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66-523: The land is very fertile and more than half is farmed, with all of the first and second delta plains and most of the third dominated by agriculture . The ecology of the delta faces some threats. As water is pumped off fields seawater is intruding, making part of the delta saltier. Also as sediment is caught in upstream dams the coastline is receding, and this is forecast to continue, and sea level may rise because of climate change in Turkey . The Kızılırmak

132-542: A half tonnes a hectare, and climate change affects both wheat productivity and where it is grown. Barley is not usually irrigated, so yield depends on rainfall. Drought can be a problem for both winter wheat and winter barley. Nearly 85% of corn is used to make animal feed . Rice is planted April/May and harvested Sept/Oct. Citrus fruits are grown mainly in the Mediterranean and Aegean regions . Many tomatoes are exported. Most vegetable and fruit exports are to

198-507: A lot in 21/22 due to international price rises and the fall in the lira . The state's Grain Board (TMO) sometimes pays more for foreign than Turkish wheat, and farmers complain that foreign wheat is sold at a discount: this is done so bread is cheaper, as Turks eat so much bread. A TMO objective is to stabilize grain prices. Cotton growing and oilseeds are subsidized. There is some support for organic farming . Some farmers say their debt

264-461: A million tonnes of poultry meat and over 2 million tonnes of eggs are produced a year, and over a hundred thousand tonnes of honey. It is the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry . Almost all the seeds used in Turkey are produced domestically. Seeds and bulbs are stored long term. The World Bank has a project to improve sustainable agriculture in some regions, however in

330-471: A third of arable land is fallow each year. In 2021 the country was almost self-sufficient in cereals, and the largest exports in 2022 were to Iraq, the United States and Syria. However in hotter and colder years less cereal is produced. About 20 million tonnes a year of wheat are grown, but less than half that each of barley and corn. Most wheat is winter wheat . Wheat yields average 2 and

396-454: A year is from agriculture, and farming provided 10% of exports in 2020 and 6.5% of GDP in 2022. Despite being a major food producer, Turkey is a net wheat importer, with much of it coming from Russia and Ukraine . Turkey is the EU's fourth largest non-EU vegetable supplier and the seventh largest fruit supplier. In 2023 Finance Minister Mehmet Şimşek said he would like to restart negotiations on

462-407: A year of each. Aquaculture overtook fishing in 2020, with Muğla , İzmir and Elazığ being the top provinces. Government support is provided, although subsidies for seabream and seabass ended in 2016. In 2021, US$ 1.2 billion worth of farmed fish were exported, and Turkey was the worlds top producer of seabass and seabream. Most exports are to the EU and EU directives are followed. Over

528-469: A year, that is an average of 1 kg per tree per year. Edremit ( Ayvalık ) is the main variety in northern Turkey and Memecik in the south. Gemlik is a black table olive and many other varieties are grown. Lentils are grown in the south-east. About 70% of the world's hazelnuts are produced in Turkey. Ferrero , the Italian producer of Nutella spread , buys the most. The agriculture ministry

594-401: Is a 130% import tariff on wheat, rye, oats, barley and corn. The TMO price of wheat was about 30% below the market price in 2023. Gübretaş and Hektaş are large producers of fertiliser and other farm products. State enterprises market some products. The largest sugar company is the state-owned Türkşeker . Over a billion dollars of damage to agriculture infrastructure and storage was done by

660-403: Is a bird research center, which has ringed 165 thousand birds from 175 species in the delta. Reptile species found in the delta are Greek tortoise , European pond turtle , Darevskia saxicola lizard, European green lizard , Balkan green lizard , slow worm , European cat snake , Caspian whipsnake , grass snake , dice snake , and horned viper . Of the nine species of amphibians found in

726-440: Is a major sheep producer. In 2022 there were 45 million sheep, including 30 million ewes (mostly of the fat-tailed type ) and the average flock size was 85. A quarter of meat is from sheep, with 390 thousand tonnes a year and an average 4.2 kilograms (9.3 lb) is consumed per person per year. The highest sheep meat consumption is during Eid Al Adha . Turkish sheep meat is exported to Iraq, Syria and Gulf countries. Cheese

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792-691: Is a net wheat importer, much of it coming from Russia and Ukraine . Turkey is the European Union (EU)'s fourth largest vegetable supplier and the seventh largest fruit supplier. Turkey would like to extend the EU Customs Union Agreement to agricultural products. Around half of Turkey's agricultural greenhouse gas is due to cattle. According to the World Bank , the sector should adapt more to climate change in Turkey and make technical improvements. Strategic planning

858-418: Is agricultural. Turkish agriculture emits greenhouse gases half from cattle. Since at least 1990 enteric fermentation (cows and sheep belching methane) has been the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture , followed by agricultural soils. According to the World Bank , the sector should adapt more to climate change in Turkey and make technical improvements. The Aegean Region may be

924-495: Is also broadleaved woodland and farmland. The delta is an Important Bird Area , Important Plant Area and Key Biodiversity Area . European Nature Information System habitats are Constant Coastal Dunes with Grass, Coastal Dune Bushes, Permanent Mesotrophic Lakes and Ponds, Wide Reed Beds , Juncus Marshes, Humid or Wet Eutrophic and Mesotrophic Meadows, Flooded Forests, Thermophilic Deciduous Forests, and Mixed Market Gardens and Agricultural Sites. Aquatic invasive species include

990-538: Is being studied. A 2023 study said that enforcement of pesticide rules was lax. Examples of good practice suggested by the Turkish Industry and Business Association (TÜSİAD) include reduced ploughing , low fertiliser use, mulching , and nitrogen inhibitors. Less ploughing saves fuel costs. Agriculture is an important sector of Turkey's economy, and the country is one of the world's top ten agricultural producers. Over 50 billion dollars revenue

1056-729: Is causing nitrogen pollution in some river basins. This can cause eutrophication which threatens aquatic life and a project is ongoing to map and combat this. As of 2023 73% of Turkey's water supply is used for irrigation, and it has been estimated that this is double what it would be if all farmers used drip irrigation . Farmers are reluctant because of the installation cost of drip installation, and more government support has been suggested. Shrinking lakes have been blamed both on reduced precipitation due to climate change and incorrect crops using more water, such as corn and sugar beet . Charging for water used by agriculture has been suggested. The most important regions for agriculture are

1122-467: Is consumed than olive oil, as it is cheaper. Soybeans are used as a rotation crop and to feed fish and chickens. Since the mid-20th century most of the tea produced in Turkey has been Rize tea , a terroir from Rize Province on the Eastern Black Sea coast. Rize has a mild climate with high precipitation and fertile soil . In 2019 Turkey produced 1.45 million tonnes of tea (4% of

1188-491: Is due to not enough state support. Although a healthy amount of sugar is less than 50g a day for an adult the sugar production quota for market year 23/24 was 3 million tonnes, thus for the population of 85 million about twice as much sugar is produced than is healthy. Phytoplankton Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include

1254-463: Is encouraging planting more almond and commercial walnut trees, as national supply does not meet domestic demand. Around 200 thousand tonnes of pistachios are produced annually but yields vary a lot between on and off years. The Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion has been training pistachio farmers. Almost half of the country's sunflower seeds are grown in Thrace, and more sunflower oil

1320-744: Is estimated to have decreased by 2% annually on average from 2005 to 2016. According to the International Fund for Agricultural Development "investment is needed to help farmers update production techniques, boost productivity and cope with climate change" in the uplands (most rural land is uplands). In 2023 food inflation was over 50%. In 2023 the EU complained that Turkey was restricting imports and said it should improve food safety, veterinary and phytosanitary policy. Although in April 2023 there were no import taxes on wheat, barley, maize, rye , oats , legumes and sorghum ; as of May 2023 there

1386-414: Is helping to stop child labour . The UN Food and Agriculture Organization has various projects, prioritising "Food and Nutrition Security and Food Safety", "Sustainable use of natural resources and raising awareness on climate change impacts" and "Institutional Capacity of Public and Private Sectors". The 2024 agricultural support budget was €2.7 billion. In 2019–21 about 20% of gross farm income

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1452-411: Is important, and in 2017 total SOC down to 0.7 m was estimated at 9.23 Pg . Another estimate is slightly under 3000 tonnes/sq km. Accumulation of soil organic matter depends partly on cultivation but can be hindered by aridity. Crops can be grown in all regions and there is livestock on high mountains and in arid regions. Wheat, sugar beet, cotton, vegetables and fruit are major crops; and Turkey

1518-542: Is increasing, some farmers are switching to avocados as they are more profitable because they need less water. About 4 million tonnes of grapes are grown annually, ranking sixth in the world. The country has the fifth largest area of vineyard , and about 3% of the harvest is used for Turkish wine . Raisins are exported to the EU and the United Kingdom. There are almost 200 million olive trees, and Turkey produces about 200 thousand tonnes of olive oil

1584-409: Is made from sheep milk. Sheep and goats are mostly fed on pasture. In 2022 there were 12 million goats and 170 thousand water buffalos. There are over 400 marine aquaculture facilities. Sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) and sea bream ( Sparus aurata ) are farmed, and mostly trout ( rainbow trout and brown trout ) in inland waters, these 3 being the most farmed, with about 150 thousand tonnes

1650-479: Is occasionally used to pump water to combat drought , which can reduce planting of crops such as corn and potatoes. The irrigation part of the Eastern Anatolia Project is controversial. Farmers mostly use surface irrigation, which loses 35% to 60% of water through evaporation, seepage, and leakage. This old-fashioned irrigation may quickly deplete groundwater and run off the farm. Runoff

1716-426: Is on feed, with half of the ingredients being imported. In 2023 inflation was a problem for cattle farmers as feed prices were increasing faster than milk and beef prices. Most imports are feeder cattle for beef. Around half of Turkey's agricultural greenhouse gas is due to cattle. Traditionally transhumance was practiced. The Agriculture Ministry is trying to get more biogas produced from cattle waste. Turkey

1782-445: Is only allowed on agriculturally marginal land. and farmers say there is too much red tape. Problems include small farm sizes, rising import costs and natural resource depletion such as soil. Nearly two-thirds of farms are smaller than 5 hectares, possibly due to divisions on inheritance. There are just under half a million farmers as of 2022 , 16% of the workforce. As of 2022, agricultural statistics need improvement according to

1848-468: Is only one electric tractor manufacturer and they are not yet mass-produced. There is a General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies (TAGEM) centre for research on soil borne pathogens . As of 2022 some gene editing of animal feed corn and feed soya has been allowed but not for human food. Biostimulants have been suggested to increase drought resistance and food security , as has technology to use water more efficiently. No-till farming

1914-401: Is owned by individuals, some is public and some disputed. Several government departments are responsible, which can cause confusion. There is a buffer zone around the strictly protected area. A plan for some coastal protection of Liman Lagoon was published in 2019. Some traditional practices help with the management: for example water buffalo and fishing boats help keep the connections between

1980-423: Is the longest river entirely within Turkey, and has the second largest drainage basin . The delta covers an area of about 56 thousand hectares, of which 11,600 are wetland ecosystems and related habitats. At one time the coast was advancing, but later it retreated, mainly due to less sediment coming down the river due to dams built upstream, such as Altınkaya and Derbent . The Black Sea coastal road runs across

2046-422: Is the responsibility of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry , but no plan for 2024 onwards has yet been published. Almost all the seeds used in Turkey are produced domestically. Historically, Turkey's farmers have been fairly fragmented. Atatürk , who founded the republic in the early 20th century, said that the foundation of the economy was agriculture . Governments initiated many projects, such as

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2112-408: Is the world's largest grower of hazelnuts , apricots , and oregano . Half of Turkey's land is agricultural, and farming employs about 15% of the workforce, but under half a million farmers. It provides about 10% of exports and over 5% of gross domestic product (GDP). Over 380 billion lira of agricultural subsidy is budgeted for 2024. Despite being a major food producer, Turkey

2178-437: Is the world's largest grower of hazelnuts , apricots, oregano and raisins. As of 2023 most cultivated land is for grain. In 2022 70 million tonnes of cereals and other crops were produced; 32 million tonnes of vegetables; and 27 million tonnes of fruit, beverages and spice crops; and the country was self-sufficient in rapeseed , dry beans, potatoes and sugar beet and almost all fruits and vegetables. Due to rotation

2244-576: The 2023 earthquake . The Agricultural Insurance Pool is linked to the government. But import tariffs average over 40% so it would be hard to add agriculture to the EU customs union. Some academics say that high food price inflation is due to macroeconomic instability. Food price rises such as onion and potato prices can be politically sensitive. TÜSİAD say that Turkey needs a good climate change adaptation strategy to cope with effects such as drought. Input costs could be reduced by replacing some diesel use with solar power, but as of 2022 agrivoltaics

2310-481: The Marshall Plan . By the 1970s higher yielding varieties of wheat had been planted, but einkorn continued to be consumed by locals. The increase in agricultural land continued until the 1990s when it started to decrease. Like many other countries Turkey industrialized and urbanized , and by the end of the 20th century only 35% of employment and 13% of GDP was from agriculture. Formerly widespread in

2376-633: The Mediterranean , Aegean, Black Sea , Thrace and Marmara , Central Anatolia , Eastern Anatolia and transition regions. By the mid-20th century erosion had reduced the amount of arable land, but the government is combating desertification and erosion in various ways. However soil erosion is forecast to increase with climate change, with about 30% occurring on agricultural land. The main types of soil in Turkey are calisols , cambisols and leptosols , and fluvisols . Degraded soil could be improved. Soil surveys have been done at least since

2442-571: The North Anatolian Fault has pushed up the southern part of the delta, and changes in climate and sea level have alternated lagoons and lakes. Strabo described the delta as producing fruit, deer, gazelles and soft-wooled sheep, and the town of Gadilon . During the Ottoman Empire and early years of the republic malaria was widespread near the marshes and the lower lands were occupied seasonally. As in some other parts of

2508-401: The "low-hanging fruit" of extending the EU Customs Union Agreement to agricultural products, which had come to a halt in 2018; as of 2023 the agreement only applies to processed agricultural products. In 2021, Turkey received 65 percent of all imported wheat from Russia and more than 13 percent from Ukraine. Around 70% of imported wheat is reexported as pasta, bulgur and flour. Europe and

2574-472: The 1950s, and the ministry has published soil maps. The Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion is an NGO as is the Soil Science Society of Turkey. A 2016 study said soil had been degraded and that there was great potential to sequester carbon . There is a public soil database, but as of 2023 the weblink does not work. Increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural soils

2640-450: The 1960s. In the late 20th century the ecological value of the marshes was recognized and attempts to protect them began, although some local residents opposed restrictions on agriculture and building. At the end of the 20th century they were made a Ramsar site , then nature tourism became popular. In 2016 Turkey nominated it as a World Heritage Sites , but the IUCN said it did not meet

2706-414: The EU. Greenhouses have a competitive advantage over EU ones due to lower costs. In 2022 Turkey had a third of the world's greenhouses heated by geothermal energy . Geothermal heat can also be used to dry fruit. Tropical fruit such as mangoes can be grown in greenhouses. In 2023 hydroponics was starting to be used in these geothermal greenhouses. Although banana cultivation in the Mediterranean region

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2772-678: The EU. In 2022 there were over 2 million people on the Agriculture Ministry's Farmer Registration System, but only half a million were farmers and known to the Social Security Institution . Many farms are small, mostly single person or family farms, with many women working informally. It has been claimed that with the influx of Syrian refugees seasonal agricultural work became more precarious, especially for women and children. Kurdish seasonal workers are also poor. The International Labour Organization

2838-504: The Middle East are large export markets and some food is processed before export. In 2020 the country receiving the most exports was Iraq, and that sending the most food to Turkey was Russia. Turkey is the world's largest exporter of wheat flour, and some other countries' flour producers say it is dumping with unfair subsidies. The EU intends to support rural development with €430 million during 2021–2027. Total factor productivity

2904-406: The channels. Gendarmes are stationed to prevent illegal hunting. Pumping of groundwater causes seawater intrusion, and in 2021 academics called for such pumping to be stopped. Climate change in Turkey has changed bird migrations . From 1984–2022 coastal retreat averaged 7 meters a year, and as of 2023 this is expected to continue. There are sometimes wildfires . In the past half million years

2970-403: The coast. The climate is temperate, with hot dry summers, warm wet winters, and foggy and rainy springs. Rainfall averages 719 mm a year. The wind usually blows from the west and this has shaped the delta so that most of the marshland is in its the east . In the delta are many wetland ecosystems: bottomland hardwood forest , freshwater and brackish lakes, reed beds and sand dunes . There

3036-468: The controversial Southeastern Anatolia Project , but later much agriculture was privatized. The population increased a lot in the 20th century, so there was more demand for food and agricultural land. From 1880 to 1950 agricultural output growth averaged about 1% a year, in line with the increased population having new land. Then growth accelerated as more land could be cultivated because there were many more machines, such as tractors – for example due to

3102-417: The country much of the population was forcibly exchanged between Greece and Turkey in the early 20th century. Malaria hindered attempts to resettle migrants from lands lost by the empire, and during the 20th century some of the land was drained to combat mosquitos and provide agricultural land for these people and those coming from the eastern Black Sea part of Turkey. Rice production was expanded. Tobacco

3168-593: The criteria. Some illegally built holiday homes were demolished by Samsun Council. Since 2017 hunting has been banned in part of the delta. Derbent Dam Altınkaya Dam [REDACTED] Media related to Kızılırmak Delta at Wikimedia Commons Agriculture in Turkey Agriculture is still an important sector of Turkey's economy , and the country is one of the world's top ten agricultural producers. Wheat, sugar beet , milk, poultry, cotton, vegetables and fruit are major products; and Turkey

3234-463: The delta is important for birds which directly cross the Black Sea. White stork migrate to Africa and return to breed here (about 950 pairs almost all nesting in trees and number increasing and some now resident) and there are many other species such as: grey-headed swamphen and great white egret . There is a bird ringing station called Cernek Ringing Station. At Ondokuz Mayıs University there

3300-566: The delta, two species are salamanders and seven species are frogs. The main species in the area are the southern banded newt ( Triturus vittatus ), southern crested newt ( Triturus karaelinii ), common toad ( Bufo bufo ), European green toad ( Bufo viridis ), European tree frog ( Hyla arborea ), eastern spadefoot toad ( Pelobates syriacus) , agile frog ( Rana dalmatina ), and Uludağ frog ( Rana macrocnemis ). Lake fishers catch carp , mullet , zander and crayfish ( Astacus leptodactylus ).Small numbers of sturgeon have been observed in

3366-586: The ecosystem. The most important crop is rice , but some say it uses too much water which is needed for nature or buffalos. Vegetables are grown. There are feral horses (sometimes called jades or yılkı horses). There are over 500 species of plants. There is seagrass . Grass ( Paspalum paspalodes ) grows when the lake water recedes in the summer and is eaten by water buffalo. There is less volume of phytoplankton and fewer phytoplankton species in more saline lakes. There are 15 species of freshwater snails . 70% of bird species in Turkey have been recorded and

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3432-412: The estuary and may still attempt to migrate upstream. Invasive prussian carp are said to have disrupted some other fish. Rapana venosa are invasive shellfish but are valuable to export for Far East eating. They are dredged from the sea around Samsun. So-iuy mullet (Planiliza haematocheila) are also sold. Residents say that tourism benefits local employment. Tourism includes walking, enjoying

3498-460: The first 2 decades of the 21st century farming is thought not to have been sustainable . The EU said in 2022 that food safety, veterinary and phytosanitary policy should be improved. Various tech is being considered, sometimes similar is already being made in local factories, for example the defence industry makes drones . There are about 2 million tractors and it has been suggested that electric tractors should be subsidized. However, there

3564-488: The fish Carassius gibelio , Gambusia holbrooki , Gambusia affinis , Pseudorasbora parva , and the comb jelly Mnemiopsis leidyi . There are over 20 lakes, which average 1.5m deep but double that in spring, when their area can exceed 9,000 hectares. Tatlı and Gıcı Lakes are freshwater and the rest are brackish . Some of the lake water is eutrophic due to agricultural pollution . There are 30 drainage channels, which drain agricultural land. Buffalo are set free to roam in

3630-470: The lakes open. In the late 2010s experts issued a management plan although they could not agree with residents what should be done; as the existing management plan ran to the end of 2023 a revised plan is being discussed. Doğa hope to complete a resurvey of all Key Biodiversity Areas in Turkey by the end of 2024. There is a strategic environmental assessment drought plan for the river basin. A 2020 study found both sewage and agricultural pollution in

3696-612: The landscape, photography, picnicking, cycling and watching wildlife such as birdwatching . With over 50 km of beach a 2019 study said that it has great potential for sea tourism as well as ecotourism . The study questioned visiting families and found most thought of: wetland, agriculture, one of the largest deltas of Turkey, Turkey's largest river, fertile lands, fertile fields. Over 70% had not heard of ramsar, over 70% thought wetlands are at risk of climate change. The 2017-2023 management plan says that sub-plans will be prepared to manage water, visitors, grazing and aquaculture.Some land

3762-453: The meat market. The main animal feed crops are alfalfa , silage corn, oats, vetch , and sainfoin . Animal feed manufacture depends on imports and more cattle feed is produced than chicken feed. Livestock are affected by foot and mouth disease . In 2022 there were 17 million cattle of which about 70% were dairy. Native cattle breeds such as Anatolian Black cattle are low yielding but hardy. About 80% of cattle farm expenditure

3828-416: The most at risk from climate change. However coffee can now be grown in the country. 14% of food was lost during agricultural processing in 2016, compared to 23% trashed by consumers before eating and 5% leftovers. Stubble burning is illegal in Turkey, but farmers continue the practice illicitly. Deliberate burning of field residue can cause wildfires in Turkey . Agriculture on steep land can increase

3894-445: The risk of flooding. In 2020 over 900 thousand tonnes of ammonia was emitted . At around 1300 m freshwater per person per year Turkey is water-stressed and at risk of water scarcity, mainly due to wasteful irrigation . Water pricing is being considered. Desertification has been modelled and the risk has been mapped, showing that high-risk regions are Karapınar , Aralık , Ceylanpınar and Lake Tuz basins. Solar power

3960-552: The south of the delta, which is in Ondokuzmayis , Bafra and Alacam districts. Bafra, with about 150,000 people, is the only town but there are more than 30 villages. A canyon cut into the previous delta platform during the Last Glacial Period has filled, and the delta is now a quaternary plain. Most soil is hydromorphic, most soil is alluvium , the soil is Cambisol or Kastanozem , and there are dunes on

4026-400: The summer. Frogs climb on them to catch flies. The dunes further from the coast have more kinds of plants. And dunal hills, which are far from the coast, have bushes such as prickly juniper . Some sheep have caused damage in the dunes. The land is one of the most fertile plains for agriculture in Turkey . There are more buffalo than anywhere else in the country, and they are important for

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4092-449: The top export earners. Much aniseed is used in the country to flavour rakı . Turkey produces most of the world's oregano, and garlic is grown. Opium is grown for medicines . There are about 150 thousand sq km of pasture . Much more meat is produced from cattle than sheep. A lot of sheep and goat meat is exported to Iraq . Over 20 million tonnes of milk is produced each year. The meat and milk board  [ tr ] regulates

4158-478: The west and centre of the country, in 1933 opium growing was strictly controlled. In the 20th century growing tobacco was economically important in provinces such as Samsun , and was supported by the state , but in the early 21st century it was discouraged by governments keen to reduce smoking in Turkey . During the early 21st century farmers shifted to growing more profitable crops such as fruit and vegetables, instead of wheat and corn. Half of Turkey's land

4224-540: The world's tea), and was one of the largest tea markets in the world, with 1.26 million tonnes being consumed in Turkey, and the rest being exported. Turks drink the most tea per person at 3.16 kg each a year, or almost four glasses a day. Turkey has high import tariffs on tea, roughly 145%, which helps maintain the domestic market for locally produced teas. There are about a thousand species of herbs, medicines and spices, of which almost half are exported, with oregano, bay leaves , sage , aniseed and cumin being

4290-494: Was a major crop on the higher lands and there is a tobacco museum in Bafra . Medicinal leeches were collected. There was reed cutting. Festivals included a stork feast, spring release of water buffaloes, and sheep breeding. Traditionally it is considered sinful to kill certain animals and plants always or at certain times of year. In the 1950s and 1960s woodland was felled, sometimes to make fields. Drainage works were started in

4356-495: Was government support, mostly market price support, particularly for potatoes, wheat, sunflower seed and beef. Diesel and fertilizer payments were made, which may make the goal of net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2053 more difficult. According to environmental group Doğa the subsidies for water intensive crops such as corn and sugar beet endanger wetlands in Turkey . Farmers are not allowed to export wheat. Despite subsidies farmers' fuel and fertilizer costs increased

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