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74-531: The Kitab-ı Bahriye ( Ottoman Turkish : كتاب بحرية , lit.   ' Book of the Sea ') is a navigational guide written by Piri Reis , an Ottoman cartographer , corsair , and captain. He compiled charts and notes from his career at sea into the most detailed portolan atlas in existence. The Kitab-ı Bahriye combines information from a range of sources and Piri Reis' personal experience. The coast of North Africa relies little on outside sources. The book

148-425: A [d] when followed by a vowel sound. This is reflected in conventions of Ottoman orthography as well. In Turkish, there is a verb representing to be , but it is a defective verb. It doesn't have an infinitive or several other tenses. It is usually a suffix. Negative verb to be is created with the use of the word دگل değil , followed by the appropriate conjugation of the to be verb; or optionally used as

222-415: A calm day, from [Sicily] it would be audible on the coast of Calabria. This place is called the strait of Messina and Messina is a big castle situated on a flat place on the island. In front of the castle is a nice, natural harbour that measures four miles in circumference inside and varies in depth from thirty to forty fathoms. A chain is stretched across the mouth of this harbour and at either end of it there

296-421: A copy of the first version in the 1920s. Uriel Heyd found in a 1956 study that across the many copies "place-names, in particular, were distorted by copyists". More recent scholarship by Dimitris Loupis, Jean-Louis Bacqué-Grammont, and Svat Soucek has worked towards standardizing the placenames. The Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism released a four-volume color facsimile of the book in 1988. It includes

370-606: A decision backed by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , who said the language should be taught in schools so younger generations do not lose touch with their cultural heritage. Most Ottoman Turkish was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet ( Ottoman Turkish : الفبا , romanized :  elifbâ ), a variant of the Perso-Arabic script . The Armenian , Greek and Rashi script of Hebrew were sometimes used by Armenians, Greeks and Jews. (See Karamanli Turkish ,

444-508: A dialect of Ottoman written in the Greek script; Armeno-Turkish alphabet ) The actual grammar of Ottoman Turkish is not different from the grammar of modern Turkish .The focus of this section is on the Ottoman orthography; the conventions surrounding how the orthography interacted and dealt with grammatical morphemes related to conjugations, cases, pronouns, etc. Table below lists nouns with

518-676: A document but would use the native Turkish word bal ( بال ) when buying it. The transliteration system of the İslâm Ansiklopedisi has become a de facto standard in Oriental studies for the transliteration of Ottoman Turkish texts. In transcription , the New Redhouse, Karl Steuerwald, and Ferit Devellioğlu dictionaries have become standard. Another transliteration system is the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft (DMG), which provides

592-574: A galley and rowed to shore for scouting or gathering fresh water . Galleys needed to frequently stop for supplies, and the Kitab-ı Bahriye notes where fresh water can be found. For example, in the section covering the Galite Islands , the Kitab-ı Bahriye notes the dangers posed by southern winds, the availability of wild goats, and the quality of the fresh water which Piri Reis compares in flavor to rose water . Ottoman naval warfare during

666-489: A longer introduction written in verse. It offers information on storms, winds, navigating with a compass, navigating by the stars, reading portolan charts , and the oceans . It discusses recent Portuguese and Spanish voyages including the voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Americas and Vasco da Gama 's discovery of a sea route to India . The description of the Americas also includes fantastical hearsay. The book offers

740-650: A photographic reproduction of the manuscript, a transliteration from the original Arabic script into the Turkish alphabet , and translations into modern Turkish and English. Copies of the Kitab-ı Bahriye are found in libraries in Istanbul and in some of the major libraries in Europe, besides one copy known to be held privately in the USA ( Walters Art Museum ). Ottoman Turkish language Historically, Ottoman Turkish

814-509: A result. … He said, 'You are a very able man, and there is much excellence in your character. The entire configuration of the sea has become known [to you]: none of its spots are hidden from you. I wish that you make all of it manifest, and that you be remembered by it until doomsday. You should polish up this book well, all of it, so that it may be much used… Moreover, this book is very appealing, fit for being preserved in libraries. Polish it up and bring it without fail, so that we may present it to

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888-560: A second 1526 version with 210 chapters. The original version is less artistic but more practical; it saw use by later sailors. The second version includes more detailed maps decorated with Ottoman miniatures . The first version begins with a standard Ottoman introduction offering praise to Allah and Muhammad along with an explanation of the book's purpose. The 1526 version includes a longer introduction and an added epilogue, both written in verse . The longer preface adds details about recent Portuguese and Spanish voyages around Africa and to

962-411: A single root verb, with the addition of a variety of morphemes and suffixes, multiple new and different verbs meanings can be expressed in single but larger words. Below table is a sample from the verb تپمك tepmek meaning 'to kick', whose root (which is also 2nd person imperative) is تپ tep . Each of the produced new verbs below can be made into an infinitive with the addition of ـمك -mek at

1036-427: A standalone for 3rd person. Generally, the verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' are expressed using what's called an existential copula , the word وار var . The verb 'to have' is expressed in the same way, except that the object noun will take a possessive pronoun, producing sentences that will literally mean "there exists house of mine". The verbs 'to exist' and 'to have' conjugated for other tenses, are expressed in

1110-523: A transliteration system for any Turkic language written in Arabic script. There are few differences between the İA and the DMG systems. Grand Vizier Grand vizier ( Persian : وزيرِ اعظم , romanized :  vazîr-i aʾzam ; Ottoman Turkish : صدر اعظم , romanized :  sadr-ı aʾzam ; Turkish : sadrazam ) was the title of the effective head of government of many sovereign states in

1184-435: A variety of phonological features that come into play when taking case suffixes. The table includes a typical singular and plural noun, containing back and front vowels, words that end with the letter ه ـه ([a] or [e]), both back and front vowels, word that ends in a ت ([t]) sound, and word that ends in either ق or ك ([k]). These words are to serve as references, to observe orthographic conventions: Table below shows

1258-535: Is a portolan atlas that offered the most detailed navigational guide to the Mediterranean Sea for its time. Like portolan maps, the Kitab-ı Bahriye uses compass roses for navigation, rather than lines of longitude and latitude. Arrows on each chart indicate North. There are no visual scale bars; distances are explained in the prose. The maps use standard symbols like dots for shallow water and crosses for rocks. Compared to inscriptions on contemporary maps,

1332-516: Is a tower. The Kitab-ı Bahriye is one of the few sources of biographical information on Piri Reis. The book includes first-hand information from Piri Reis' own sailing and his early experiences with his uncle in the Western Mediterranean. It contains autobiographic information up to 1526, the year the final version was presented to the sultan. Piri Reis produced two versions of the book, an initial 1521 version with 130 chapters and

1406-479: Is also one of the few primary sources of information on Piri Reis. There are two versions of the book. The first version was composed between 1511 and 1521, and presented as a gift to the sultan Suleiman the Magnificent . The second, expanded version was produced as a commission for Ottoman Grand Vizier Pargalı İbrahim Pasha , and completed in 1526. Both versions begin with a preface and were dedicated to

1480-409: Is compound verbs. This consists of adding a Persian or Arabic active or passive participle to a neuter verb, to do ( ایتمك etmek ) or to become ( اولمق olmaq ). For example, note the following two verbs: Below table shows some sample conjugations of these two verbs. The conjugation of the verb "etmek" isn't straightforward, because the root of the verb ends in a [t]. This sound transforms into

1554-455: Is written for a captain making a series of short coastal voyages. The length of galleys combined with their low freeboard made them quick but susceptible to storms and high winds. The Kitab-ı Bahriye gives information on coastal waters, hazards, and safe harbors. The most commonly depicted watercraft is the galley, but the Kitab-ı Bahriye also frequently mentions sandals , a type of small rowing boat. A sandal could be carried or pulled by

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1628-548: The kul system. Often, the men who were chosen had a Byzantine or Balkan background. According to Gábor, this was usually a political move, designed to appease powerful European factions to Ottoman supremacy. In fact, it was easier for the sultan to control an enslaved and non-Turk administrator. In the Ottoman Empire, executing a Grand Vizier of Turkish origin (in the event they were rebellious) and an enslaved foreigner would also give rise to different reactions. Further,

1702-502: The Black Sea which is not covered in the text. The surviving manuscripts contain a total of more than 5,700 maps. According to historian Thomas Day Goodrich , there are more hand-drawn manuscript maps of Piri Reis' work than any other cartographer. Most extant manuscripts are luxury items, but a few show signs of use at sea. One copy at Kiel University has water stains and marginal notes written by an anonymous mariner. The copies of

1776-689: The Dardanelles and move counter-clockwise around the Mediterranean. The maps have compass roses indicating North for each page. Scale is indicated only in the textual descriptions, not with scale bars. Standard portolan symbols indicate hazards, like dots for shallow water and crosses for rocks. Written when Ottoman sailors relied on oar-driven galleys and galiots , the Kitab-ı Bahriye reflects their needs and capabilities. It gives information on coastal waters, safe harbors, hazards, and sources of fresh water . The second version also includes

1850-524: The Dardanelles strait and move counter-clockwise around the Mediterranean. Like other Ottoman atlases, the Kitab-ı Bahriye focuses more on warfare and raiding than trade routes. Piri Reis sailed, raided, and fought as a ghazi and corsair, so he wrote from this perspective. The Kitab-ı Bahriye is a practical navigation guide, and the sixteenth-century Ottoman fleet relied mainly on galleys and galiots . These ships could be propelled by sails or oars. The Kitab-ı Bahriye reflects their capabilities and

1924-769: The Islamic world . It was first held by officials in the later Abbasid Caliphate . It was then held in the Ottoman Empire , the Mughal Empire , the Sokoto Caliphate , the Safavid Empire and Cherifian Empire of Morocco . In the Ottoman Empire, the grand vizier held the imperial seal and could convene all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state; the viziers in conference were called " Kubbealtı viziers" in reference to their meeting place,

1998-749: The Kubbealtı ('under the dome') in Topkapı Palace . His offices were located at the Sublime Porte . Today, the Prime Minister of Pakistan is referred to in Urdu as Wazir-e-azam , which translates literally to grand vizier. Initially, the grand viziers were exclusively of Turk origin in the Ottoman Empire. However, after there were troubles between the Turkish grand vizier Çandarlı Halil Pasha

2072-639: The devshirme were less subject to influence from court factions. From the very beginning, the Turcoman were a danger that undermined the Sultan's creation of a strong state. Grand Viziers gained immense political supremacy in the later days of the Ottoman Empire. Power was centralized in the position of the Grand Vizier during the Köprülü era . Köprülü Mehmed Pasha was a powerful political figure during

2146-592: The list of replaced loanwords in Turkish for more examples of Ottoman Turkish words and their modern Turkish counterparts. Two examples of Arabic and two of Persian loanwords are found below. Historically speaking, Ottoman Turkish is the predecessor of modern Turkish. However, the standard Turkish of today is essentially Türkiye Türkçesi (Turkish of Turkey) as written in the Latin alphabet and with an abundance of neologisms added, which means there are now far fewer loan words from other languages, and Ottoman Turkish

2220-402: The 1960s, Ottoman Turkish was at least partially intelligible with the Turkish of that day. One major difference between Ottoman Turkish and modern Turkish is the latter's abandonment of compound word formation according to Arabic and Persian grammar rules. The usage of such phrases still exists in modern Turkish but only to a very limited extent and usually in specialist contexts ; for example,

2294-596: The Americas, as well as the first detailed Ottoman description of the Indian Ocean . It gives special attention to Hormuz , a strategically valuable port at the entrance to the Persian Gulf . The description of the Americas includes fantastical hearsay; it describes natives with massive flat faces and the width of an entire hand between their eyes. It also includes Piri Reis' own experiences taking exotic American items from European sailors. The epilogue covers how

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2368-508: The Battle of Delhi (1737), and negotiated peace after the occupation of the Mughal Empire by the forces of Nader Shah . He fell in battle after being struck by a stray artillery shell, in battle against Afghan forces in the year 1748. After defeating Ahmad Shah Durrani , the new Mughal emperor, Ahmad Shah Bahadur , posted Safdarjung , Nawab of Oudh as Mughal Grand Vizier, Feroze Jung III as Mir Bakshi and Muin ul-Mulk (Mir Mannu) ,

2442-604: The Grand Vizier". After the Tanzimat period of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century, the Grand Viziers came to assume a role more like that of the prime ministers of contemporary Western monarchies. Forty nine Grand Viziers of Albanian ethnicity served the empire during the Ottoman period and most of them were southern Albanians ( Tosks ). Bairam Khan was the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, who led

2516-736: The Marathas had already expanded up to the Narmada River , and entrenched themselves in that region thereafter. Baji Rao I later instigated war by collecting Chauth in 1723, and trying to expand Maratha rule in the Deccan and beyond, causing the outbreak of the Later Mughal-Maratha Wars . Qamaruddin Khan was handpicked to be the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, by Asaf Jah I. He successfully repelled Baji Rao I during

2590-493: The Ottomanist Colin Imber writes, the sultan "had closer contact with the pages of the privy chamber, the kapi agha , the kizlar agha or with other courtiers than he did with the Grand Vizier, and these too could petition the sultan on their own or somebody else’s behalf. He might, too, be more inclined to take the advice of his mother, a concubine, or the head gardener at the helm of the royal barge, than of

2664-543: The Persian genitive construction takdîr-i ilâhî (which reads literally as "the preordaining of the divine" and translates as "divine dispensation" or "destiny") is used, as opposed to the normative modern Turkish construction, ilâhî takdîr (literally, "divine preordaining"). In 2014, Turkey's Education Council decided that Ottoman Turkish should be taught in Islamic high schools and as an elective in other schools,

2738-474: The Persian character of its Arabic borrowings with other Turkic languages that had even less interaction with Arabic, such as Tatar , Bashkir , and Uyghur . From the early ages of the Ottoman Empire, borrowings from Arabic and Persian were so abundant that original Turkish words were hard to find. In Ottoman, one may find whole passages in Arabic and Persian incorporated into the text. It was however not only extensive loaning of words, but along with them much of

2812-604: The Seljuks of Anatolia. During the nascent phases of the Ottoman state , "vizier" was the only title used. The first of these Ottoman viziers who was titled "Grand Vizier" (French spelling: grand-vézir ) was Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder . The purpose in instituting the title "Grand Vizier" was to distinguish the holder of the sultan's seal from other viziers. The initially more frequently used title of vezir-ı a’zam ( وزیر اعظم )

2886-464: The State"), serdar-ı ekrem ( سردار اكرم , "most noble [commander-in-]chief"), serdar-ı a’zam ( سردار اعظم , "grand [commander-in-]chief") and zât-ı âsafî ( ذات آصفی , "vizieral person"). Halil Pasha the Elder reformed the role of the vizier in several ways. Several viziers before him held an equivalent, but differently named office; he was the first who held the position of "Grand Vizier", during

2960-775: The World-protecting Emperor, so as to gain high status in society and attain name and renown through the matchless favor of that well-favored sovereign." There's no evidence that the first version received a positive or enthusiastic response from the sultan. The second version was drafted after Piri Reis took the Ottoman Grand Vizier Pargalı İbrahim Pasha to Egypt. Ibrahim rode aboard the navy's flagship, commanded by Piri Reis, when putting down Hain Ahmed Pasha 's rebellion in Egypt. During

3034-585: The Younger and Sultan Mehmed II (who had him executed), there was a rise of slave administrators ( devshirme ). These were much easier for the sultans to control, as compared to the free administrators of Turkish aristocratic origin. The term vizier was originally used in the Abbasid Caliphate in the 8th century AD. This position was later adopted by the Ottomans in the early 14th century, by

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3108-414: The Younger , the grandson of Pasha the Elder, was also highly influential in shaping the role of the Grand Vizier. During the reign of Mehmed II, the Younger opposed the siege of Constantinople and the ongoing hostilities with Christians. Two days after the siege was won by Mehmed II , the Younger was executed for his opposition. After his death, the position of Grand Vizier was chosen nearly exclusively from

3182-442: The additional - ـنـ [n] is a vowel, the final vowel ی is kept; otherwise it is removed (note the respective examples for kitaplarını versus kitaplarından ). Examples below : Below table shows the positive conjugation for two sample verbs آچمق açmak (to open) and سولمك sevilmek (to be loved). The first verb is the active verb, and the other has been modified to form a passive verb. The first contains back vowels,

3256-668: The book began with Denis Dominique Cardonne 's 1765 French translation. A facsimile of the second version was published in 1935 by the Turkish Historical Society with a complete historical introduction. It was based on the Ayasofya manuscript at the Süleymaniye Library in Istanbul. Eduard Sachau published a study of the Sicily section in 1910. Orientalist Paul E. Kahle began to translate and study

3330-479: The book is highly personal and anecdotal. The details in a portolan chart were limited by the space available on the map. Piri Reis says this is why he used separate maps and prose descriptions. The books combine information from a range of sources and his personal experience. The areas that most reflect Piri Reis' direct experiences are the coasts of North Africa. Tunisia is likely drawn from personal observations. Djerba , in particular, includes greater detail than

3404-484: The city—built on piles in a lagoon —lacked drinking water and had to ship it in from rivers on the mainland. When discussing the Strait of Messina between Sicily and Europe, Piri Reis explains how the harbor at Messina was protected in medieval times by a submerged chain that could be raised from Forte del Santissimo Salvatore and pulled taut across the harbor by night or during times of conflict: If one shouted on

3478-417: The end. Ottoman Turkish was highly influenced by Arabic and Persian. Arabic and Persian words in the language accounted for up to 88% of its vocabulary. As in most other Turkic and foreign languages of Islamic communities, the Arabic borrowings were borrowed through Persian, not through direct exposure of Ottoman Turkish to Arabic, a fact that is evidenced by the typically Persian phonological mutation of

3552-485: The excellence of my expertise. His excellency the great Pasha saw how my book was being put to use all the time. He understood that there was something valuable there, and he [expressed] a wish to examine it. When it was brought to him he looked at its every detail and [realized] how I was plotting the course with it. He thus grasped its gist…; he knew that there was accuracy, mastery in the art of navigation [contained in my book]… [and] he showed esteem for this slave of his as

3626-442: The first detailed Ottoman description of the Indian Ocean , with special attention given to Hormuz . The book achieved fame only after the death of its author. The known surviving manuscripts are all copies created after 1550. At least some portion of the book has been translated into English, modern Turkish, Greek, French, German, and Italian. From an early age, Piri Reis sailed with his uncle Kemal Reis , first as corsairs in

3700-458: The following decade, Piri Reis completed two versions of the Kitab-ı Bahriye and a second world map. When Suleiman the Magnificent began his reign in 1520, Ottoman craftsmen offered exemplars of their work as gifts. The Kitab-ı Bahriye' s preface reads, "The reason for compiling this book is that a number of master craftsmen have now brought forward offerings from their various trades to the auspicious threshold and felicitous gate of His Majesty

3774-482: The forces of Akbar to victory during the Second Battle of Panipat . Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak , Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire during the reign of Akbar . Saadullah Khan , Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire during the reign of Shah Jahan made the biggest contribution to the organization and administration of the Mughal Empire, he is considered the best of the long line of Mughal Grand Viziers. During

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3848-422: The grammatical systems of Persian and Arabic. In a social and pragmatic sense, there were (at least) three variants of Ottoman Turkish: A person would use each of the varieties above for different purposes, with the fasih variant being the most heavily suffused with Arabic and Persian words and kaba the least. For example, a scribe would use the Arabic asel ( عسل ) to refer to honey when writing

3922-458: The highly-regarded maps Giacomo Gastaldi composed in sixteenth-century Italy. The isolario genre was a major influence on Piri Reis. Isolarios were books with written descriptions and maps. Typically written for amusement, they contained minimal guidance on navigation and focused on history and topography. An isolario —like Benedetto Bordone 's The Book of Islands compiled in Venice around

3996-430: The more practical 1521 version identify the copyists and the place of production. The copies of the more artistic 1526 version leave out the identity of the copyists. Most copies of the second version were likely created by the miniaturists working in Istanbul during the 1500s and 1600s. At least some portion of the Kitab-ı Bahriye has been translated into German, French, English, Italian, and Greek. Scholarly analysis of

4070-505: The next Grand Vizier, thus securing his dynasty a position of supreme power in the Empire. It was during the Köprülü era that the Ottoman Empire reached its largest geographic expansion across Europe, Asia Minor, and Africa. In Ottoman legal theory, the Sultan was supposed to conduct affairs of state exclusively via the Grand Vizier, but in reality, this arrangement was often circumvented. As

4144-429: The period was often amphibious, involving the transport of troops from land under Ottoman control. The Kitab-ı Bahriye gives details about land-based fortifications, including their current condition. A 2020 analysis of two copies found each depicted over 100 fortified towns, over 800 fortresses, about 390 towers, just over 100 ruins, 148 ports, and about 200 fresh-water springs. The detailed section on Venice explains how

4218-415: The reform was the Turkish nationalist Ziya Gökalp . It also saw the replacement of the Perso-Arabic script with the extended Latin alphabet . The changes were meant to encourage the growth of a new variety of written Turkish that more closely reflected the spoken vernacular and to foster a new variety of spoken Turkish that reinforced Turkey's new national identity as being a post-Ottoman state . See

4292-412: The reign of Murad I . He was the first advisor with a military background – his forerunners had come from a more scholarly class of men. It is also significant that he was the first of a political family that, at the time, rivaled the Ottoman dynasty itself. Several of Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder's kin went on to hold the office of Grand Vizier in the decades following his death. Çandarlı Halil Pasha

4366-406: The reign of Aurangzeb, Ali Quli Khan was bestowed this title. Later general Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung became Grand Vizier, his fame as one of the most greatest military leaders in the Mughal Empire would lead to his downfall when rogue generals executed him in a power struggle after the death of Aurangzeb. In 1718, Balaji Vishwanath , leader of the antagonistic Maratha Confederacy , secured

4440-662: The reign of Mehmed IV, and was appointed to the office of Grand Vizier in 1656. He consolidated power within the position and sent the Sultan away from the city on hunting trips, thus stopping Mehmed's direct management over the state. Next, he forcibly removed any officers suspected of corruption; those who did not leave were executed. He also conducted campaigns against Venice and the Habsburgs, as well as quelling rebellions in Anatolia. On his deathbed five years later, he convinced Mehmed to appoint his son (Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha) as

4514-579: The right to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi from the Subahs of the Mughal Empire by the rogue Vizier Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha , whose grip over the Deccan had substantially weakened. Asaf Jah I, however, refused to grant Chauth to the Maratha Confederacy during its onset in 1718 and in 1721, after the nobility of the Mughal Empire had the two Sayyid Brothers assassinated. However,

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4588-423: The same time as the Kitab-ı Bahriye —was divided into chapters with maps of the locations described. Historian Thomas Day Goodrich has argued that the Kitab-ı Bahriye introduced the technique of referring to the maps from within the book's text. Prose portions of the Kitab-ı Bahriye refer the reader to specific maps for details or a better understanding of the geography. The Kitab-ı Bahriye' s charts begin at

4662-496: The same way, with a possessive pronoun if needed, and copula وار var , followed by the 3rd person singular form of the verb 'to do: ایتمك etmek attached as a suffix (or separate as a stanadalone verb); as conjugated in the above section. The verbs 'not to exist' and 'not to have' are created in the exact same manner and conjugation, except that the copula یوق yok is used. Turkish being an agglutinative language as opposed to an analytical one (generally), means that from

4736-609: The second front vowels; both containing non-rounded vowels (which also impacts pronounciation and modern Latin orthograhpy). Below table shows the conjugation of a negative verb, and a positive complex verb expressing ability. In Turkish, complex verbs can be constructed by adding a variety of suffixes to the base root of a verb. The two verbs are یازممق yazmamaq (not to write) and سوه‌بلمك sevebilmek (to be able to love). Another common category of verbs in Turkish (more common in Ottoman Turkish than in modern Turkish),

4810-513: The second version resulted from discussions with Ibrahim Pasha. Many copies of both versions have been preserved, but not the originals. Over 40 manuscripts—produced from the late 1500s to the 1700s—survive today, 26 in Istanbul alone. The number of maps varies, and a few have no maps at all. Three copies have no text and only maps. The number of charts in surviving manuscripts varies as some contain additional charts added by copyists. Some later copies have updated maps and depict additional places like

4884-450: The sovereign of the world.' There is no evidence that the Kitab-ı Bahriye circulated outside of the royal palace prior to 1550. From 1560 to 1600, many copies were created and spread. At least 15 surviving manuscripts are from this period. The total number of copies may have reached into the hundreds. There was a greater demand for Turkish geographical texts in the late sixteenth century than during Piri Reis' own life. The Kitab-ı Bahriye

4958-410: The suffixes for creating possessed nouns. Each of these possessed nouns, in turn, take case suffixes as shown above. For third person (singular and plural) possessed nouns, that end in a vowel, when it comes to taking case suffixes, a letter - ـنـ [n] comes after the possessive suffix. For singular endings, the final vowel ی is removed in all instances. For plural endings, if the letter succeeding

5032-475: The sultan Suleiman. The main part of both versions is a nautical atlas to the Mediterranean Sea . Separate chapters cover different locations with corresponding portolan charts. Piri Reis says he composed an atlas with separate maps and charts because the details in any single map are limited by the space available. There are 130 chapters in the first version and 210 in the second. The chapters start at

5106-429: The trip, they took shelter at Rhodes to wait out a storm. They discussed the original Kitab-ı Bahriye and other charts on the ship. Ibrahim commissioned Piri Reis to create an expanded version of the Kitab-ı Bahriye . He did so and presented it to the Sultan by 1526. Whenever I fell into distress at sea, I always consulted a book. The [sailing] directions that I had written down in [this] book of mine amply demonstrated

5180-523: The western Mediterranean, and later in the Ottoman Navy . After his uncle died in 1511, Piri Reis returned to his hometown, Gallipoli . He created his first world map and likely began compiling the notes and charts that would form the basis of the Kitab-ı Bahriye . Piri Reis rejoined the Ottoman Navy for the Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517) and presented the world map to Selim I in 1517. In

5254-476: The words of Arabic origin. The conservation of archaic phonological features of the Arabic borrowings furthermore suggests that Arabic-incorporated Persian was absorbed into pre-Ottoman Turkic at an early stage, when the speakers were still located to the north-east of Persia , prior to the westward migration of the Islamic Turkic tribes. An additional argument for this is that Ottoman Turkish shares

5328-489: Was gradually replaced by another one, sadr-ı a’zam ( صدر اعظم from Arabic صَدْر "front part, bosom, forehead, lead, forefront" and أعْظَم "superior, major, maximal, paramount, grand", informally pronounced sadrazam ), both meaning "grand vizier" in practice. Throughout the Ottoman history, the Grand Viziers have also been termed sadr-ı âlî ( صدر عالی , "sublime vizier"), vekil-ı mutlak ( وكیل مطلق , "absolute attorney"), sâhib-ı devlet ( صاحب دولت , "holder of

5402-403: Was not instantly transformed into the Turkish of today. At first, it was only the script that was changed, and while some households continued to use the Arabic system in private, most of the Turkish population was illiterate at the time, making the switch to the Latin alphabet much easier. Then, loan words were taken out, and new words fitting the growing amount of technology were introduced. Until

5476-475: Was transformed in three eras: In 1928, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I and the establishment of the Republic of Turkey , widespread language reforms (a part in the greater framework of Atatürk's Reforms ) instituted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk saw the replacement of many Persian and Arabic origin loanwords in the language with their Turkish equivalents. One of the main supporters of

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