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42-632: It is likely that the name Kukkuṭika or Kukkulika originated from the Kukkuṭrārāma monastery at Pāṭaliputra , which was an early centre for the Mahāsāṃghikas. There were numerous variations of this name, such as Kukkuṭika , Kukkulika , Kaukkuṭika , Kaurukullaka , and Gokulika . The name Gokulika means " cinder ", and refers to the doctrine that all conditioned phenomena necessarily involve suffering , and that they are like an "inferno of ashes." The Samayabhedoparacanacakra of Vasumitra regards

84-480: A gradual decline beginning in the 300s, with fewer and less elaborate structures between this period and c. 600. After that, there are no traces of human activity for a thousand years, and the site seems to have been abandoned. One likely contributing factor was a shift in the course of the Ganges. As early as Faxian's visit around the year 400, he wrote that Pataliputra was one yojana (about 10 km) south of

126-572: A question, and always in meditation ( samādhi ). The Kukkuṭika sect is believed to have split from the main Mahāsāṃghika sect during the reign of Aśoka utilising early Buddha chronology, and the late second century BCE utilising late Buddha chronology. The Bahuśrutīya and Prajñaptivāda are thought to have split from the Kukkuṭikas in the late third or second century BCE. The Kukkuṭikas seem to have remained in eastern India, and remained strongest in

168-585: A secondary capital at Vaishali , formerly the capital of Vajji , until it was conquered by Magadha. The Shaishunaga dynasty ruled one of the largest empires in the Indian subcontinent . Shishunaga ended the Pradyota dynasty of Avanti , ending the centuries old rivalry between their kingdoms and annexing Avanti into Magadha. According to the Puranas , Shishunaga was succeeded by his son Kakavarna and according to

210-538: A similar effect. A catastrophic flood likely also devastated the city at some point in the late 500s. A later Jain work, the Titlhogali Painniya , records a traditional account of a disastrous flood on the Son River destroying Pataliputra at some point. This account describes this flood as happening during the month of Bhādrapada , or September, after 17 days and nights of heavy rain. The flooding on

252-607: A single moment of the mind. Yao Zhihua writes: In their view, the Buddha is equipped with the following supernatural qualities: transcendence ( lokottara ), lack of defilements, all of his utterances preaching his teaching , expounding all his teachings in a single utterance, all of his sayings being true, his physical body being limitless, his power ( prabhāva ) being limitless, the length of his life being limitless, never tiring of enlightening sentient beings and awakening pure faith in them, having no sleep or dreams, no pause in answering

294-402: Is longest this city extends ten miles in length, and that its breadth is one and threequarters miles; that the city has been surrounded with a ditch in breadth 600 feet, and in depth 45 feet; and that its wall has 570 towers and 64 gates." - Arrian "The Indica" Strabo in his Geographia adds that the city walls were made of wood. These are thought to be the wooden palisades identified during

336-559: Is mentioned in early Buddhist text Mahaparinibbana Sutta but no mention of Pataliputra in written sources prior to the early Jain and Buddhist texts (the Pali Canon and Āgamas ), where it appears as the village of Pataligrama and is omitted from a list of major cities in the region. Early Buddhist sources report a city being built in the vicinity of the village towards the end of the Buddha's life; this generally agrees with archaeological evidence showing urban development occurring in

378-522: Is mentioned in the Puranic lists, Nandivardhana. According to the Bhagavata Purana , Kākavarṇa was succeeded by seven kings and lists them as following; Kṣemadharmā, Kṣetrajña, Vidhisāra, Ajātaśatru, Darbhaka, Ajaya, Nandivardhana, and Mahanandin . Other Puranas list Nandivardhana as the ninth Shaishunaga king and his son Mahanandin as the tenth and the last Shaishunaga king. Mahanandin

420-535: The Ekavyāvahārika , Kukkuṭika, and Lokottaravāda as being doctrinally indistinguishable. According to Vasumitra, 48 theses were held in common by these three Mahāsāṃghika sects. Of these 48 special theses, 20 points concern the supramundane nature of buddhas and bodhisattvas . According to the Samayabhedoparacanacakra , these four groups held that the Buddha is able to know all dharmas in

462-533: The Harshacharita , he was killed by a dagger thrust into his throat in the vicinity of his capital. According to Buddhist tradition, he had nine or ten sons, who were ousted by Ugrasena Nanda . According to Buddhist tradition, ten sons of Kalashoka ruled simultaneously. The Mahabodhivamsa states their names as Bhadrasena , Korandavarna , Mangura , Sarvanjaha , Jalika , Ubhaka , Sanjaya , Koravya , Nandivardhana and Panchamaka . Only one of them

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504-548: The Mauryan Empire ( c.  320 –180 BCE) it was among the first cities in the world to have a highly efficient form of local self government . The location of the site was first identified in modern times in 1892 by Laurence Waddell , published as Discovery of the Exact Site of Asoka's Classic Capital . Extensive archaeological excavations have been made in the vicinity of modern Patna. Excavations early in

546-686: The Nandas , Mauryans , Shungas and the Guptas down to the Palas . Situated at the confluence of the Ganges , Gandhaka and Son rivers, Pataliputra formed a "water fort, or jaldurga ". Its position helped it dominate the riverine trade of the Indo-Gangetic plains during Magadha 's early imperial period. It was a great centre of trade and commerce and attracted merchants and intellectuals, such as

588-788: The Shishunaga Empire ( c.  413 –345 BCE), Nanda Empire ( c.  460 or 420  – c.  325 BCE ), the Maurya Empire ( c.  320 –180 BCE), the Gupta Empire ( c.  320 –550 CE), and the Pala Empire ( c.  750 –1200 CE). During the Maurya period (see below), it became one of the largest cities in the world . As per the Greek diplomat, traveler and historian Megasthenes , during

630-618: The Sinhala chronicles by his son Kalashoka. On the basis of the evidence of the Ashokavadana , Hermann Jacobi , Wilhelm Geiger and Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar concluded that both are the same. During Shishunaga's reign, he was the governor of Varanasi . The two most significant events of his reign are the Second Buddhist council at Vaishali in 383 BC and the final transfer of the capital to Pataliputra . According to

672-566: The 1600s. In a fanciful 1559 book about world geography, the Italian Caius Julius Solinus briefly mentions a powerful Indian kingdom of Prasia with a capital at Palibotra. Afterwards, Sher Shah Suri made Pataliputra his capital and changed the name to modern Patna. Though parts of the ancient city have been excavated, much of it still lies buried beneath modern Patna. Various locations have been excavated, including Kumhrar , Bulandi Bagh and Agam Kuan . During

714-603: The 20th century around Patna revealed clear evidence of large fortification walls, including reinforcing wooden trusses. In the Sanskrit language, "Pāṭali-" refers to the pāṭalī tree ( Bignonia suaveolens ), while "-putrá" (पुत्र) means "son". One traditional etymology holds that the city was named after the plant. Indeed, according to the Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta ( Sutta 16 of the Dīgha Nikāya ), Pāṭaliputta

756-508: The Ganges. The Varāha Purāṇa , from post-Gupta times, indicates that the confluence of the Gandak and the Ganges was then about 10 km north of the present location. Since Pataliputra derived a lot of its prosperity from river-based commerce, being separated from the river probably dampened its economy. A general decline in international trade toward the end of the Gupta period would have had

798-608: The Great . The city also became a flourishing Buddhist centre boasting a number of important monasteries. It remained the capital of the Gupta dynasty (3rd–6th centuries) and the Pala Dynasty (8th-12th centuries). When Faxian visited the city in 400 A.D, he found the people to be rich and prosperous; they practised virtue and justice. He found that the nobles and householders of the city had constructed several hospitals in which

840-442: The Kukkuṭrārāma monastery there. According to Tāranātha , this school disappeared between the fourth and ninth centuries. In his eighth-century account of the various contemporary Buddhist sects, Vinitadeva does not mention Kukkuṭika. It is possible that this sect had merged completely into Mahāyāna Buddhism by this time. Pataliputra Pataliputra ( IAST : Pāṭaliputra ), adjacent to modern-day Patna , Bihar ,

882-727: The Mahāyāna sūtras as buddhavacana ("words of the Buddha"), while the Lokottaravāda sect and the Ekavyāvahārika sect did accept the Mahāyāna sūtras as buddhavacana . In the early fifth century, the Chinese monk Faxian procured a copy of the Mahāsāṃghika vinaya from a monastery in Pāṭaliputra that he describes as "Mahāyāna". The Kukkuṭikas were a Mahāsāṃghika sect known to exist in Pāṭaliputra, even having alternate names linking them to

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924-523: The Mauryan period, the city was described as being shaped as parallelogram, approximately 2.5 kilometers (1.5 miles) wide and 15 kilometers (9 miles) long. Its wooden walls were pierced by 64 gates. Archaeological research has found remaining portions of the wooden palisade over several kilometers, but stone fortifications have not been found. Shaishunaga dynasty The Shishunaga dynasty ( IAST : Śaiśunāga , literally "of Shishunaga")

966-521: The Son apparently caused the Ganges to overflow as well, and Pataliputra was inundated on multiple sides. The account describes widespread destruction in Pataliputra, although it also says that the city was rebuilt afterwards. A third possible contributing factor is deliberate destruction by invading Hunas in the early 500s. A thick layer of ashes found at the 80-pillar hall at Kumrahar suggests that

1008-478: The area around Vārāṇasī . The sixth-century Indian monk Paramārtha associates the initial composition and acceptance of Mahāyāna sūtras with the Mahāsāṃghika branch of Buddhism. He wrote that the Mahāsāṃghikas initially split into three groups based upon the relative manner and degree to which they accepted the authority of Mahayana teachings. Paramārtha states that at this time, the Kukkuṭika sect did not accept

1050-577: The area no earlier than the 3rd or 4th Century BCE. In 303 BCE, Greek historian and ambassador Megasthenes mentioned Pataliputra as a city in his work Indika. Diodorus , quoting Iambulus mention that the king of Pataliputra had a " great love for the Greeks ". The city of Pataliputra was formed by fortification of a village by Haryanka ruler Ajatashatru , son of Bimbisara . Its central location in north eastern India led rulers of successive dynasties to base their administrative capital here, from

1092-521: The building may have been destroyed by fire, possibly corroborating this theory. Pataliputra seems to have recovered somewhat by the early Pala period. The Khalimpur plate of Dharmapala , from the early 800s, gives a vivid description of Pataliputra as a river port and royal encampment. It describes the crowds of boats, elephants, horses, and "limitless foot-soldiers of all the kings of Jambudvīpa assembled to render homage" to Dharmapala. B. P. Sinha interpreted this inscription to mean that Pataliputra

1134-456: The capital of Magadha. The Sangam Tamil epic Akanaṉūṟu mentions Nanda kings ruling Pataliputra. Girnar fifth Major Rock Edict of Ashoka mention Patliputra: (M).They are occupied everywhere, both in Pățaliputra and in the outlying [......] and whatever other relatives of mine (there are). (N). These Mahamatras of morality [......] whether one is eager for morality [......]. (0). For

1176-562: The excavation of Patna. "At the confluence of the Ganges and of another river is situated Palibothra, in length 80, and in breadth 15 stadia . It is in the shape of a parallelogram, surrounded by a wooden wall pierced with openings through which arrows may be discharged. In front is a ditch, which serves the purpose of defence and of a sewer for the city." - Strabo , "Geographia" Aelian , although not expressly quoting Megasthenes nor mentioning Pataliputra, described Indian palaces as superior in splendor to Persia 's Susa or Ecbatana : "In

1218-540: The famed Chanakya , from all over India. Two important early Buddhist councils are recorded in early Buddhist texts as being held here, the second session of the Second Buddhist council in the reign of Ashoka , 35 years after the first session held in Vaisali and the Third Buddhist council . Jain and Hindu sources identify Udayabhadra , son of Ajatashatru , as the king who first established Pataliputra as

1260-404: The following purpose has this rescript on morality been written [......]. -Major Rock Edict No.5, Girnar, E. Hultzsch translation During the reign of Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE, it was one of the world's largest cities, with a population of about 150,000–400,000. The city is estimated to have had a surface of 25.5 square kilometers, and a circumference of 33.8 kilometers, and

1302-684: The people itself the Palibothri, - nay, even the whole tract along the Ganges. Their king has in his pay a standing army of 600,000 foot-soldiers, 30,000 cavalry, and 9000 elephants : whence may be formed some conjecture as to the vastness of his resources." Megasthenes , in Indica The city prospered under the Mauryas and a Greek ambassador, Megasthenes , resided there and left a detailed account of its splendour, referring to it as "Palibothra": " Megasthenes says that on one side where it

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1344-402: The poor of all countries, the destitute, the crippled and the diseased can get treatment. They could receive every kind of help gratuitously. Physicians would inspect the diseases, and order them food, drink, and medicines. When Xuanzang visited Pataliputra in the year 637, he found the city in ruins. He wrote that the old city had been completely deserted for many years, and all that was left

1386-519: The royal residences in India where the greatest of the kings of that country live, there are so many objects for admiration that neither Memnon 's city of Susa with all its extravagance, nor the magnificence of Ecbatana is to be compared with them. (...) In the parks, tame peacocks and pheasants are kept." - Aelian in " De Natura Animalium " Under Ashoka, most of wooden structure of Pataliputra palace may have been gradually replaced by stone. Ashoka

1428-525: Was Vaishali ; but later shifted to Pataliputra , near the present day Patna , during the reign of Kalashoka. According to tradition, Kalashoka was succeeded by his ten sons. This dynasty was succeeded by the Nanda dynasty in c.  345 BCE . Shishunaga founded his dynasty in 413 BCE with its capital in Rajgir and later Pataliputra (both in what is now Bihar ). Buddhist sources indicate that he had

1470-456: Was Dharmapala's capital, but A. S. Altekar disputed this, saying that the inscription only refers to Pataliputra as a skandhāvāra , or camp, where Dharmapala stayed while on a campaign or tour. While Pataliputra is mentioned in contemporary sources, archaeologists have not found any evidence from the Pala period at Pataliputra. At least at Kumrahar, there are no traces of human settlement until

1512-492: Was a city in ancient India , originally built by Magadha ruler Ajatashatru in 490 BCE, as a small fort ( Pāṭaligrāma ) near the Ganges river. Udayin laid the foundation of the city of Pataliputra at the confluence of two rivers, the Son and the Ganges . He shifted his capital from Rajgriha to Pataliputra due to the latter's central location in the empire. It became the capital of major powers in ancient India, such as

1554-416: Was a small walled town by the bank of the Ganges, home to no more than about 1,000 people. According to Rajeshwar Prasad Singh, this small town had probably been built after the old city's destruction, as opposed to being a surviving part of the old town. Xuanzang wrote that most of the city's old historic buildings had been destroyed, and only their foundation walls remained. One building he noted in particular

1596-526: Was an old stupa that was said to be the first of the 84,000 stupas built by Ashoka. Its foundation had sunken into the ground so that only the ornamental top of the dome was visible, and even that was in precarious condition, he wrote. Of the Kukkuṭārāma monastery on the southeast side of the city, only the foundation remained. Pataliputra's decline had probably begun well before Xuanzang's time. At least at Kumrahar, archaeological evidence seems to suggest

1638-439: Was in the shape of a parallelogram and had 64 gates (that is, approximately one gate every 500 meters). Pataliputra reached the pinnacle of prosperity when it was the capital of the great Mauryan Emperors , Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka. "They surpass in power and glory every other people, not only in this quarter, but one may say in all India, their capital being Palibothra, a very large and wealthy city, after which some call

1680-546: Was known to be a great builder, who may have even imported craftsmen from abroad to build royal monuments. Pataliputra palace shows decorative influences of the Achaemenid palaces and Persepolis and may have used the help of foreign craftmen. Which may be the result of the formative influence of craftsmen employed from Persia following the disintegration of the Achaemenid Empire after the conquests of Alexander

1722-560: Was the place "where the seedpods of the Pāṭali plant break open". Another tradition says that Pāṭaliputra means the son of Pāṭali , who was the daughter of a certain Raja Sudarsan. As it was originally known as Pāṭali-grāma (" Pāṭali village"), some scholars believe that Pāṭaliputra is a transformation of Pāṭalipura , " Pāṭali town". Pataliputra was also called Kusumapura (city of flowers). The Pataliputra

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1764-561: Was the second ruling dynasty of Magadha . According to the Hindu Puranas , this dynasty was the second ruling dynasty of Magadha, succeeding Nagadashaka of the Haryanka dynasty . Shishunaga , the founder of the dynasty. He was initially an amatya or "minister" of the last Haryanka dynasty ruler Nāgadāsaka and ascended to the throne after a popular rebellion in c.  413 BCE . The capital of this dynasty initially

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