95-461: Multan ( Saraiki / Urdu : مُلْتَان ; local pronunciation: [mɵlˈtäːnᵊ] ) is a city in Punjab , Pakistan, located on the bank of river Chenab . It is one of the five largest urban centres of Pakistan in 2024 and is the administrative centre of Multan Division . It is a major cultural, religious and economic centre of Punjab region, Multan is one of the oldest cities of Asia with
190-487: A thakur to govern from Multan, and used his army to settle boundary disputes with Kashmir . Multan was first invaded by a Muslim army after the reign of the caliph Ali , in 664 CE, when Mohalib, an Arab general, occupied the city. The expedition, however, seems to have been directed towards exploration of the country as no attempt was apparently made to retain the conquest. After his conquest of Sindh, Muhammad ibn Qasim in 712 CE captured Multan from Raja Dahir following
285-571: A "large city" commanded by a citadel that was surrounded by a moat. In the early 12th century, Multani poet Abdul Rahman penned the Sandesh Rasak , the only known Muslim work in the medieval Apabhraṃśa language. In 1175, Muhammad Ghori conquered Ismaili-ruled Multan, after having invaded the region via the Gomal Pass from Afghanistan into Punjab, and used the city as a springboard for his unsuccessful campaign into Gujarat in 1178. Multan
380-509: A Saraiki version of its site, as well. The language, partly codified during the British Raj , derived its emotional attraction from the poetry of the Sufi saint, Khawaja Ghulam Farid , who has become an identity symbol. His poems, known as Kafi are still famous. The beloved's intense glances call for blood The dark hair wildly flows The Kohl of the eyes is fiercely black And slays
475-595: A centre for slave-trade, though slavery was banned in the late 1300s by Muhammad Tughluq's son, Firuz Shah Tughlaq . The extent of Multan's influence is also reflected in the construction of the Multani Caravanserai in Baku , Azerbaijan — which was built in the 15th to house Multani merchants visiting the city. Legal records from the Uzbek city of Bukhara note that Multani merchants settled and owned land in
570-589: A decisive defeat. Delhi Sultan Alauddin Khalji dispatched his brother Ulugh Khan in 1296 to conquer Multan region which was governed by surviving family members of his predecessor. (Sultan Jalal-ud-din Khalji ) After usurping the throne of Delhi, Alauddin decided to eliminate the surviving family members of Jalaluddin, who were present in Multan. In November 1296, he sent a 30,000–40,000 strong army led by Ulugh Khan and Zafar Khan to Multan who successfully captured
665-473: A dialect of either Sindhi or of Panjabi due to a high degree of mutual intelligibility. The following dialects have been tentatively proposed for Saraiki: The historical inventory of names for the dialects now called Saraiki is a confusion of overlapping or conflicting ethnic, local, and regional designations. One historical name for Saraiki, Jaṭki, means "of the Jaṭṭs ", a northern South Asian ethnic group. Only
760-780: A history stretching deep into antiquity. Multan was part of the Achaemenid Empire of Iran in the early 6th century BC. The ancient city was besieged by Alexander the Great during the Mallian Campaign . Later it was conquered by the Umayyad military commander Muhammad bin Qasim in 712 CE after the conquest of Sindh. In 9th century it became a separate state, Emirate of Multan ruled by the Arab rulers. The region came under
855-403: A language in its own right and see the use of the term "dialect" as stigmatising . A language movement was started in the 1960s to standardise a script and promote the language. The national census of Pakistan has tabulated the prevalence of Saraiki speakers since 1981. Saraiki is primarily spoken in the south-western part of the province of Punjab , in an area that broadly coincides with
950-442: A set of implosives , so that for each place of articulation there are up to five contrasting stops, for example: voiceless /tʃala/ 'custom' ~ aspirated /tʃʰala/ 'blister' ~ implosive /ʄala/ 'cobweb' ~ voiced /dʒala/ 'niche' ~ voiced aspirate /dʒʰəɠ/ 'foam'. There are five contrasting places of articulation for the stops: velar , palatal , retroflex , dental and bilabial . The dentals /t tʰ d dʰ/ are articulated with
1045-458: A small minority of Saraiki speakers are Jaṭṭs, and not all Saraiki speaking Jaṭṭs necessarily speak the same dialect of Saraiki. However, these people usually call their traditions as well as language as Jataki . Conversely, several Saraiki dialects have multiple names corresponding to different locales or demographic groups. The name " Derawali " is used to refer to the local dialects of both Dera Ghazi Khan and Dera Ismail Khan , but "Ḍerawali" in
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#17327881213671140-533: A time when the city became known as Dar al- Aman ( "Abode of Peace" ). During the Mughal era, Multan was an important centre of agricultural production and manufacturing of cotton textiles. Multan was a centre for currency minting, as well as tile-making during the Mughal era. Multan was also host to the offices of many commercial enterprises during the Mughal era, even in times when the Mughals were in control of
1235-647: A two-month siege. Following ibn Qasim's conquest, the city's Subjects remained mostly non-Muslim for the next few decades under the Umayyad Caliphate. By the mid-800s, the Banu Munabbih (855–959) also known as the Banu Sama , who claimed descent from Muhammad 's Quraysh tribe came to rule Multan, and established the Emirate of Banu Munabbih, which ruled for the next century. During this era,
1330-399: A week on the back of an elephant for Friday prayers. Multan became capital of Emirate of Multan in 855. Al Masudi of Baghdad who visited Indus valley in 915 A.D mentioned in his book "Meadows of Gold" that it is one of the strongest frontier places of Muslims and in its neighbourhood there are a hundred and twenty thousand towns and villages". By the mid 10th century, Multan had come under
1425-474: Is a nasalised retroflex flap [ɽ̃] . The contrasts /ŋ/ ~ /ŋɡ/ , and /ɲ/ ~ /ɲdʒ/ are weak; the single nasal is more common in southern varieties, and the nasal + stop cluster is prevalent in central dialects. Three nasals /ŋ n m/ have aspirated counterparts /ŋʰ nʰ mʰ/ . The realisation of the alveolar tap /ɾ/ varies with the phonetic environment. It is trilled if geminated to /ɾɾ/ and weakly trilled if preceded by /t/ or /d/ . It contrasts with
1520-720: Is also being offered by English department of Ghazi University , Dera Ghazi Khan and MA Saraiki is being offered by Gomal University , Dera Ismail Khan privately. It is taught as a subject in schools and colleges at higher secondary and intermediate. Saraiki is also taught at degree level at the Allama Iqbal Open University at Islamabad, and the Al-Khair University at Bhimbir have Pakistani Linguistics Departments. They offer M.Phil. and Ph.D in Saraiki. The Associated Press of Pakistan has launched
1615-519: Is an Indo-Aryan language of the Lahnda group, spoken by around 28 million people primarily in the south-western half of the province of Punjab in Pakistan. It was previously known as Multani , after its main dialect. Saraiki has partial mutual intelligibility with Standard Punjabi , and it shares with it a large portion of its vocabulary and morphology . At the same time in its phonology it
1710-465: Is found in the northeastern Jhangi dialect , considered transitional between Standard Punjabi and Saraiki by Wagha (1997 , p. 229), which is characterised by a lack of phonemic contrast between implosives and plain stops, and a preference for implosives even in words where Saraiki has a plain stop. The dental implosive in Jhangi is articulated with the tongue completely covering the upper teeth. It
1805-789: Is not phonemic ; it is phonetically realised on the whole syllable, and results from an underlying /h/ that follows the vowel, thus [ɓʰɛh] is phonemically /ɓɛh/ . The historical origin of the Saraiki implosives has been on the whole the same as in Sindhi. Their source has generally been the older language's series of plain voiced stops, thus Sanskrit j anayati > Saraiki ʄ əɲən 'be born'. New plain voiced stops have in turn arisen out of certain consonants and consonant clusters (for example, y ava > dʒ ao 'barley'), or have been introduced in loanwords from Sanskrit , Hindi , Persian or English ( ɡ ərdən 'throat', b əs 'bus'). The following table illustrates some of
1900-426: Is not present in Saraiki, although Bahl (1936 , p. 29) contends that it should be reconstructed for the earlier language. Its absence has been attributed to structural factors: the forward articulation of /ʄ/ and the lesser retroflexion of /ᶑ/ . Aspirated ( breathy voiced ) implosives occur word-initially, where they contrast with aspirated plain stops: /ɓʰɛ(h)/ 'sit' ~ /bʰɛ/ 'fear'. The aspiration
1995-527: Is radically different (particularly in the lack of tones, the preservation of the voiced aspirates and the development of implosive consonants), and has important grammatical features in common with the Sindhi language spoken to the south. Saraiki however, does relate considerably with other Western Punjabi dialects. There is a political movement in Pakistan to declare Saraiki the administrative language of its own region. The Saraiki language identity arose in
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#17327881213672090-633: Is regarded as a saint by both Sufis and Sikhs , was born in Uch, Multan province. In the second half of the 17th century, Multan's commercial fortunes were adversely affected by silting and shifting of the nearby river, which denied traders vital trade access to the Arabian Sea . Multan witnessed difficult times as the Mughal Empire waned in power following the death of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707. Under Mughal rule, Multan enjoyed 200 years of peace in
2185-511: Is the Majhi dialect of Punjabi , which has long been the basis of standard literary Punjabi. However, outside of Indo-Aryanist circles, the concept of "Lahnda" is still found in compilations of the world's languages (e.g. Ethnologue ). Saraiki appears to be a transitional language between Punjabi and Sindhi . Spoken in Upper Sindh as well as the southern Panjab, it is sometimes considered
2280-587: Is unique in Indo-Aryan and that speakers of Multani take pride in its distinctiveness. The plain voiced /ɖ/ and the implosive /ᶑ/ are mostly in complementary distribution although there are a few minimal pairs, like /ɖakʈəɾ/ 'doctor' ~ /ᶑak/ 'mail'. The retroflex implosive alternates with the plain voiced dental stop /d/ in the genitive postposition /suffix /da/ , which takes the form of /ᶑa/ when combined with 1st or 2nd person pronouns: /meᶑa/ 'my', /teᶑa/ 'your'. A dental implosive ( /ɗ̪/ )
2375-522: The Indus River . These efforts culminated in a battle at Brahmanabad , in which the region's governor, Agham Lohana , was killed. Chach remained in Brahmanabad for a year to cement his authority there, and appointed Agham's son Sarhand as his governor; Sarhand was also wed to Chach's niece. Chach took Agham's widow as his wife, as well. From Brahmanabad , he raided Sassanid territory through
2470-594: The Ismaili Fatimid Dynasty based in Cairo. During this period, Uch and Multan remained a central pilgrimage site for Vaishnavite and Surya devotees, and their admixture with Isma’īlīsm created the Satpanth tradition. Hence, the beginning of the eleventh century witnessed a sacral and political diversity in Uch that was both unique and precarious. The Qarmatian Ismailis opposed Hindu pilgrims worshipping
2565-469: The Salt Range is the rough divide with the northern varieties of Lahnda, such as Pothwari . Saraiki is the first language of approximately 29 million people in Pakistan according to the 2023 census. The first national census of Pakistan to gather data on the prevalence of Saraiki was the census of 1981. In that year, the percentage of respondents nationwide reporting Saraiki as their native language
2660-579: The Turkic king Iltutmish , the third Sultan of the Mamluk dynasty, captured and then annexed Multan in an expedition. The Punjabi poet Baba Farid was born in the village of Khatwal near Multan in the 1200s. Qarlughids attempted to invade Multan in 1236, while the Mongols tried to capture the city in 1241 after capturing Lahore – though they were repulsed. The Mongols under Sali Noyan then successfully held
2755-417: The blade of the tongue against the surface behind the teeth. The retroflex stops are post-alveolar , the articulator being the tip of the tongue or sometimes the underside . There is no dental implosive, partly due to the lesser retroflexion with which the retroflex implosive /ᶑ/ is pronounced. The palatal stops are here somewhat arbitrarily represented with [tʃ] and [dʒ] . In casual speech some of
2850-811: The influence of the Qarmatian Ismailis. The Qarmatians had been expelled from Egypt and Iraq following their defeat at the hands of the Abbasids there. Qarmatians zealots had famously sacked Mecca , and outraged the Muslim world with their theft and ransom of the Kaaba 's Black Stone , and desecration of the Zamzam Well with corpses during the Hajj season of 930 CE. The governor of Jhang, Umar bin Hafas,
2945-458: The retroflex flap /ɽ/ ( /taɾ/ 'wire' ~ /taɽ/ 'watching'), except in the variety spoken by Hindus. The fricatives /f v/ are labio-dental . The glottal fricative /ɦ/ is voiced and affects the voice quality of a preceding vowel. There are no tones in Saraiki. All consonants except /h j ɳ ɽ/ can be geminated ("doubled"). Geminates occur only after stressed centralised vowels, and are phonetically realised much less markedly than in
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3040-471: The 1300s during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, and noted that Multan was a trading centre for horses imported from as far away as the Russian Steppe . Multan had also been noted to be a centre for slave-trade, though slavery was banned in the late 1300s by Muhammad Tughluq's son, Firuz Shah Tughlaq . In 1397, Multan was besieged by Tamerlane 's grandson Pir Muhammad . Pir Muhammad's forces captured
3135-501: The 1960s, encompassing more narrow local earlier identities (like Multani, Derawi or Riasati), and distinguishing itself from broader ones like that of Punjabi. Due to effects of dominant languages in Pakistani media like Urdu, Standard Punjabi and English and religious impact of Arabic and Persian, Saraiki like other regional varieties of Pakistan are continuously expanding its vocabulary base with loan words. The present extent of
3230-654: The Druze religion, which today survives in Lebanon, Syria , and the Golan Heights. Following Mahmud's death in 1030, Multan regained its independence from the Ghaznavid empire and came under the sway of Ismaili rule once again. Shah Gardez , who came to Multan in 1088, is said to have contributed in the restoration of the city. By the early 1100s, Multan was described by the Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi as being
3325-852: The Early Harappan period of the Indus Valley civilization between 3000 BC until 2800 BC. According to the Hindu religious texts, Multan was founded by the sage Kashyapa. These texts also assert that Multan was the capital of the Trigarta Kingdom ruled by the Katoch dynasty during the Kurukshetra War that is central to the Hindu epic poem, the Mahabharata . The city was visited by Greek admiral Skylax , who passed through
3420-510: The Indo-European languages. In Christopher Shackle's analysis, Saraiki distinguishes up to 48 consonants and 9 monophthong vowels. The "centralised" vowels /ɪ ʊ ə/ tend to be shorter than the "peripheral" vowels /i ɛ a o u/ . The central vowel /ə/ is more open and back than the corresponding vowel in neighbouring varieties. Vowel nasalisation is distinctive: /'ʈuɾẽ/ 'may you go' vs. /'ʈuɾe/ 'may he go'. Before /ɦ/ ,
3515-583: The Islamic world. It rose as an important trading and mercantile centre in the setting of political stability offered by the Delhi Sultanate, the Lodis, and Mughals. The renowned Arab explorer Ibn Battuta visited Multan in the 1300s during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, and noted that Multan was a trading centre for horses imported from as far away as the Russian Steppe . Multan had also been noted to be
3610-582: The Khwarazmian Empire, whose origins were rooted in Konye-Urgench in modern-day Turkmenistan. Uch and Sindh were also in control of Qabacha. Qabacha also captured Lahore many times and ruled all these regions. He repulsed a 40-day siege imposed on Multan city by Mongol forces who attempted to conquer the city. He gathered a large army from Uch, Multan and Bukkhar (Sukkur) and Mongols were repulsed. Following Qabacha's death that same year,
3705-469: The Multan Sun Temple was noted by the 10th century Arab geographer Al-Muqaddasi to have been located in a most populous part of the city. The Hindu temple was noted to have accrued the Muslim rulers large tax revenues, by some accounts up to 30% of the state's revenues. During this time, the city's Arabic nickname was Faraj Bayt al-Dhahab , ("Frontier House of Gold"), reflecting the importance of
3800-645: The Multani script in ISO/IEC 10646 was submitted in 2011. Saraiki Unicode has been approved in 2005. The Khojiki script has also been in use, whereas Devanagari and Gurmukhi are not employed anymore. The Department of Saraiki, Islamia University , Bahawalpur was established in 1989 and the Department of Saraiki, Bahauddin Zakariya University , Multan was established in 2006. BS Saraiki
3895-506: The Persian Safavid empire . It was one of Mughal Empire's largest provinces by land area and population. In 1627, Multan was encircled by walls that were built on the order of Murad Baksh , son of Shah Jahan . Upon his return from an expedition to Balkh in 1648, the future emperor Aurangzeb was appointed Governor of provinces of Multan and Sindh – a post he held until 1652. In 1680, the renowned Punjabi poet, Bulleh Shah , who
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3990-615: The Sunni creed. He destroyed the Ismaili congregational mosque that had been built above the ruins of the Multan Sun Temple, and restored the city's old Sunni congregational mosque, built by Muhammad bin Qasim . The 11th century scholar Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi reported that the Ismaili community was still living in the city. Following the Ghaznavid invasion of Multan, the local Ismaili community split, with one faction aligning themselves with
4085-521: The actual numbers, as the speakers will often refer to their language using narrower dialect or regional labels, or alternatively identify with the bigger language communities, like those of Punjabi, Hindi or Urdu. Therefore, the number of speakers in India remains unknown. There have been observations of Lahnda varieties "merging" into Punjabi (especially in Punjab and Delhi), as well as of outright shift to
4180-516: The area in 515 BCE. The city was also mentioned by the Greek historian Herodotus in 400 BC. Multan is believed to have been the Malli capital that was conquered by Alexander the Great in 326 BCE as part of the Mallian Campaign . The Mallian people , together with nearby tribes, gathered an army of 90,000 personnel to fight against an army of 50,000 Greeks. This was the largest army faced by Greeks in
4275-699: The belt of service on my waist and put on the cap of companionship for another five years. I imparted lustre to the water of Multan from the ocean of my wits and pleasantries. In the 1320s Multan was conquered by Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq , he was made the governor of Multan and South Punjab, Sindh regions and of Depalpur. He was the founder of the Turkic Tughluq dynasty , the third dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate . Earlier he spent his time in Multan and fought 28 battles against Mongols from there and saved
4370-624: The cities of Chiniot and Shorkot, including present day Faisalabad . Shah Husayn successfully repulsed attempted invasion by the Delhi Sultans led by Tatar Khan and Barbak Shah. Multan's Langah Sultanate came to an end in 1525 when the city was invaded by rulers of the Arghun dynasty, who were either ethnic Mongols, or of Turkic or Turco-Mongol extraction. In 1541, the Pashtun king Sher Shah Suri captured Multan, and successfully defended
4465-418: The city after two months of siege. Amir Khusrau , the famous Indo-Persian Sufi singer, musician, poet and scholar visited Multan on the invitation of Khan Muhammad. Multan at the time was the gateway to India and was a center of knowledge and learning. Caravans of scholars, tradesmen and emissaries transited through Multan from Baghdad , Arabia and Persia on their way to Delhi. Khusrau wrote that: I tied
4560-515: The city from the advances of the Mughal Emperor Humayun . In 1543, Sher Shah Suri expelled Baloch dynasty , who under the command of Fateh Khan Mirrani had overrun the city. Following its recapture, Sher Shah Suri ordered construction of a road between Lahore and Multan to connect Multan to his massive Grand Trunk Road project. Sher Shah Suri also built (or renovated) Delhi-Multan road , the ancient trade route had existed since
4655-468: The city in 1398 following the conclusion of the 6-month-long siege. Khizr Khan the governor of Multan allied with Amir Timur. Timur captured Lahore and gave its control to Khizr khan as reward for his support. Also in 1398, the elder Tamerlane and Multan's Governor Khizr Khan together sacked Delhi. The sack of Delhi lead to major disruptions of the Sultanate's central governing structure. Khizr Khan ruled
4750-566: The city in the late 1550s. Multan would remain an important trading centre until the city was ravaged by repeated invasions in the 18th and 19th centuries in the post-Mughal era. Many of Multan's merchants then migrated to Shikarpur in Sindh , and were found throughout Central Asia up until the 19th century. Following the conquest of Upper Sindh by the Mughal Emperor Akbar , Multan was attacked and captured by Akbar's army under
4845-685: The city to ransom in 1245–6, before being recaptured by Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban , the ninth Mamluk Sultan. Multan then fell to the Qarlughids in 1249, but was captured by Sher Khan that same year. Multan was then conquered by Izz al-Din Balban Kashlu Khan in 1254, before he rebelled against Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban in 1257 and fled to Iraq where he joined Mongol forces and captured Multan again, and dismantled its city walls. The Mongols again attempted an invasion in 1279, but were dealt
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#17327881213674940-539: The city was Malli-istan ; Malli was the name of a tribe that inhabited the region and city. The city name may have been derived from the deity of ancient Multan Sun Temple . Some have suggested the name derives from the Old Persian word mulastāna, 'frontier land', while others have ascribed its origin to the Sanskrit word mūlasthāna , The region around Multan is home to several archaeological sites dating to
5035-471: The command of Bairam Khan in 1557, thereby re-establishing Mughal rule in Multan. The Mughals controlled the Multani region from 1524 until around 1739. Emperor Akbar established province of Multan at Multan city, which was one of his original twelve subahs (imperial top-level administrative provinces) roughly covering southern Punjab, parts of Khyber and Balochistan bordering Kabul Subah , Lahore Subah , Ajmer Subah , Thatta Subah , Kandahar subah and
5130-456: The context of South Asia, the choice between the appellations "language" and "dialect" is a difficult one, and any distinction made using these terms is obscured by their ambiguity. In a sense both Saraiki and Standard Panjabi are "dialects" of a " Greater Punjabi" macrolanguage. Saraiki was considered a dialect of Punjabi by most British colonial administrators, and is still seen as such by many Punjabis . Saraikis, however, consider it
5225-407: The contrast between /a/ and /ə/ is neutralised. There is a high number of vowel sequences, some of which can be analysed as diphthongs . Saraiki possesses a large inventory of consonants : In its stop consonants , Saraiki has the typical for Indo-Aryan four-fold contrast between voiced and voiceless , and aspirated and unaspirated. In parallel to Sindhi it has additionally developed
5320-548: The dialects of what is now the southwest of Punjab Province in Pakistan constitute a dialect cluster, which he designated "Southern Lahnda " within a putative "Lahnda language". Subsequent Indo-Aryanist linguists have confirmed the reality of this dialect cluster, even while rejecting the name "Southern Lahnda" along with the entity "Lahnda" itself. Grierson also maintained that "Lahnda" was his novel designation for various dialects up to then called "Western Punjabi", spoken north, west, and south of Lahore . The local dialect of Lahore
5415-446: The dominant languages of Punjabi or Hindi. One pattern reported in the 1990s was for members of the younger generation to speak the respective "Lahnda" variety with their grandparents, while communicating within the peer group in Punjabi and speaking to their children in Hindi. Saraiki's consonant inventory is similar to that of neighbouring Sindhi . It includes phonemically distinctive implosive consonants , which are unusual among
5510-410: The entire subcontinent. During the siege of the city's citadel, Alexander reputedly leaped into the inner area of the citadel, where he faced the Mallian leader. Alexander was wounded by an arrow that had penetrated his lung, leaving him severely injured. After a fierce battle at the site of 'Khooni Burj' the Mallian army eventually surrendered, preventing further bloodshed. During Alexander's era, Multan
5605-474: The even more coveted city of Kandahar , given the unstable political situation resulting from frequent contestation of Kandadar with the Persian Safavid Empire . Nader Shah conquered the region as part of his invasion of the Mughal Empire in 1739. Despite invasion, Multan remained northwest India's premier commercial centre throughout most of the 18th century. Saraiki language Saraiki ( سرائیکی Sarā'īkī ; also spelt Siraiki , or Seraiki )
5700-416: The extent of the proposed Saraikistan province. To the west, it is set off from the Pashto - and Balochi -speaking areas by the Suleiman Range , while to the south-east the Thar desert divides it from the Marwari language . Its other boundaries are less well-defined: Punjabi is spoken to the east; Sindhi is found to the south, after the border with Sindh province ; to the north, the southern edge of
5795-686: The first syllable is centralised, and the second syllable contains either a diphthong, or a peripheral vowel followed by a consonant, for example /dɪɾ'kʰan/ 'carpenter'. Three-syllable words are stressed on the second syllable if the first syllable contains a centralised vowel, and the second syllable has either a peripheral vowel, or a centralised vowel + geminate, for example /tʃʊ'həttəɾ/ 'seventy-four'. There are exceptions to these rules and they account for minimal pairs like /it'la/ 'informing' and /'itla/ 'so much'. Unusually for South Asian languages , implosive consonants are found in Sindhi , possibly some Rajasthani dialects , and Saraiki, which has
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#17327881213675890-441: The following series: / ɓ ᶑ ʄ ɠ /. The "palatal" /ʄ/ is denti-alveolar and laminal , articulated further forward than most other palatals. The " retroflex " /ᶑ/ is articulated with the tip or the underside of the tongue, further forward in the mouth than the plain retroflex stops. It has been described as post-alveolar , pre-palatal or pre-retroflex . Bahl (1936 , p. 30) reports that this sound
5985-499: The former is the Multani dialect and "Derawali" in the latter is the Thaḷi dialect. When consulting sources before 2000, it is important to know that Pakistani administrative boundaries have been altered frequently. Provinces in Pakistan are divided into districts , and sources on "Saraiki" often describe the territory of a dialect or dialect group according to the districts. Since the founding of Pakistan in 1947, several of these districts have been subdivided, some multiple times. In
6080-455: The implosives and the extra nasals. In Sindh the Sindhi alphabet is used. The calligraphic styles used are Naskh and Nastaʿlīq . Historically, traders or bookkeepers wrote in a script known as kiṛakkī or laṇḍā , although use of this script has been significantly reduced in recent times. Likewise, a script related to the Landa scripts family, known as Multani , was previously used to write Saraiki. A preliminary proposal to encode
6175-410: The importance of trade with Khorasan. Polyglossia rendered Multani merchants culturally well-suited for trade with the Islamic world. The 10th century Hudud al-'Alam notes that Multan's rulers were also in control of Lahore , though that city was then lost to the Hindu Shahi. During the 10th century, Multan's rulers resided at a camp outside of the city named Jandrawār , and would enter Multan once
6270-423: The last Rai emperor, Rai Sahasi II , died through illness without issue. By that time, Chach was in complete control of the affairs of the kingdom and had developed illicit sexual relations with Sahasi's wife (queen Rani Suhanadi ). When Rai Sahasi II was near death, Suhanadi explained to Chach that the kingdom would pass to other relatives of the dying king in the absence of any direct heir. Consequently, they hid
6365-523: The lovers with no excuse My appearance in ruins, I sit and wait While the beloved has settled in Malheer I feel the sting of the cruel dart My heart the, abode of pain and grief A life of tears, I have led Farid Shakir Shujabadi ( Kalam-e-Shakir , Khuda Janey , Shakir Diyan Ghazlan , Peelay Patr , Munafqan Tu Khuda Bachaway , and Shakir De Dohray are his famous books) is a very well recognized modern poet. Ataullah Khan Esakhelvi and Shafaullah Rokhri are considered legends of Saraiki music and
6460-452: The major developments: Within South Asia, implosives were first described for Sindhi by Stake in 1855. Later authors have noted their existence in Multani and have variously called them "recursives" or "injectives", while Grierson incorrectly treated them as "double consonants". In the province of Punjab, Saraiki is written using the Arabic -derived Urdu alphabet with the addition of seven diacritically modified letters to represent
6555-420: The meaning "the language of the north", from the Sindhi word siro 'up-river, north'. This name can ambiguously refer to the northern dialects of Sindhi, but these are nowadays more commonly known as "Siroli" or "Sireli". An alternative hypothesis is that Sarākī originated in the word sauvīrā , or Sauvira , an ancient kingdom which was also mentioned in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata . Currently,
6650-438: The meaning of Sirāikī is a recent development, and the term most probably gained its currency during the nationalist movement of the 1960s. It has been in use for much longer in Sindh to refer to the speech of the immigrants from the north, principally Siraiki-speaking Baloch tribes who settled there between the 16th and the 19th centuries. In this context, the term can most plausibly be explained as originally having had
6745-417: The medieval Islamic Indian subcontinent, and attracted a multitude of Sufi mystics in the 11th and 12th centuries, becoming a great centre of spirituality in entire South Asia and earning the city the sobriquet "City of Saints." The city, along with the nearby city of Uch , is renowned for its large number of Sufi shrines dating from that era. The origin of Multan's name is unclear. An ancient known name of
6840-611: The most common rendering of the name is Saraiki . However, Seraiki and Siraiki have also been used in academia until recently. Precise spelling aside, the name was first adopted in the 1960s by regional social and political leaders. Saraiki is a member of Western Punjabi sub family of the Indo-Aryan subdivision of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. In 1919, Grierson maintained that
6935-650: The most popular singers from the Saraiki belt . Former Pakistan Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani had said southern Punjab is rich in cultural heritage which needs to be promoted for next generations. In a message on the launch of Saraiki channel by Pakistan Television (PTV) in Multan , he is reported to have said that the step would help promote the rich heritage of 'Saraiki Belt'. These are not dedicated Saraiki channels but most play programmes in Saraiki. Chach of Alor Chach (c. 631-671 AD, Sindhi : چچ )
7030-471: The news of the king's death until claimants to the throne were killed through conspiracy. Following this, Chach declared himself a ruler and later married Suhanadi. This ended the Rai dynasty and began the dynasty of a Brahmin dynasty called Chach dynasty. Maharana Maharat of Chittor, the brother of Rai Sahasi II invited Chach to a duel to seek revenge from Chach for killing his brother Rai Sahasi II and for usurping
7125-590: The regions from advances of Mongols. He wrote in the jamia Masjid of Multan that he had fought 28 battles against Mongols and had survived, people gave him the title Ghazi ul Mulk. Ghiyath al din's son Muhammad bin Tughlaq was born in Multan. After Ghiyath's death he became the Sultan and ascended the throne in Delhi. The countryside around Multan was recorded to have been devastated by excessively high taxes imposed during
7220-587: The reign of Ghiyath's son, Muhammad Tughluq . In 1328, the Governor of Multan, Kishlu Khan, rose in rebellion against Muhammad Tughluq, but was quickly defeated. The Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam was completed during the Tughluq era, and is considered to be the first Tughluq monument. The shrine is believed to have been originally built to be the tomb of Ghiyath ad-Din, but was later donated to the descendants of Rukn-e-Alam after Ghiyath became Emperor of Delhi. The renowned Arab explorer Ibn Battuta visited Multan in
7315-458: The rest of the Punjabi area. A stressed syllable is distinguished primarily by its length : if the vowel is peripheral /i ɛ a o u/ then it is lengthened, and if it is a "centralised vowel" ( /ɪ ʊ ə/ ) then the consonant following it is geminated. Stress normally falls on the first syllable of a word. The stress will, however, fall on the second syllable of a two-syllable word if the vowel in
7410-485: The rule of Budhan Khan, who assumed the title Mahmud Shah. The reign of Shah Husayn, grandson of Mahmud Shah, who ruled from 1469 to 1498 is considered to be most illustrious of the Langah Sultans. Multan experienced prosperity during this time, and a large number of Baloch settlers arrived in the city at the invitation of Shah Husayn. The Sultanate's borders stretched encompassed the neighbouring regions surrounding
7505-713: The rule of the Ghaznavids and the Mamluk Sultanate in medieval period. In 1445, it became capital of the Langah Sultanate. Multan province was one of the significant provinces of the Mughal Empire . In 1848, it was conquered by the British from Sikh Empire and became part of British Punjab . The city was among the most important trading centres and a great centre of knowledge and learning in
7600-432: The states of Punjab , Haryana , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh , Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir . There is also a smaller group of Muslim pastoralists who migrated to India, specifically Andhra Pradesh , prior to Partition. There are census figures available – for example, in the 2011 census, 29,000 people reported their language as " Bahawal Puri ", and 62,000 as "Hindi Multani". However, these are not representative of
7695-414: The stops, especially /k/ , /g/ and /dʒ/ , are frequently rendered as fricatives – respectively [x] , [ɣ] and [z] . Of the nasals , only /n/ and /m/ are found at the start of a word, but in other phonetic environments there is a full set of contrasts in the place of articulation: /ŋ ɲ ɳ n m/ . The retroflex ɳ is a realised as a true nasal only if adjacent to a retroflex stop, elsewhere it
7790-545: The subcontinent on the name of Timur. In 1414, Multan's Khizr Khan captured Delhi from Daulat Khan Lodi , and established the short-lived Sayyid dynasty — the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate . A contemporary writer Yahya Sirhindi mentions in his Takhrikh-i-Mubarak Shahi that Khizr Khan was a descendant of Muhammad . Multan then passed to the Langah , who established the Langah Sultanate in Multan under
7885-476: The sun, and destroyed the Sun Temple and smashed its revered Aditya idol in the late 10th century. The Qarmatians built an Ismaili congregational mosque above the ruins to replace the city's Sunni congregational mosque that had been established by the city's early rulers. Mahmud of Ghazni in 1005 led an expedition against Multan's Qarmatian ruler Abul Fateh Daud . The city was surrendered, and Fateh Daud
7980-556: The temple to the city's economy. The 10th century Arab historian Al-Masudi noted Multan as the city where Central Asian caravans from Islamic Khorasan would assemble. The 10th century Persian geographer Estakhri visited the area. At the time Mansura( the capital of Sindh) along with Multan were the only two major Arab principalities in South Asia. Arabic was spoken in both cities, though the inhabitants of Multan were reported by Estakhri to also have been speakers of Persian, reflecting
8075-701: The throne of Sindh. He then launched a campaign against a succession of autonomous regions; he defeated his opponents along the south bank of the River Beas , at Iskandah, and at Sikkah. He sacked Sikkah, killing 5,000 men and taking the remainder of its inhabitants prisoners. A significant number of these captives were enslaved, and much booty was taken. After this victory, he appointed a thakur to govern from Multan , and used his army to settle boundary disputes with Kashmir . Chach also conquered Sehwan , but allowed its chief, bhutta , to remain as his feudatory. Later, he expanded his rule into Buddhist regions across
8170-464: The time of King Ashoka or earlier. To improve transit in the areas between Delhi and Multan, leading to Kandahar and Herat in Afghanistan, eventually to Mashhad capital of Khorasan province of Iran. It then served as the starting point for trade caravans from medieval India departing towards West Asia. Multan served as medieval Islamic India's trans-regional mercantile centre for trade with
8265-501: The town of Uthal , marching from Uthal to Bela . He failed to extract any tribute and was forced to retreat. Upon his death, Chach was succeeded by his brother Chandar ; Chandar is stated to have ruled for eight years, whereupon Dahir , Chach's eldest son, inherited the throne. In 664 Caliph Usman sent an invading army to raid and annex Bharuch . This army however, shortly after setting off from its base in Balochistan
8360-425: Was 9.83. In the census of 1998, it was 10.53% out of a national population of 132 million, for a figure of 13.9 million Saraiki speakers resident in Pakistan. Also according to the 1998 census, 12.8 million of those, or 92%, lived in the province of Punjab. After Partition in 1947, Hindu and Sikh speakers of Saraiki migrated to India, where they are currently widely dispersed, though with more significant pockets in
8455-567: Was Pandit Selaji who was a priest in a village near Aror. The term Chach is not exactly the name but a Kashmiri Pandit title from Bhrigu Gotra. Chach was an extremely handsome, masculine man who was well versed in arts and scriptures; he rose to a position of influence under Rai Sahiras II , King of Sindh and a member of the Rai dynasty . Chach was the chamberlain to the King. According to the Chachnama,
8550-558: Was a Hindu Brahmin king of Sindh region of the Indian subcontinent in the mid-7th century AD. Chach expanded the kingdom of Sindh, and his successful efforts to subjugate surrounding monarchies and ethnic groups into an empire covering the entire Indus valley and beyond were recorded in the Chach Nama . Chach was a Hindu Brahmin whose great grandfathers migrated to Sindh region from Kashmir in search of employment. His father
8645-748: Was a clandestine supporter of the Fatimid movement and the Batiniya influence spread in Southern Punjab. Then, the Qarmatians who had established contacts with the Fatimids in Egypt set up an independent dynasty in Multan and ruled the surrounding areas. They wrested control of the city from the pro-Abbasid Amirate of Banu Munabbih, and established the Emirate of Multan, while pledging allegiance to
8740-607: Was intercepted by Maharaja Chach during its march and a battle was fought. The commander of the Sindhi forces, Narayandev was killed by the Muslim army leading to a crushing defeat for Chach and the partial annexation of Sindh by the Rashidun Caliphate . Several places along the Sindhu River were named after Chach; among these are Chachpur, Chachar, Chachro , Chachgaon, Chachi and in Attock Punjab there
8835-534: Was located on an island in the Ravi river , which has since shifted course numerous times throughout the centuries. In the mid-5th century CE, the city was attacked by White Huns , a group of Barbarian Hephthalite nomads led by Toramana . After a fierce fight they conquered Multan, but did not stay long. By the mid 7th century CE, Multan was conquered by Chach of Alor , of the Hindu Rai dynasty . Chach appointed
8930-455: Was permitted to retain control over the city with the condition that he adhere to Sunnism . In 1007, Mahmud led another expedition to Multan against his former minister and Hindu convert, Niwasa Khan, who had renounced Islam and attempted to establish control of the region in collusion with Abul Fateh Daud of Multan. In 1010, Mahmud led his third and punitive expedition against Daud to depose and imprison him, and suppressed Ismailism in favour of
9025-812: Was then annexed to the Ghurid Sultanate , and became an administrative province of the Mamluk Dynasty — the first dynasty based in Delhi. Multan's Ismaili community rose up in an unsuccessful rebellion against the Ghaurids later in 1175. Following the death of the first Mumluk Sultan, Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1210, Multan came under the rule of Nasiruddin Qabacha , who in 1222, successfully repulsed an attempted invasion by Sultan Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu of
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