in 1924, Łowmiański became the first history Ph.D in the University of Stefan Batory (USB). Prior
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