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118-618: In ancient times it was the western border of the Liburnians , and the major settlements were Alvona (Labin) and Flanona (Plomin) . The ancient Greeks founded many colonies in the Adriatic and the Mediterranean Sea coasts. They built small colony settlements by the coasts, one of which is known as Rabac or Old Albona. Later they started to build small castles on hills. One of these was Labin. The Greeks called it Aloun. In

236-567: A 10 meter long ship from the 1st century BC were found in Zaton near Nin ( Aenona in Liburnia proper), the ship keel with the bottom planking made of 6 rows of wooden boards on each side, joined together and sewn with resin cords and wooden wedges, testifying to the Liburnian shipbuilding tradition style known as " Serilia Liburnica ". Deciduous trees (oak and beech) were used, while some climber

354-521: A great military operation in Illyricum province in 35 BC, to finally stabilize Roman control of it. This action was first concentrated on the coastal Illyrian tribes to the east of Narona, then was expanded along the depth of Illyrian territory, where continental tribes gave much stronger resistance. After returning from the inland areas of Illyricum, Octavian destroyed the Illyrian pirate communities on

472-463: A hundred names of these hill-forts have kept their roots from prehistory, especially places that had been inhabited permanently, such as Zadar ( Iader ), Nin ( Aenona ), Nadin ( Nedinium ), Rab ( Arba ), Krk ( Curicum ), etc. The dwellings were square, dry-wall, ground-floor buildings of one room. Similar stone houses are preserved in Croatian tradition all over Dalmatia and Kvarner, mostly of

590-603: A passenger, as Lycinus relates in the 2nd-century dialogue, traditionally attributed to Lucian of Samosata : "I had a speedy vessel readied, the kind of bireme used above all by the Liburnians of the Ionian Gulf." Once the Romans had adopted the liburna, they improved it. The benefits gained from the addition of rams and protection from missiles more than made up for the slight loss of speed. The ships also required that

708-716: A reflection of Illyrian southward migration during the Early Iron Age (c. 1000 BCE). The fall of Liburnian domination in the Adriatic Sea and their final retreat to their ethnic region (Liburnia) were caused by the military and political activities of Dionysius the Elder of Syracuse (406 – 367 BC). The imperial power base of this Syracusan tyrant stemmed from a huge naval fleet of 300 tetreras and penteras. After he ended Carthaginian authority in Sicily, he turned against

826-499: A row of oars on each side. The best known Liburnian ship was their oar-propelled warship, known as a libyrnis (λιβύρνις, λιβυρνίς) to the Greeks and a liburna to the Romans. Liburnae may have been shown in a naval battle scene carved on a stone tablet (Stele di Novilara) found near Antique Pisaurum ( Pesaro ) and dated to the 5th or 6th century BC. It depicts a legendary battle between the Liburnian and Picenian fleets. The liburna

944-511: A simultaneous Liburnian resistance on both coasts, whether in their ethnic domain or on the western coast, where their possessions or interests were in danger. A great naval battle was recorded a year after the establishment of Pharos colony, by a Greek inscription in Pharos (384 – 383 BC) and by the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (80 – 29 BC), initiated by conflicts between the Greek colonists and

1062-535: A suitable area for the new building, but the then Austrian appointed podestà, a Croatian, opposed the purchase. The giunta provinciale intervened, voiding the decision of the podestà. The new school was opened in 1902, and before it was completed it was visited by Gabriele D'Annunzio , who was surprised by the Italian population, writing to his friend Francesco Salata : In Pisino - remember? - on that savage slope, so thick with vigorous and impregnable roots, we see

1180-534: A uniform cosmology on which to center their religious practices. Iutossica and Anzotica, the latter identified with Venus ( Venus Ansotica ), Iicus ( Iuppiter Sabasius Iicus ), Taranucus ( Iuppiter Taranucus ) and so on were worshipped in Liburnia . Bindus , identified with Neptune , was worshiped among the Japodes as the guardian deity of springs and seas. Liburnia's economy relied on its strength in

1298-533: A union of tribes and a single ethnic community of Liburnians. Social relations were based on the structure of family and clan. Collections of tumuli correspond to this; there were up to 18 graves in a tumulus through several generations, or individual interments, with up to 8 bodies in each grave. Certain data suggest social division, stratification, and inequality, where the Liburnian aristocracy maintained many privileges, special status, and features of their culture under Roman rule. Liburnian culture mainly developed on

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1416-485: Is also common, especially from southern Italy, from the 8th to 1st centuries BC; mostly Apulian vessels, but also some Greek pottery was imported. The mythology of the people of Illyria is only known through the mention of Illyrian deities on Roman Empire period monuments, some with interpretatio Romana . There appears to be no single most prominent Illyrian god, and there would have been much variation between individual Illyrian tribes . The Illyrians did not develop

1534-513: Is bordered by the flysch hills of central Istria, an area of marlstone and sandstone . The highest point excluding Učka massif is Goli Vrh 539 m (1,768.37 ft) above sea level located south of Labin. The climate and vegetation are distinctly Mediterranean . In the northern part of the Labinština, there is a transitional area towards the continental climate and flora. The coal mines, once important part of economy, were closed down in

1652-576: Is known for the medieval Pazin Castle , the former residence of the Istrian margraves . The town had a population of 8,638 in 2011, of which 4,386 lived in the urban settlement. In 1991 it was made the capital of the county for its location in the geographical centre of the Istrian peninsula and in order to boost the development of its interior territories. Pazin was built in an area rich in history and inhabited since ancient times. The burg surrounding

1770-568: Is uncertain whether the Liburnians joined in the last Great Illyrian Revolt ; this remains debatable, as the only evidence is a damaged inscription found in Verona , mentioning the Iapodes and Liburnians under an unknown leader. Over the centuries, naval power was the most important aspect of warfare for the Liburni. After the empowered Roman forces defeated the Liburni, the region became part of

1888-580: The Vindelician town of Cambodunum (today Kempten ) is apparently derived from the Celtic cambo dunon : "fortified place at the river bend" . One classical source, Servius ' commentary on Virgil 's Aeneid , says on the contrary that the Vindelicians were originally Liburnians – a non-Celtic Indo-European people from the northeastern shores of the Adriatic (modern Croatia ). This caused

2006-409: The Adriatic Sea , which they conducted in their swift galleys . The Romans knew them principally as a people addicted to piracy . The Liburnians constructed different ship types; their galaia was an early prototype of transport galleys, lembus was a fishing ship continued by the present-day Croatian levut , and a drakoforos was apparently mounted with a dragonhead at the prow. Remains of

2124-762: The Chakavian variety of Croatian. It differs from the usual Chakavian (with typical pronoun "ča") because it lacks most palatals, with other parallel deviations called "tsakavism" (cakavizam). In 2019, by the decision of the Ministry of Culture , Labinjonska Cakavica became a protected intangible cultural asset of the Republic of Croatia. According to a 2011 census , Labinština had 22,590 inhabitants. Labinština consists of 4 Municipalities and 1 Town (Labin): Liburnians The Liburnians or Liburni ( Ancient Greek : Λιβυρνοί ) were an ancient tribe inhabiting

2242-757: The Copper Age or from the Early Bronze Age to the end of the Iron Age. Inhumation under tumuli as practiced in Liburnian territory was undoubtedly inherited from earlier times. The transitory remains of culture are represented by various artifacts, mostly jewellery, pottery, and pieces of costume. Other forms are less common, such as weapons, tools etc. Especially numerous are fibulae , some twenty forms and many more variants, as well as ornamental pins. Small sculptures representing animals and people are fairly common. Various coins from 23 mints beginning from

2360-721: The Diet of Istria bought time until they received assurance that a Croatian gymnasium would also be opened. In 1899, by order of the Austrian government, the first Croatian gymnasium of Pazin was to be set up, which caused a "manifestation of Italianness" throughout the Julian March . There were manifestations throughout Istria and Trieste, which caused the diet to decree that also the Italian school would be opened in 1899. The Italian Gymnasium of Pazin prospered, and its initial premises became too small. The consiglio comunale spotted

2478-645: The Etruscans . He made use of the Celtic invasion of Italy, and the Celts became his allies in the Italian peninsula (386 - 385 BC). This alliance was crucial for his politics, then focusing on the Adriatic Sea, where the Liburnians still dominated. In light of this strategy, he established a few Syracusan colonies on the coasts of the Adriatic Sea: Adria at the mouth of Po river and Ancona at

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2596-534: The Littoral for agricultural and tax purposes. The Territory was divided into agricultural fractions. All the parcels were surveyed and mapped to show ownership. Each parcel of land was classified starting from class "I" as the best arable land, to the least arable land, and so-noted on the maps. Grains were harvested, and each type was noted showing yield per acre. The census, surveying, classification of land and forests, and all other noted yields of grain and animals,

2714-497: The People's Liberation Struggle during World War II . On that occasion, more than 1,300 people laid down their lives. After that, Labin became part of Croatia , Yugoslavia . It is an undulating plateau bordered by deeply incised river valleys ( Raša and Krapanski potok ) and a steep sea shore. The majority of land around Labin , Raša and Nedešćina , made of karst limestones are of Cretaceous , Eocene age. The northern part

2832-577: The Republic of Venice . It remained under Venetian rule until 1509. During its time under the Serenissima , Francesco Loredan was the castellan of the fortress, while Secondo de Cà Pesaro served in the position of captain of Pazin, as provveditore of the Republic of Venice. Slavs inhabited the countryside around Pazin since the 9th century; they worked for the German landowners, who lived in

2950-480: The Roman Empire , as well as Liburnia. In that year, near the island of Krk , there was an important naval battle between the forces of Caesar and Pompey, involving local Liburnian support to both sides. Caesar was supported by the urban Liburnian centres, like Iader , Aenona and Curicum , while the rest of Liburnia supported Pompey, including the city of Issa where residents objected to Caesar's support for

3068-588: The Tabula Peutingeriana , Plinio and Tolomeo called it Alvona. In 250 AD the Arab geographer Edrisi called it Albunh which means populated city. The Greek word "acropolis" means city on a hill. Labin is 315 meters high from the sea level and was called hill fort or "castors" or "castrum" in Latin. Before the Romans conquered it in 2nd century BC, Albona was a Liburnian castle. In the first half of

3186-694: The Y-DNA haplogroup patrilineal line J2b2a1-L283 (> J-PH1602) with the exception of one R1b-L2 . The mtDNA haplogroups fell under 2x H7, H13a2a, HV0e and T2b23. Samples from the Late Bronze Age of the Bezdanjača cave in the Lika region yielded Y-DNA R-L2. Pazin Pazin ( Italian : Pisino , German : Mitterburg ) is a town in western Croatia , the administrative seat of Istria County . It

3304-585: The battle near Actium . Octavian made another expedition inland against the Iapodes from the Liburnian port of Senia ( Senj ), and conquered their most important positions in 34 BC. Over the next 2 years the Roman army, led by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa , fought hard battles with the Dalmatae. The Liburnians were not recorded as participants in this war, but their southernmost territories were surely involved. It

3422-457: The foiba of Villa Surani; the principal of the school and rector of the boarding school, Vitale Berardinelli, and professor Antonio Natoli were killed by Yugoslav fleeing forces. After the Germans reoccupied the city, lessons restarted in the boarding school, which was shared with the German soldiers. The latter eventually evicted the school, which was again relocated to a private house. After

3540-538: The 16th century. The Castle was bombed and badly damaged during World War II together with the Italian Gymnasium. Today, its ruins are still visible. According to the 2021 census, its population was 8,279, with 3,981 living in the town proper. At the 2011 census it was 8,638 and 4,386 respectively. The town's administrative area consists of 18 settlements with their respective populations: Climate in this area has high diurnal variations, and there

3658-529: The 18th and 19th. It has been a museum since the end of World War II . The Pazin ponor ( Pazinska jama/Foiba ) located under the castle was partially explored by Édouard-Alfred Martel in 1896 and is the best example of karst hydrography and morphology in Istria. Castle and a gorge inspired Jules Verne for the novel Mathias Sandorf of 1885. Pazin was also home to the Rapicio Castle , built in

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3776-757: The 20th anniversary of the March on Rome, which brought Mussolini's fascists to power. In 1942, the Istrian coal mines reached the highest coal production of 1,158,000 tons. At that time up to 10,000 workers worked in the mines. After the collapse of Fascist Italy in 1943, the city was occupied by the German Wehrmacht and was part of the Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral . A large number of citizens from Labinština took part in

3894-663: The 3rd century BC, it is assumed that they mostly stood aside in the subsequent Roman wars and conflicts with Pyrrhus , Carthage , Macedonia and the southern Illyrian state. Even though Liburnian territory was not involved in these confrontations, it seems that the Liburna warship was adopted by the Romans during the Punic Wars and in the Second Macedonian War . In 181 BC, the Romans established their colony at Aquileia and took control of all Venetia in

4012-456: The 6th and especially the 3rd century have been found in former Liburnian territory, from Greek cities, colonies, Italian cities, Illyrian rulers, North African, Celtic and Roman. Bronze and glass vessels occur very rarely. Pottery is found mostly in settlements and tumuli, but it rarely occurs in tombs, except in rare tombs of Hellenistic type. Pottery was made without throwing, with a mixture of calcite, and burnt on an open fire. Imported pottery

4130-584: The Adriatic to the side aligned with Pompey over the next 2 years until his final defeat in 48 BC. In the same year, Caesar sent his legions to take control of the rebellious Illyricum province, and took the fortress of Promona from Dalmatian hands, making them submit. Throughout this time, Roman rule in Illyricum province, largely nominal, was concentrated in only a few cities on the eastern Adriatic coast, such as Iader , Salona and Narona . Renewed Illyrian and Liburnian piracy motivated Octavian to organize

4248-531: The Baltic cannot be proven, but acquisitions likely occurred in Liburnian territory. Insights into social relations are possible by means of cultural relics, Roman-era inscriptions, and the works of several authors. Mention of the special role of women in Liburnian society can be noted in their writings, but the idea about their matriarchy is scientifically rejected. They describe the original division into several tribes and territorial communities, later fused into

4366-607: The Byzantine Eastern Roman Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in his De Administrando Imperio named Albona as "Castron Albonos". From 1295 it was under the rule of the dukes of Pazin, and from 1381 it found itself under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Aquileia . It fell under Venetian rule at the beginning of the 15th century, and in the north it bordered on feudal lordships as part of

4484-532: The County of Pazin as well as the Pazin county, which was a Roman fortification, and where numerous Roman archaeological finds were uncovered. The areas of Pazin, Draguć (Draguccio), Buzet (Pinguente) and Roč (Rozzo, an important Roman castrum since the 2nd century BC) are rich in Roman finds. The current settlement of Pazin originated with the houses built around a castle erected by Germanic rulers. These were

4602-543: The Dalmatae in Salona . The "Navy of Iader" (Zadar) which may have included both Liburnian and Roman ships, confronted the "Liburnian navy" in service to Pompey, equipped with only Liburnians in their liburnae galleys. Caesar rewarded his supporters in Liburnian Iader and Dalmatian Salona with the status of Roman colonies, but the battle was won by the Liburnian navy, prolonging the civil war, and ensuring control of

4720-627: The French Illyrian Provinces . In 1815 after French defeat, Istria became a possession of Austria . In the redivision of which Austria decided in 1814–1818, the District of Albona , which consisted of two castles Albona and Fianona were made into two separate districts. District of Fianona had six sub-districts; Cere, Kugn, S.Domenica, Dubrova, Rippenda, and Vettue. District of Albona had four sub-districts; Chermenizza, Bergod, Vlakovo and Cerovica. The sub-district of Bersez

4838-550: The Iapodes, Carni , Taurisci and Liburnians. In 84 BC, the Roman consuls enemies of Sulla mobilized an army in Italy and tried to use Liburnian territory, probably some outer island, to organize a military campaign back into Italy, against Sulla. This failed owing to bad weather and the low morale of the soldiers, who massively escaped to their homes in Italy, or refused to cross the sea to Liburnia. The Roman legions once again passed through Liburnian territory, probably by sea along

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4956-486: The Illyrian groups of Dalmatia and Pannonia, and for example Livy considered them "different people from the Illyrians". As foreign sources probably mixed various data on ethnic and non-ethnic Illyrians , it is considered today on the basis of material and linguistic evidence that the Liburni belonged to broader term of "so-called Illyrian peoples", but weren't ethnic Illyrians. However, modern historiography questions

5074-489: The Jesuit college of Trieste, Giacomo Rampelli , was himself from Pazin. In 1836, the first middle school in Pazin was opened. It operated until 1890 when it was moved to Pola (Pula). Teaching in the gymnasium of Pazin was only in the German language. In 1872, the Pazin deputy Francesco Costantini obtained, after long insistence, that also a lower gymnasium with the Italian language would be opened. Slavic parliamentarians of

5192-528: The Labinstina coast in the Sea of Quarnero were frequented by ships from the major cities like Trieste, Venezia, among a few. Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, Labinština and the whole of Istria – except the territory of Castua Kastav – went to Italy . In March and April 1921, the town was the scene of a miners' strike which quickly grew into an anti-fascist rebellion, considered to be

5310-665: The Labinština Peninsula. These twelve communes or districts were placed under the control of Albona, the Head Commune, capo comune. The famous Lutheran reformer Matthias Flacius Illyricus (3 March 1520 – 11 March 1575), was born in Labin and a small exhibition in what was once his house, commemorates this. Unfortunately, due to the counter-reformation, he was forced to live most of his life in exile in Germany where he became

5428-521: The Liburni comes from Hecataeus of Miletus (6th century BCE) and Strabo ("referring to the eighth century BCE"). They reportedly were expelled from Korkyra by the Greeks, where Liburni previously expelled another Illyrian people Taulantii , during the period of foundation of Syracuse, Sicily . Appian also wrote that they possessed Epidamnus in Albania, but both accounts, although possibly anachronistic, don't seem impossible. They are probably

5546-677: The Liburnian language is not clearly established; it is reckoned as an Indo-European language with a significant proportion of the Pre-Indo-European elements from the wider area of the ancient Mediterranean . Some considered close connection to Venetic language of Adriatic Veneti , particularly on the basis of personal names and formation of nomenclature. Two archaeogenetic studies published in Nature and Science (2022) examined 5 samples from four MBA-IA Liburnian tumuli at Velim-Kosa near Zadar. Three out of four men belonged to

5664-480: The Liburnians in 51 BC (probably over possession of the pasture grounds around the Krka river), taking their city Promona . The Liburnians were not strong enough to reconquer it alone, so they appealed to Caesar, then the Roman proconsul of Illyricum. However, the Liburnian army, strategically supported by the Romans, was heavily defeated by the Dalmatae. The civil war between Caesar and Pompey in 49 BC affected all of

5782-485: The Pazin principality. During the Venetian periods, Istria was divided into farming fractions or townships ( comuni ) each having a chief town called capo-comune . The person who was the head of each commune or contrada was called Zuppan and was elected to the position. One of the head townships (Head Commune) was the city of Albona; the other was the city of Fianona. Before 1632 there was only one district and that

5900-684: The Pola and Parenzo (Poreč) areas. In the area surrounding Pazin, there is a very old presence of Croatized Romanians ( Vlachs ). They are recorded as early as 1102 in Moncalvo di Pisino . In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Austrians brought to the County of Pazin many families of Morlachs , especially after the Treaty of Madrid , which ended the Uskok War . As with the other Istrian counties,

6018-513: The Roman province of Dalmatia, but it was considered marginal in a military sense. Burnum on the Krka river became a Roman military camp, while the plains of Liburnia proper inland from Iader, already urbanized, now became easily accessible to control by Roman rulers. However, Liburnian seafaring tradition was not extinguished; it rather acquired a more commercial character under the new circumstances as Liburnia's ports and cities thrived economically and culturally. Despite Romanization , especially in

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6136-440: The Treaty of Paris in 1947. In September 1943, Pazin was attacked and bombarded by Yugoslav Partisans , and subsequently became part of modern-day Croatia. Public education was neglected until the 16th century, when some priests started to teach the basics of Latin to the children of the local nobles and the bourgeoisie . Thereafter, the Pazin comune started to hire an Italian tutor ( precettore italiano ), who had also to serve as

6254-411: The Venetian possessions in the Balkans as the price of peace (18 April 1797) while France acquired the Lombard part of the State. In 1805 Treaty of Pressburg , Istria was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy , of which Napoleon had become king earlier that year. Istria was divided into six "Cantoni" or Districts; Capodistria, Pirano, Parenzo, Rovigno, Dignano, Albona. In 1810 Istria became part of

6372-427: The XIV century the Patriarch of Aquileia ordered a statute for the city of Albona, published in 1341, including in it was the description of the borders of its territory. The Signore Tommasso Luciani, a native from Albona, contributed a copy of the book to the magazine L'Istria. After translating from Latin to Italian, It was noted in the weekly L'Istria the Latin word "Insulae" means Island. Since there were no islands in

6490-460: The Yugoslav partisans entered the city in May 1945, one of their first actions was evicting the school from that private house. It was then relocated to another house. Pisino was then in ruin, but it was decided to restart the school in the boarding school, which was now inhabited by the Croatian clerics, who opposed this. Thanks to the mediation of Italian bishop Santin , the school was successfully restarted there. A sanitary commission then visited

6608-439: The basis of inheritance and independent development, partly through foreign influence, particularly Italic and Hellenic, as well as through the imports of foreign goods. Links with the Pannonian basin were fewer than in Late Bronze Age. Much more important were links with the Iapodes, and especially with the Dalmatae. Histrian culture developed differently, and their links with the Liburnians were less general. The exchange with Italy

6726-502: The battlefield, and one in prison. In 1918, after the Bersaglieri entered the city, works to reopen the school, now dilapidated, were started. It was named after Gian Rinaldo Carli since 1919. The building was further enlarged in 1926 and ten years later the boarding school Fabio Filzi was completed. The school was attended by students from all over Istria, notably Luigi Dallapiccola , Biagio Marin , Pierantonio Quarantotti Gambini , Mario and Licio Visintini , and Dario Leaone,

6844-403: The battlefield. The school was evicted in 1915 and had to resettle in a private house. There were then the first political persecutions, with the arrest of one student and his family and the internment in concentration camp of a professor. It was eventually closed down by the Austrian authorities in 1916. Thirty-tree students of the gymnasium voluntarily participated in the war, four of whom died on

6962-425: The bulk of the fleets, while they were included in smaller numbers in the fleets at Ravenna and Micenum where a large number of Illyrians were serving, especially Dalmatae, Liburnians and Pannonians. Gradually liburna became a generic name for different types of Roman ships, attached also to cargo ships in later Antiquity. Tacitus and Suetonius were using it as a synonym for battle ship. In inscriptions it

7080-509: The castle was inhabited since prehistory . Some of the surrounding rural settlements, such as Glavizza, Vermo , which features a necropolis dating from the 7th to 5th century BC, and the castellieri of Bertossi, likewise inhabited since prehistoric times, developed into urban centers, while others became burgs around newly built castles, and others still remained rural villages. Just to its southeast lie Gallignana ( Gračišče ), castrum Callinianum in Roman times, and Pedena ( Pićan ), which

7198-420: The city of Barban . The Romans built a bridge across the Raša River in Istria County. The road continued through Albona / Labin toward Dalmatia . The Romans built Aqueducts in Istria and other parts of the Roman Empire. Učka mountain ( Monte Maggiore ) is the largest mountain in Istria, located in the Ćićarija (Ciceria) mountain range on the east side of the Istrian peninsula. From this mountain range, water

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7316-406: The city on this and other occasions". The Italians kept in Pazin the headquarters of the Società politica istriana ("Istrian Political Society"). Until 1918, the town (under the name Pisino) was part of the Austrian monarchy (Austrian side after the compromise of 1867 ), seat of the district of the same name, one of the 11 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in the Austrian Littoral province. In

7434-507: The coast, in their next expedition against the Dalmatae (78–76 BC), started from the north, from Aquileia and Istria, to stabilize Roman control of the Dalmatian city Salona. In 59 BC, Illyricum was assigned as a provincia (or zone of responsibility) to Julius Caesar , and the main Liburnian city of Iadera was nominally proclaimed a Roman municipium , but the real establishment of the Roman province occurred no earlier than 33 BC. The Dalmatae soon recovered and entered into conflict with

7552-427: The confirmation, or captain investment. His coadiutori (literally, coadjutors, collaborators) were usually called the giudici rettori . A public notary with Imperial authority acted as chancellor of the comune, stipulating its acts and contracts. In 1890, through an artificial formation of the comune, the Austrian government was able to make the municipio fall to the Slavs, but the Italians "passionately defended

7670-428: The death of Dionysius the Elder. The Liburnians recovered and developed piracy to secure navigable routes in the Adriatic, as recorded by Livius for 302 BC. The middle of the 3rd century BC was marked by the rise of an Illyrian kingdom in the south of the Adriatic, led by king Agron of the Ardiaei . Its piratical activities imperiled Greek and Roman interests in the Adriatic, and caused the first Roman intervention on

7788-405: The district called Liburnia , a coastal region of the northeastern Adriatic between the rivers Arsia ( Raša ) and Titius ( Krka ) in what is now Croatia . According to Strabo 's Geographica , they populated Kerkyra until shortly after the Corinthians settled the island, c. 730 BC. Liburni's archaeological culture can be traced to the Late Bronze Age and "were settled since at least

7906-404: The eastern coast in 229 BC; Florus in Epitome of Roman History noted the Liburnians as the Romans' enemies in this expedition, while Appian (Bell. Civ., II, 39) noted liburnae as swift galleys the Romans first fought with when they entered the Adriatic. The Liburni were allies of their southern Illyrian compatriots, Ardiaei and the others, but from the lack of more records related to them in

8024-423: The eastern coast of Istria. The Romans used this mountain range water source, and the Cepich lake, to feed major cities, from Labin on the east side to Pula ( Pola ) in the south. Roman soldiers built military roads starting in Rome , capital of the Roman Empire , continuing in every direction across the Empire. One of the roads came across Istria County and then branched to major cities. This road came through

8142-429: The end of the 6th century. Due to the destruction with the first invasions, the natives retreated to the fortified cities. The first Slavic tribes did not settle permanently. Croats who came in the 7th century settled permanently. The arrival was of enormous proportions, which is why the road leading from Labin via Pazin to Poreč was named Slavic cesta (lat. Via sclavorum) as early as the 12th century. The 10th century

8260-415: The first of its kind, and the declaration of the short-lived Labin Republic . Under the Italian Fascist government of Benito Mussolini , non-Italians faced stringent political and cultural repression because they had now to integrate themselves into the Kingdom of Italy and learn the Italian language. In 1928 a project to reclaim large parts of the southern part of the Raša Valley and Krapanski Potok

8378-402: The head of the communes was also called a Republic. The borders of the Labinština Peninsula are made up of the Arsa/Raša river, which starts in the lake Cosliaco / Cepich , the only lake in the Istria, on the west and south, and the Kvarner Gulf ( Golfo del Quarnaro ) on the east and south. This lake was being fed by the Planinski masiv Učka mountain range located near Opatija ( Abbazia ) and

8496-448: The highest and most effective form of modern intellectual heroism, the struggle for culture, expand throughout a whole people. We feel with a proud and unanimous heartbeat the right of the great, manifold, transfiguring Latin civilization against the barbaric abuse The Italian gymnasium suffered during World War I , being requisitioned from August 1914 to October of that year. Three of its professors were called to arms, one of whom died on

8614-400: The houses of the family relatives and feudal settlers, to which were later added those of the foreign artisans , who offered their services to the lords of the castle as well as their employees and subjects. Thus a little burg was born, which was greatly developed when Pazin was enfeoffed to the bishops of Parenzo ( Poreč ) and the town became the capital and center of the County of Pazin. Thus

8732-464: The identity was also related to same-named administrative unit in Roman province of Illyricum , making the shared sense of ethnic and political identity prior to the 1st century BCE a matter of debate among modern scholars. The surnames Liburnus, Liburna and personal names Liburnius and Liburnia aren't necessarily related to ethnic identity but rather Liburna, a type of ship, and name for carriers of chair, and server on royal court. The first account of

8850-641: The indigenous Hvar islanders, who asked their compatriots for support. 10,000 Liburnians sailed out from their capital Idassa ( Zadar ), led by the Iadasinoi (people of Zadar), and laid siege to Pharos. The Syracusan fleet positioned in Issa was informed in time, and Greek triremes attacked the siege fleet, taking victory in the end. According to Diodorus, the Greeks killed more than 5,000 and captured 2,000 prisoners, ran down or captured their ships, and burned their weapons in dedication to their god. This battle meant

8968-412: The islands of Melita ( Mljet ) and Korkyra Nigra ( Korčula ), and continued to Liburnia, where he wiped out the last remnants of the Liburnian naval forces, thus resolving the problems of their renewed piratical activities in the bay of Kvarner ( sinus Flanaticus ) and their attempt to secede from Rome. Octavian commandeered all the Liburnian ships. Very soon these galleys would play a decisive role in

9086-532: The larger cities, Liburnians retained their traditions, cults, burial customs ( Liburnian cipus ), names, etc., as attested by the archaeological evidence from that era. The development of Liburnian culture can be divided into 3 main time periods: The principal forms of settlements were forts ( Latin : castellum , Croatian : gradina ) built for defense, usually on elevations and fortified with dry walls. In Liburnian territory, about 400 have been identified so far, but they were considerably more numerous. About

9204-527: The late 20th century. There is a cement factory in Koromačno. The only large production plant is a Plomin Power Station . Tourism is developed along the coast, and elsewhere small production and tertiary activities are constituting the majority of economy. In the karst part, the traditional economic branch was agriculture (small vegetables, cereals and vines on small areas, and livestock). After Lake Čepić

9322-485: The loss of the most important strategic Liburnian positions in the centre of the Adriatic, resulting in their final retreat to their main ethnic region, Liburnia, and their complete departure from the Italic coast, apart from Truentum (nowadays on the border between Marche and Abruzzo ). Greek colonization, however, did not extend into Liburnia, which remained strongly held, and Syracusan dominance suddenly diminished upon

9440-461: The north, thus expanding towards the Illyrian area from the northwest. In 177 BC they conquered Istria to the north of the eastern Adriatic coast, settled by tribe of Histri , while the Iapodes , the northern neighbors of Liburnia, attacked Aquileia in 171 BC. These incidents did not involve Liburnian territory. The Liburnians probably avoided direct conflict with the Romans in order to safeguard their remaining naval activities. After their arrival to

9558-576: The notary and diplomatic language of Pazin remained Latin , in preference to the German language . The Istrian Demarcation ( Razvod istarski ) was written in 1325 in Croatian and in the Glagolitic script. Beside this debated document, there is only one document written in Croatian , a borders act between Cosliacco ( Kožljak ) and Moschienizze (Draga di Moschiena, Mošćenička Draga ), which, however,

9676-580: The organist of the Church of San Nicolò. The young Pazin students who wanted to pursue their studies in the humanities or philosophy would then move to Trieste or Fiume (Rijeka), where they would study in the local Jesuit colleges. Those who then wanted to continue with higher studies would often go to Padua . Between 1646 and 1766, 73 youngsters from the County of Pazin attended the Jesuit college in Trieste, 41 of whom were from Pazin proper. The rector of

9794-624: The people of Vermo later claiming to have captured and killed all the members of a band of Turkish raiders ( akindjis ). Both the Turks and the Venetians attacked the town of Draguccio (Draguć), in the Pisinese , and part of the County of Pazin since 1350, and destroyed the settlement around its castle during Austrian times. After the little town passed to Venice, the Uskoks and Austrians gave it

9912-439: The regular Roman military unit be simplified in order to function more smoothly. Each ship operated as an individual entity, so the more complicated organization normally used was not necessary. Within the navy, there were probably liburnae of several varying sizes, all put to specific tasks such as scouting and patrolling Roman waters against piracy. The Romans made use of liburnae particularly in some provinces where they formed

10030-431: The rounded form called bunja . The Liburnians buried their dead in graves near or beneath settlements. It is known that they laid their dead on one side in a contracted position, mostly in chests of stone slabs. Tumuli are numerous all over Liburnian territory, especially in the heartland of Liburnia proper (Nin, Zaton, etc.). Although most grave sites were from the beginning of the Iron Age, many were continually used in

10148-502: The same scholarship's methodological identification of ethnicity with material culture, linguistic traces, deities and else which ignores anthropological exchange, and notes that prior 4th century BCE the name of Liburni and Illyrians could have been synonyms and the former was only later distinctively used in narrow sense for people of North Adriatic territory. The Liburnian people, especially when were stationed in foreign land, identified themselves as "Liburnus" or "natione Liburnus", but

10266-600: The same treatment. In 1501, the Turks encamped in the vicinity of Lindar. In the 19th century, the place where they encamped was still known as the Monte dei Turchi ("Mount of the Turks"). The last Ottoman incursion in Istria occurred in Pazin in 1511. On this occasion, they destroyed the castle. In 1508, during the War of the League of Cambrai , the city was conquered by Venetian forces under Bartolomeo d'Alviano , and annexed by

10384-551: The same year, Pazin and all the Peninsula of Istria were transferred to the Kingdom of Italy . Benito Mussolini , then, introduced a fascist regime in Italy which, under the "Duce", began to Italianize the region. There were already many speakers of Italian and Istro-veneto in Pazin. In fact, Pazin was a very multicultural and multilingual town due to its location. Most of Istria became part of Yugoslavia after World War II with

10502-417: The school, evicting it again, and themselves leaving the building in deplorable condition when they departed. The Italians cleaned the school and lessons were restarted, but an exhibition of the Croatian civilization was organized there and the school had to be closed again. It was then moved to the infirmary in the back of the boarding school. The school was later allowed to move back to the previous room, where

10620-607: The sectors of agriculture, stock breeding, crafts, trade, barter, seamanship, fishing, hunting, and food collecting. The Liburnians traded over the whole of the Adriatic, and into the Middle and Eastern Mediterranean and the northwestern Balkan peninsula. They exported mostly to the territories of the Iapodes and Dalmatae, and across the Adriatic to Picenum and southern Italy, especially the commodities of jewellery, cheese, clothing, etc., and they imported mostly from Italy, primarily pottery, and various adopted coins. Importation of amber from

10738-525: The small burg increased its population, both with commoners and nobles, who embellished it with new buildings, such as the hospice founded by Giovanni Mosconi, then the captain of Pazin. Pazin was first mentioned as Castrum Pisinum in a 983 deed regarding a donation by Emperor Otto II to the Diocese of Poreč . It then belonged to the Imperial March of Istria , which had originally been under

10856-425: The small fortresses and rocks, built on the edges of the cliffs. The Italians of Pisino trace their origins to the pre-existing Roman community living in the area of the County of Pazin, having resisted the expansion and assimilation of the newcomers. The Italian ethnicity in the County of Pazin was also kept alive and powered by the continuous contact and relationships with the nearby and strictly Italian communities of

10974-432: The students had to put up without heating in the winter. In February, the rector Stefani was arrested in his home, brought to Albona ( Labin ) and then Abbazia ( Opatija ), where he miraculously managed to escape. The school was definitively closed in the summer of 1946. The current town was mostly built beneath the medieval fortress. The present-day Pazin Castle was rebuilt in the 15th and 16th century and disassembled in

11092-454: The surrounding areas were invaded multiple times by the Turks . These attacks intensified in the 1460s and 1470s. In 1463, Ivan Frankopan devastated Cerovlje and Zarečje before heading to the castle of Pazin. Eventually, however, he did not attack it, heading instead to the less protected Kašćerga and Sovinjak. In 1476 the Turks struck the heartland of the towns of Pazin and Vermo (Beram), with

11210-643: The suzerainty of the newly established Duchy of Carinthia in 976, but separated together with the March of Carniola in 1040. In the 12th century, Mitterburg Castle was in possession of the Lower Carniolan count Meinhard of Schwarzenburg, who held the office of a vogt of the Poreč bishops (in Latin documents he is known as Cernogradus ), and established the Pazin County (earldom). Upon his death, Pazin

11328-659: The tenth century BC in northern Dalmatia". Some Greek and Roman historians considered them to be of Asia Minor origin. According to some scholars, there were some common characteristics between them and Etruscans , but others refute them and the Asia Minor theory isn't generally accepted. Appian considered them as "one of the Illyrian peoples", an "Illyrian tribe", while Florus as the first enemies of Romans during Illyro-Roman Wars . However, although sometimes designated as Illyrian in historical sources and historiography they didn't belong to Illyrii proprie dicti , or to

11446-469: The territory they started to research. It seems during the Roman Empire era, the word Insulae or Island, was used to specify a municipality or commune with its own government in the Roman world. Also it said that a city, which is self governed is called an Insulae. Insulae were also fractions of a city which constituted a body of tenements encircled by a public highway. Albona because it had a Dumviri at

11564-789: The undisputed leader of the conservative wing of the Lutheran movement after the death of Luther. His chief literary legacy was in the area of biblical exegesis. Continuous extraction of coal in Krapan mine began in 1785. In 1797 Treaty of Leoben , preliminary peace agreement between the Holy Roman Empire and the First French Republic that ended the War of the First Coalition , the Austrians were to take

11682-532: The vast Roman Empire for many centuries. The following inscriptions in the church of St. Sabastian's altar was written on the marble tile, Latin : M-IVLIO SEVERO FILIPPO NOBILISSIMO CAESARI NOBILISSIMO PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS RESPVBLICA ALBONESSIVM ( Italian : Marco Iulio Severo Filippo nobilissimo Caesare nobilissimo Principe (ivventvtis) Albona Republica , English: Mark Gulio Severo Filippo most noble Caesar most noble Prince (ivventvtis) Albona Republic ) Slavic tribes have invaded this part of Istria since

11800-417: The west of Liburnia, Roman legions also appeared on its southern borders, defeating the southern Illyrians and finally king Gentius in 167 BC, and during wars against the tribe of Dalmatae in 156–155 BC. The first Roman appearance in Liburnian waters occurred in 129 BC, during the military expedition of the Roman consul Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus against the Iapodes, which ended with hard-won victories over

11918-407: The western Adriatic coast, Issa on the outermost island of the central Adriatic archipelago (island of Vis ) and others. Meanwhile, in 385-384 BC he helped colonists from the Greek island of Paros to establish Pharos ( Starigrad ) colony on the Liburnian island of Hvar , thus taking control of the important points and navigable routes in the southern, central and northern Adriatic. The name of

12036-482: The youngest victim of the foibe massacres . It produced many students who fought for Italy in various wars. It was bombed during World War II, on 4 October 1943, and finally dismantled in 1946, with the demolition of the structure. Its rector Eros Luginbuhl was killed in Spalato ( Split ) by the partisans, while professor Teresita Bonicelli tragically disappeared. Teacher Norma Cossetto was tortured and infoibed in

12154-593: Was added later. The Austrian Littoral was formed in 1849 from coastal territories which were controlled by the Austrian Empire . The Littoral included the cities of: Trieste , Gorizia and Gradisca , Fiume , the Istrian peninsula , the Kvarner (Quarnero) Islands, and Croatia that was not under military control. This gave Austria control of the major ports on the Kvarner Gulf. Austria began mapping

12272-644: Was adopted by the Romans and became a key part of the Roman Navy , possibly by way of the Macedonian navy, in the 2nd half of the 1st century BC. Liburnae ships played a crucial role in the naval battle of Actium in Greece, which lasted from August 31 to September 2 of 31 BC. Because of the liburna's maneuverability and the bravery of its Liburnian crews, these ships completely defeated much bigger and heavier eastern ships, quadriremes and penterames. The liburna

12390-666: Was completed in 1837. In the 19th century, mining was developed (coal mines in the area of Krapan, Ripenda and Tupljak). From 1861 Istria was under Austria-Hungary until 1918. The townships of the territory of Albona were as follows with the city of ALBONA / LABIN as the Head Commune or capo comune of the territory: Since there were no roads in the territory, the sea was the only way that some hamlets would get supplies and exchanged oil, wine, salt, animals, and other goods in exchange for sugar, coffee, tobacco, and clothing. The locals also cut trees and sold timber to buyers who came on flat bottom boats called Trabakul. The following ports on

12508-426: Was different from the battle triremes, quadriremes and quinqueremes — not in terms of rowing, but rather in its specific construction. It was 109 ft (33 m) long and 16 ft (5 m) wide with a 3 ft (0.91 m) draft. Two rows of oarsmen pulled 18 oars per side. The ship could make up to 14 knots under sail and more than 7 under oars. Such a vessel, used as a merchantman, might take on

12626-453: Was drained and the southern part of the Raša Valley and Krapanski Potok was reclaimed, conditions were created for extensive agriculture. The state road Rijeka-Opatija-Pula (D 21) is important for traffic. Language Labinjonska Cakavica, one of the most interesting and oldest indigenous Istrian dialects spoken in and around the town of Labin. It belongs to Northern Chakavian dialect of

12744-510: Was inherited by his son-in-law Count Engelbert III of Gorizia (Görz) in 1186. While most of Istria had gradually been annexed by Venice , Engelbert's descendant Count Albert III of Gorizia in 1374 bequested his Mitterburg estates to the Austrian House of Habsburg , who attached them to their Duchy of Carniola and gave it out in fief to various families, the last of which was the comital House of Montecuccoli from 1766. Pazin and

12862-439: Was mentioned as the last class of battle ships: hexeres , penteres , quadrieres , trieres , liburna . In Medieval sources, "liburna" ships were often recorded in use by Croatian and Dalmatian pirates and sailors, probably not always referring to ships of the same form. The Liburnian language is an extinct language which was spoken by the ancient Liburnians, who occupied Liburnia in classical times. Classification of

12980-564: Was presented as a light ship with one row of oars, one mast, one sail and a prow twisted outwards. Under the prow was a rostrum made for striking enemy ships under the sea. In its original form, the liburna was similar to the Greek penteconter . It had one bench with 25 oars on each side. Later, in the time of the Roman Republic, it became a smaller version of a trireme , but with two banks of oars (a bireme ), faster, lighter, and more agile than biremes and triremes. The liburnian design

13098-474: Was settled by the Histri , and then became a strategically important Roman military settlement under the name Petina . Some historians also link it to Pucinium , an unidentified fortification in central Istria, whose wine was famous even at the Roman court, with Livia , wife of Emperor Augustus , believing that her longevity was due to it. Just to the north of Pazin lies Draguccio ( Draguć ), formerly part of

13216-477: Was started. In 1932 Lake Čepić was drained. In the 1936-1940 a " new town " of Raša was built as part of Mussolini 's urban colonization of Istria. After Raša, new mining settlement Polabin ( Pozzo Littorio ) was built in the valley below the Old Town Labin. Podlabin is the last settlement that was built in the so-called fascist era, from 1940 to 1942, and solemnly inaugurated on 12 October 1942, marking

13334-436: Was still marginally used up to the 16th century, was used ever less, and finally disappeared in the 17th century. By 1500, the city of Pazin, with a population of around 1500 people, was a small center of Italian life. The head of the comune, and elected representative, did not bear the title of zupano ( župan ), but that of gastaldo . He was elected by the twelve counselors of the so-called Banca , and to operate needed

13452-540: Was the District od Albona. The district consisted of the castle of Albona and the castle of Fianona. The district had two collegiate churches for the two castles. In 1632, by The Provictor of Dalmazia and Albania, Antonio Civran, divided the territory of Albona into twelve townships (comuni ), hamlets ( ville) , districts (contrade) and parishes which were the heads of districts before the organization of municipalities. Twelve townships or districts (Contrade) were mapped in

13570-589: Was transported to many cities by Roman aqueducts . The city of Pula (Pola) on the southern tip of Istria was the summer home of the Emperors and Caesar family who also built the Amphitheater , also known as the Arena . The Aqueducts were made of lead pipes and tubes to transport and direct water to various places in Istria. Using aqueducts as a way of transporting water where it was needed had been used across

13688-515: Was used for the cords. A 10th-century AD ship of identical form and size, made with wooden fittings instead of sewn planking joints, was found in the same place, " Condura Croatica " used by the Medieval Croats . Condura could be the closest known vessel to the original "liburna" galley in form, only much smaller, with the features of a quick and agile galley, having a shallow bottom, very straightened but long, with one large Latin sail and

13806-606: Was varied and important. The Liburnians had the most versatile relationships with Picenum and southern Italy because of Liburnian immigration. Trade with the Greeks was more meagre, except in the Hellenistic age. Just as in other parts of the Mediterranean, large quantities of North African coins are prominent. Celtic influence is important, especially in jewellery and tools, but mostly it is not direct. The Liburnians were renowned seafarers, notorious for their raids in

13924-546: Was written in Croatian to please to chieftains of the Moschienizze area, subjects of the lords of Castua ( Kastav ), who didn't understand Latin. The only official language of the public and private documents of the County of Pazin was Latin, which in the 17th century was replaced by the Italian language . Even the acts and the registers from the captain administration were written in Latin, and then in Italian; German, which

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