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25-656: According to a rumor, the name Muş was given to the city by one of the Hebrew tribes who escaped from the Assyrians and came to the Muş region. As a matter of fact, in the 1914 Bitlis Province Salname, it was claimed that the name Muş came from the Hebrew word "Muşa", which means "Wetland fertile and pasture". The fact that the Muş has a lush and wet plain since history shows that this rumor

50-484: A Polish journalist who visited Israel for the first time. On his return he reported with great excitement: “You know what I’ve discovered? In Israel, too, there are Jews!” For this Pole, Jews are people who wear a long black kaftan and a big black hat. [...] This distinction between Israelis and Jews would not have surprised any of us 50 years ago. Before the foundation of the State of Israel, none of us spoke about

75-594: A description of migrants 'from across the river' as the Bible describes the Hebrews. It is also supported by the 3rd century BCE Septuagint , which translates ivri to perates (περατής), a Greek word meaning "one who came across, a migrant", from perao (περάω) "to cross, to traverse", as well as some early traditional commentary. Gesenius considers it the only linguistically acceptable hypothesis. The description of peoples and nations from their location "from across

100-402: A “Jewish state”. In our demonstrations we chanted: “Free Immigration! Hebrew State!” In almost all media quotations from those days, there appear the two words “Hebrew state”, almost never “Jewish state”. Uri Avnery , born in 1923. In some modern languages, including Armenian , Greek , Italian , Romanian , and many Slavic languages , the name Hebrews (with linguistic variations)

125-425: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hebrews This is an accepted version of this page The Hebrews ( Hebrew : עִבְרִיִּים / עִבְרִים , Modern :   ʿĪvrīm / ʿĪvrīyyīm , Tiberian :   ʿĪḇrīm / ʿĪḇrīyyīm ; ISO 259-3 : ʕibrim / ʕibriyim ) were an ancient Semitic-speaking people . Historians mostly consider the Hebrews as synonymous with

150-563: Is also used in some circles as a secular description of people of Judaic cultural lineage who practice other religions or none, including Hebrew Catholics . Beginning in the late 19th century, the term "Hebrew" became popular among secular Zionists. In this context, the word alluded to the transformation of the Jews into a strong, independent, self-confident secular national group ("the New Jew") sought by classical Zionism. This use died out after

175-568: Is not entirely unfounded, but is based on a relatively specific fact. Muş plain is the second largest plain in the Eastern Anatolia Region after Iğdır Plain . The plain is surrounded by Şerafettin , Otluk Mountains and Yakupağa Mountains , which have a northeast southwest extension. Between these two mountain ranges, the Murat river enters the plain. The plain is surrounded by Karaçavuş Mountains and Bitlis Mountains from

200-498: Is the standard ethnonym for Jews; but in many other languages in which both terms exist, it is currently considered derogatory to call Jews "Hebrews". Among certain left-wing or liberal circles of Judaic cultural lineage, the word "Hebrew" is used as an alternatively secular description of the Jewish people (e.g., Bernard Avishai 's The Hebrew Republic or left-wing wishes for a "Hebrew-Arab" joint cultural republican state ). It

225-561: Is usually rendered as Hebrew in English, from the ancient Greek Ἑβραῖος and the Latin Hebraeus . The biblical word Ivri has the plural form Ivrim , or Ibrim . The definitive origin of the term "Hebrew" remains uncertain. The most generally accepted hypothesis today is that the text intends ivri as the adjective (Hebrew suffix -i) formed from ever (עֵבֶר) 'beyond, across' (avar (עָבַר) 'he crossed, he traversed'), as

250-541: The Exodus . List of Jewish ethnonyms An ethnonym is the name applied to a given ethnic group. Ethnonyms can be divided into two categories: exonyms (where the name of the ethnic group has been created by another group of people) and autonyms or endonyms (self-designation; where the name is created and used by the ethnic group itself). This article does not cover ethnic slurs . Jews were often called (and occasionally called themselves) Palestinians, but after

275-584: The Hebrew Bible . Some scholars regard "Hebrews" as an ethnonym , while others do not, and others still hold that the multiple modern connotations of ethnicity may not all map well onto the sociology of ancient Near Eastern groups . By the time of the Roman Empire , the term Hebraios ( Greek : Ἑβραῖος ) could refer to the Jews in general (as Strong's Hebrew Dictionary puts it: "any of

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300-753: The Israelites , with the term "Hebrew" denoting an Israelite from the nomadic era, which preceded the establishment of the Kingdom of Israel and Judah in the 11th century BCE. However, in some instances, the designation "Hebrew" may also be used historically in a wider sense, referring to the Phoenicians or other ancient Semitic-speaking civilizations, such as the Shasu on the eve of the Late Bronze Age collapse . It appears 34 times within 32 verses of

325-579: The Jewish Nation ") or, at other times, specifically to those Jews who lived in Judea , which was a Roman province from 6 CE to 135 CE. However, at the time of early Christianity , the term instead referred to Jewish Christians , as opposed to the Judaizers and to the gentile Christians . In Armenian, Georgian , Italian, Greek, Kurdish , Serbian, Russian, Romanian, and a few other languages,

350-561: The 13th and 12th centuries BCE as having settled in Egypt . Other scholars rebut this, proposing that the Hebrews are mentioned in later texts of the 3rd Intermediate Period of Egypt (11th century BCE) as Shasu of Yhw , while some scholars consider these two hypotheses compatible, Ḫabiru being a generic Akkadian form parallel to Hebrew ʿivri from the Akkadian equivalent of ʿever "beyond, across" describing foreign peoples "from across

375-628: The Eberites and Hebrews were two different ethnicities, with the former specifically inhabiting Assyria. Nonetheless, the descent of Hebrews from Eber is acknowledged. Since the 19th-century CE discovery of the second-millennium BCE inscriptions mentioning the Habiru , many theories have linked these to the Hebrews. Some scholars argue that the name "Hebrew" is related to the name of those semi-nomadic Habiru people recorded in Egyptian inscriptions of

400-461: The context of the Book of Exodus and Books of Samuel . In Genesis 14:13 , Abraham is described as Avram Ha-Ivri which translates literally as "Abram the Hebrew." Hebrew, in this context, might refer to Abraham's descent from Eber. It might also refer to Abraham's primary language or his status as a migrant from the "other side of the river". Theologian Alexander MacLaren believes that Hebrew

425-444: The elder brother of Ham and Japheth , and thus the first-born son of Noah , as the father of the sons of Eber (עבר), which may have a similar meaning. Some authors such as Radak and R. Nehemiah argue that Ibri denotes the descendants of the biblical patriarch Eber (Hebrew עבר), son of Shelah , a great-grandson of Noah and an ancestor of Abraham , hence the occasional anglicization Eberites . Others disagree, arguing that

450-430: The establishment of the state of Israel, when "Hebrew" was replaced with "Jew" or "Israeli". David Ben-Gurion , the first Prime Minister of Israel, believed that the Hebrews were the indigenous inhabitants of Canaan that joined Abraham's religion, after he settled in the region. He also believed that not all Hebrews joined Jacob's family when they migrated to Egypt and later, birthed the generation of Hebrews that endured

475-772: The river" (often the river Euphrates , sometimes the Jordan River ) was common in this region of the ancient Near-East: it appears as eber nari in Akkadian and avar nahara in Aramaic (both corresponding to Hebrew ever nahar ), the Aramaic expression's use being quoted verbatim in the Bible, for example in an Aramaic letter sent to the King of Persia in the Book of Ezra or in the Book of Nehemiah , sometimes rendered as Trans-Euphrates. Genesis 10:21 refers to Shem ,

500-574: The river", where the letter ayin (ע) in Hebrew corresponds to ḫ in Akkadian (as in Hebrew zeroaʿ corresponding to Akkadian zuruḫ ). Alternatively, some argue that Habiru refers to a social class found in every ancient Near Eastern society, which Hebrews could be part of. In the Hebrew Bible , the term Hebrew is normally used by foreigners (namely, the Egyptians) when speaking about Israelites and sometimes used by Israelites when speaking of themselves to foreigners, although Saul does use

525-510: The same people, stating that they were called Hebrews before the conquest of the Land of Canaan and Israelites afterwards. Professor Nadav Na'aman and others say that the conflation of Hebrew with Israelite is rare and is only used when Israelites are "in exceptional and precarious situations, such as migrants or slaves." Professor Albert D. Friedberg similarly argues that Hebrews refer to socioeconomically disadvantaged Israelites, especially in

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550-477: The south. The Karasu river, which comes out of the foothills of Mount Süphan , crosses the plain in the middle and merges with the Murat River near the western part. A representative plant species of Muş province is Tulipa aleppensis , which is only found on cultivated land. 38°47′N 41°33′E  /  38.78°N 41.55°E  / 38.78; 41.55 This Turkey location article

575-550: The term for his fellow countrymen in 1 Samuel 13:3 . In Genesis 11:16–26 , Abraham (Abram) is described as a descendant of Eber ; Josephus states "Eber" was the patriarch that Hebrew was named after proceeding from the Tower of Babel at the time of Eber's son Peleg , from which Hebrew would eventually become derived. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia the terms Hebrews and Israelites usually describe

600-597: The transfer of the name from "Hebrew" to "Jew" never took place, and "Hebrew" (or the linguistic equivalent) remains the primary word used to refer to an ethnic Jew . With the revival of the Hebrew language in the 19th century and with the emergence of the Yishuv , the term "Hebrew" has been applied to the Jewish people of this re-emerging society in Israel or to the Jewish people in general. The biblical term Ivri ( עברי ; Hebrew pronunciation: [ʕivˈri] )

625-754: Was a nickname for all migrants who migrated to Canaan from the other side of the Euphrates River (or the Jordan River), from the perspective of the 'long-settled' aboriginal inhabitants of Canaan. By the Roman period, "Hebrews" could be used to designate the Jews, who use the Hebrew language. The Epistle to the Hebrews , one of the books of the New Testament, was probably directed at Jewish Christians . A friend of mine in Warsaw told me about

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