Misplaced Pages

#657342

33-398: On July 28, 1882, Dr. Hans Heinrich Landolt and Dr. Richard Börnstein , both professors at the " Landwirtschaftliche Hochschule " (Agricultural College) at Berlin, signed a contract with the publisher Ferdinand Springer on the publication of a collection of tables with physical-chemical data. The title of this book "Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen" (Physical-Chemical Tables) published in 1883

66-736: A chemical reaction by a substance that itself was not consumed in the reaction. He obtained selenic acid in 1827 and showed that its salts are isomorphous with the sulphates , while a few years later he proved that the same thing is true of the manganates and the sulfates, and of the permanganates and the perchlorates . He investigated the relation of benzene to benzoic acid and to other derivatives. As related by Gustav Rose Mitscherlich turned away from inorganic chemistry (crystallography) and devoted his attention to organic chemistry, starting out with an investigation of fuel and oil. Mitscherlich kept working on problems of organic chemistry until 1845. His interest in mineralogy led him to study

99-502: Is now available on SpringerMaterials. Hans Heinrich Landolt Hans Heinrich Landolt (5 December 1831 – 15 March 1910) was a Swiss chemist who discovered iodine clock reaction . He is also one of the founders of Landolt–Börnstein database. He tested law of mass conservation which was given by Lavoisier. Landolt was born in Zurich and at the age of nineteen entered the university there to study chemistry and physics. He attended

132-466: The Annales de chimie et de physique . In 1829 the first installment of the first volume of Mitscherlich's Lehrbuch der Chemie appeared. Not until 1840 the second installment of the second part of this monumental text book was printed. The fourth edition of Mitscherlich's Lehrbuch der Chemie was published in 1844–1847; a fifth was begun in 1855, but was never completed. A complete edition of his works

165-633: The Lordship of Jever , where his father was pastor. His uncle, Christoph Wilhelm Mitscherlich (1760–1854), professor at the University of Göttingen , was in his day a celebrated scholar. Eilhard Mitscherlich was educated at Jever by the historian Friedrich Christoph Schlosser , and in 1811 went to the University of Heidelberg devoting himself to philology , with an emphasis on the Persian language . In 1813 he went to Paris to seek permission to join

198-630: The geology of volcanic regions, and he made frequent visits to the Eifel in an attempt to develop a theory on the cause of volcanism. He did not, however, publish any papers on the subject, though after his death his notes were arranged and published by J. L. A. Roth in the Memoirs of the Berlin Academy ( Ueber die vulkanischen Erscheinungen in der Eifel und über die Metamorphie der Gesteine durch erhöhte Temperatur , Berlin, 1865). Mitscherlich

231-480: The public domain in the United States. Eilhard Mitscherlich Eilhard Mitscherlich ( German pronunciation: [ˈaɪlhaʁt ˈmɪtʃɐlɪç] ; 7 January 1794 – 28 August 1863) was a German chemist , who is perhaps best remembered today for his discovery of the phenomenon of crystallographic isomorphism in 1819. Mitscherlich was born at Neuende (now a part of Wilhelmshaven ) in

264-771: The Prussian education minister Karl vom Stein zum Altenstein as successor to Martin Heinrich Klaproth at the University of Berlin. Altenstein did not immediately carry out this suggestion, but he obtained for Mitscherlich a government grant to enable him to continue his studies in Berzelius' laboratory at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm . Mitscherlich returned to Berlin in 1821, and in

297-407: The blanks and add the latest data. The first supplementary volume of the 5th Edition was published in 1927, the second in 1931 and the third in 1935/36. The latter consisted of three sub-volumes with a total of 3,039 pages and contributions from 82 authors. The 6th Edition (1950) was published in line with the revised general frame. The basic idea was to have four volumes instead of one, each of which

330-448: The case of calcite varied with the temperature. On extending this inquiry to other allotropic crystals, he observed a similar variation, and was thus led, in 1825, to the discovery that allotropic crystals, when heated, expand unequally in the direction of dissimilar axes. In the following year he discovered the change, produced by change of temperature, in the direction of the optic axes of selenite . His investigation, also in 1826, of

363-511: The compilation of the "Physikalisch-chemischen Tabellen" (Physical-chemical Tables). Their third edition was published in 1905 with the assistance of Wilhelm Meyerhoffer and a generous financial support by the Berlin Academy of Sciences. In 1882 Landolt became a member of the Berlin Academy. Around that time he made highly remarkable investigations into the kinetics of the iodine clock reaction between iodic acid and sulfurous acid . From 1891 till his retirement in 1905, he served as director of

SECTION 10

#1732797962658

396-611: The embassy which Napoleon I of France was establishing in Persia . The abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1814 put an end to this, and Mitscherlich resolved to study medicine in order that he might enjoy that freedom of travel usually allowed in the East to physicians. He began at Göttingen with the study of chemistry , and this so arrested his attention that he gave up his idea of traveling to Persia. From his days in Göttingen dates

429-481: The gases produced in the Bunsen burner , which had been constructed in the winter of 1854–55. In 1856 Landolt returned to Breslau, where he was soon afterwards joined by Lothar Meyer and Friedrich Konrad Beilstein . In the same year he became a lecturer in chemistry on the strength of his monograph on "Chemische Vorgange in der Flamme der Leuchtgase" (Chemical processes in the flame of illuminating gases). In 1857, he

462-527: The law of chemical valence. After the defense, he went to Berlin to attend lectures of Eilhard Mitscherlich , Rose, Johannes Muller and Dubois. Facilities for experimental research in chemistry were practically non-existent in Berlin at the time, and therefore Landolt left for Heidelberg for a newly founded institute of Robert Bunsen . After devoting himself for a short time to the electrolytic production of calcium and lithium, Landolt started an investigation of

495-548: The lectures of Carl Jacob Löwig and published his first work on stibmethyl in Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft (Writings of the Natural Science Society). He was then appointed assistant to Lowig and followed him in 1853 to Breslau. The same year he obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy with a thesis "Ueber die Arsenäthyle" (On ethyl compounds of arsenic) which was a notable contribution to

528-487: The second chemical institute of the Berlin University. There he worked on three major problems: (i) relation between the melting point and molecular weight, (ii) effect of crystallinity on the optical rotation and (iii) change in weight during chemical reactions. The negative result for the last experiments was regarded as an accurate experimental confirmation of the conservation laws of mass and energy. Landolt

561-536: The summer of 1822 he delivered his first lecture as extraordinary professor of chemistry at the university; in 1825 he was appointed ordinary professor. In 1823 Mitscherlich was elected as foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . In the course of investigating the slight differences discovered by William Hyde Wollaston in the angles of the rhombohedra of the carbonates isomorphous with calcite, Mitscherlich observed that this angle in

594-409: The synthesis of diethyl ether from ethanol and sulfuric acid. Through his careful studies, he realized that the acid was not being consumed during the production of the ether, although the reaction would not proceed unless the acid was present. After reviewing Mitscherlich's findings, Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius was led to coin the term " catalysis " for the acceleration or enablement of

627-509: The treatise on certain parts of Eurasian history, compiled from manuscripts found in the university library and published in Persian and Latin in 1814, under the title Mirchondi historia Thaheridarum historicis nostris hucusque incognitorum Persiae principum . In 1818 Mitscherlich went to Berlin and worked in the laboratory of Heinrich Friedrich Link (1767–1851). There he studied phosphates , phosphites , arsenates and arsenites , and

660-437: The two crystalline modifications of sulfur threw much light on the fact that the two minerals calcite and aragonite have the same composition but different crystalline forms, a property which Mitscherlich called polymorphism. In 1833 Mitscherlich made a series of careful determinations of the vapor densities of a large number of volatile substances, confirming the law of Gay-Lussac . In 1833–34, Mitscherlich investigated

693-591: The volumes in the New series. Group 1 Elementary particles, nuclei and atoms—volumes 21A, B1, B2, and C—have been updated (2020) and published open access in an independent hand book series, Particle Physics Reference Library , following a joint CERN –Springer initiative. These volumes are Theory and experiments , Detectors for particles and radiation , and Accelerators and colliders . Landolt–Börnstein books have gone through various digitization initiatives, from CD-ROM to FTP and PDF formats. Landolt–Börnstein books content

SECTION 20

#1732797962658

726-459: The wavelength, and in 1892 he extended his early work to measurements of the molecular refractivity of organic substances for radiowaves. At Bonn, in 1859, Landolt married Milla Schallenberg, the daughter of Swiss parents settled in Bonn. In 1869, he was appointed to the head of the newly founded technical college at Aachen , where a chemical institute was built according to his plans. His work there

759-686: Was able to carry on his academic work until December 1862. He died at Schöneberg near Berlin in 1863 and was buried in the St Matthäus Kirchhof Cemetery in Schöneberg close to the (eventual) gravesites of Gustav Kirchhoff and Leopold Kronecker . Mitscherlich published, according to the "Catalogue of Scientific Papers", some 76 papers, which appeared chiefly in the "Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin", in Poggendorff's Annalen , and in

792-462: Was able to confirm the conclusions of Jöns Jakob Berzelius as to their composition. His observation that corresponding phosphates and arsenates crystallize in the same form was the germ from which grew his theory of isomorphism (crystallography) , which theory was published in the proceedings of the Berlin Academy of Sciences in December 1819. In that same year Berzelius suggested Mitscherlich to

825-640: Was an honorary member of almost all the great scientific societies, and received the gold medal from the Royal Society of London for his discovery of the law of isomorphism . He was one of the few foreign associates of the French Institute . In 1855, Mitscherlichwas elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In December 1861, symptoms of heart disease made their appearance, but Mitscherlich

858-414: Was called to Bonn where he studied the effect of the atomic composition of liquids containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen on the transmission of light. The results were published in 1862–1864 and were a continuation of the previous researches of John Hall Gladstone . Later in his life he elaborated the work of Hertz (1887–1888) and demonstrated that light waves are differentiated from electric waves merely by

891-483: Was concerned with the relations between physical properties and chemical constitution. In particular, he made use of polarized light and studied optical rotation by various chemicals. In 1880, he was called by the Prussian Ministry of Agriculture to the newly founded Agricultural College in Berlin, where he remained until 1891. There he constructed new laboratories and collaborated with Richard Börnstein in

924-527: Was eventually published in 1923, consisting of two volumes and comprising a total of 1,695 pages. Sixty three authors had contributed to it. The growth that had already been noticed in previous editions, continued. It was clear, that "another edition in approximately 10 years" was no solution. A complete conceptual change of the Landolt–Börnstein had thus become necessary. For the meantime supplementary volumes in two-year intervals should be provided to fill in

957-422: Was known for his humor, friendliness, punctuality and cigar. He was fit and worked as usual until the week before his death, when he had a sudden failure of heart and kidney. He was buried, in accordance with his desire, at Bonn where he spent most memorable years of his life. [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from Obituary notices , by Otto N. Witt (1853–1915), a publication from 1911, now in

990-447: Was published in Berlin in 1896. Original: Jag skall derföre, för att begagna en i kemien välkänd härledning, kalla den kroppars katalytiska kraft, sönderdelning genom denna kraft katalys, likasom vi med ordet analys beteckna åtskiljandet af kroppars beståndsdelar medelst den vanliga kemiska frändskapen. Translation : I shall, therefore, to employ a well-known derivation in chemistry, call [the catalytic] bodies [i.e., substances]

1023-593: Was soon forgotten. Owing to its success the data collection has been known for more than a hundred years by each scientist only as "The Landolt-Börnstein". 1250 copies of the 1st Edition were printed and sold. In 1894, the 2nd Edition was published, in 1905 the 3rd Edition, in 1912 the 4th Edition, and finally in 1923 the 5th Edition. Supplementary volumes of the latter were printed until as late as 1936. New Editions saw changes in large expansion of volumes, number of authors, updated structure, additional tables and coverage of new areas of physics and chemistry. The 5th Edition

Landolt–Börnstein - Misplaced Pages Continue

1056-487: Was that not only diagrams became as important as tables, but that text also became necessary to explain the presented data. The New Series represents over 520 books published between 1961 and 2018 and includes more than 220,000 pages covering mechanical , optical , acoustical , thermal , spectroscopic , electrical and magnetic properties among others. The New Series offers critically evaluated data by over 1,000 expert authors and editors in materials science. Three of

1089-438: Was to cover different fields of the Landolt–Börnstein under different editors. Each volume was given a detailed table of contents. Two major restrictions were also imposed. The author of a contribution was asked to choose a "Bestwert" (optimum value) from the mass of statements of an experimental value in the publications of different authors, or derive a "wahrscheinlichster Wert” (most possible value). The other change of importance

#657342