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65-549: (Redirected from Mường ) Muong may refer to: Muong people , third largest of Vietnam's 53 minority groups Muong language , spoken by the Mường people of Vietnam No Muong , king of the southern Laotian Kingdom of Champasak in 1811 Mueang , pre-modern Tai polities in mainland Southeast Asia, China, and India, pronounced "Mường" in Vietnamese Topics referred to by

130-547: A genetic mutation that has been estimated to have originated approximately 40,000 years ago, somewhere in China. A recent genetic and linguistic analysis in 2015 showed great genetic homogeneity between Kra-Dai speaking people, suggesting a common ancestry and a large replacement of former non-Kra-Dai groups in Southeast Asia. Kra-Dai populations are closest to southern Chinese and Taiwanese populations. The Tai practice

195-489: A type of feudal governance that is fundamentally different from that of the Han Chinese people, and is especially adapted to state formation in ethnically and linguistically diverse montane environments centered on valleys suitable for wet-rice cultivation. The form of society is a highly stratified one. The Tai lived in the lowland and river valleys of mainland Southeast Asia. Assorted ethnic and linguistic group lived in

260-706: Is a trait that they share with the neighboring ethnic Austroasiatic peoples as well as Austronesian peoples in Mainland Southeast Asia ( e.g. Cham in Bình Thuận Province of Vietnam , Jarai in Ratanakiri Province of Cambodia , Giarai and Ede in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam ), Malaysia, Singapore, and western Indonesia. Y-DNA haplogroups O-M95, O-M119, and O-M122 all are subclades of O-M175 ,

325-535: Is attached special importance to development. The main livestock is cattle and poultries. The significant economic resources of the Mường family are exploiting products of forest including mushrooms, wood ear , wood, bamboo, rattan, etc. The typical crafts of the Mường are weaving, knitting, reeling. From an anthropologist viewpoint, both the Mường and the Vietnamese Kinh are descended from common origins-the ancient Viet-Muong speakers-the northern subbranch of

390-662: Is believed that the O-M119 Y-DNA haplogroup is associated with both the Austronesian people and the Tai. The prevalence of Y-DNA haplogroup O-M175 among Austronesian and Tai peoples suggests a common ancestry with speakers of the Austroasiatic , Sino-Tibetan , and Hmong–Mien languages some 30,000 years ago in China ( Haplogroup O (Y-DNA) ). Y-DNA haplogroup O-M95 is found at high frequency among most Tai peoples, which

455-686: Is covered by Heaven, that which is contained by the Earth and that on which the sun and moon shine, and regardless of whether the place was near or far, or what manner of people they are, there was no place for which they did not wish a peaceful land and a prosperous existence. It is natural that when China is governed peacefully, foreign countries would come and submit (來附)”…I am anxious that, as you are secluded in your distant places, you have not yet heard of my will. Thus, I am sending envoys to go and instruct you, so that you will all know of this" ( 14 July 1370 ). The Mongol prince Basalawarmi ruled Yunnan under

520-529: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Language and nationality disambiguation pages Muong people The word Mường in Vietnamese is etymologically related to the word mueang from the Tai languages, meaning "cultivated land" or "community", and referred to pre-modern semi-independent city-states or principalities in mainland Southeast Asia. This comes from their close association with

585-679: The Book of Later Han , which located the Shan kingdom "at the end of the boundaries of what is now Baoshan and Deihong Prefectures" and stated that Shan ambassadors came to the Han court from "beyond Yongchang " and "beyond Rinan ". Additionally, Du & Chen rejected the proposal that the ancestors of Tai people migrated en masse southwestwards out of Yunnan only after the 1253 Mongol invasion of Dali . Luo et al. (2000) proposed that Proto-Tais originated most likely from Guangxi - Guizhou , not Yunnan nor

650-749: The Lachi speaking a Kra language . The Nung living on both sides of the Sino-Vietnamese border have their ethnonym derived from clan name Nong (儂 / 侬), whose bearers dominated what are now north Vietnam and Guangxi in the 11th century AD. In 1038, a Nong general named Nong Quanfu established a Nung state in Cao Bang , however was quickly annexed by Annamite king Ly Thai Tong in the next year. In 1048, Quanfu's son Nong Zhigao revolted against Annamese rule, and then marched eastwards to besiege Guangzhou in 1052. Another name that's shared between

715-667: The Nung , the Tay , and the Zhuang living along the Sino-Vietnamese border is Tho , which literally means autochthonous . However, this term was also applied to the Tho people , who are a separate group of indigenous speakers of Vietic languages, who have come under the influence of Tai culture. James R. Chamberlain (2016) proposes that the Tai-Kadai (Kra-Dai) language family was formed as early as

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780-715: The Nyaw or Yaw and the Phu Thai . The Zhuang in China do not constitute an autonymic unity. In various areas in Guangxi, they refer to themselves as pow ɕu:ŋ , pʰo tʰaj , pow ma:n , pow ba:n , or pow law , while those in Yunnan use the following autonyms: pu noŋ , bu daj , or bu jaj (= Bouyei , bùyi 布依). The Zhuang do not constitute a linguistic unity either, because Chinese authorities include within this group some distinct ethnic groups such as

845-526: The Taiwanese Austronesians and the Tai-Kadai peoples of Southern China. The Tai peoples, from Guangxi began moving south – and westwards in the first millennium CE, eventually spreading across the whole of mainland Southeast Asia. Based on layers of Chinese loanwords in proto- Southwestern Tai and other historical evidence, Pittayawat Pittayaporn (2014) proposes that the southwestward migration of southwestern Tai-speaking tribes from

910-522: The Vietic ethnolinguistic group of the Austroasiatic family that had heavily contact with Tai-speaking people and other Northern Austroasiatic speakers during the first millennia. The Mường are often perceived as an intact culture, compared to the sinicized Vietnamese (Kinh) in the lowland, and they also tend to adopt and exchange many customs of the neighboring Black Tai Like other Zomia areas (highlands >300 meters) groups, for most of history,

975-620: The Vietnamese alphabet appeared in the 20th century, introduced by Western scholars. The Mường aristocracy were already familiar with Chinese writing through their study of the Confucian canon. The Mường language is mainly used in the domestic sphere of communication. Most native speakers also speak Vietnamese. The population of Mường in Vietnam was 1,452,095 according to the 2019 census, 1.51% of Vietnam's population. They mostly live in

1040-637: The Western Han dynasty , ancestors of the Tai people were known as Dianyue (in today Yunnan ). Tai peoples migrated far and wide: by the Tang and Song periods, they were present from the Red River to the Salween River , from Baoshan to Jingdong . Du & Chen linked the ancestors of Thai people in modern- Thailand , in particular, to a 2nd-century Shan kingdom ( Shànguó 撣國) mentioned in

1105-615: The Yuan dynasty from the capital in Kunming . He ruled indirectly over an ethnically diverse collection of small polities and chieftainships. The most powerful of these states was controlled by the Duan family who ruled over the area surrounding Dali . The Ming Shi-lu reports that envoys were sent to instruct the inhabitants of Yunnan in 1371. In 1372 the famous scholar Wang Wei offered terms of surrender to Yunnan as an envoy. The envoy Wang Wei

1170-606: The 12th century BC in the middle of the Yangtze basin , coinciding roughly with the establishment of the Chu state and the beginning of the Zhou dynasty . Following the southward migrations of Kra and Hlai (Rei/Li) peoples around the 8th century BCE, the Yue (Be-Tai people) started to break away and move to the east coast in the present-day Zhejiang province , in the 6th century BCE, forming

1235-514: The 860s, many local people in what is now north Vietnam sided with attackers from Nanchao , and in the aftermath some 30,000 of them were beheaded. In the 1040s, a powerful matriarch-shamaness by the name of A Nong , her chiefly husband, and their son, Nong Zhigao , raised a revolt, took Nanning , besieged Guangzhou for fifty seven days, and slew the commanders of five Chinese armies sent against them before they were defeated, and many of their leaders were killed. The Ahomese Tai chronicle relates

1300-673: The Central-Southwestern Tai, followed by the Xi Ou , which became the Northern Tai ). Comparative linguistic research seems to indicate that the Tai peoples were a Proto-Tai–Kadai speaking culture of southern China and dispersed into mainland Southeast Asia. Some linguists proposes that Tai–Kadai languages may descended from the Proto-Austronesian language family. Laurent Sagart (2004) hypothesized that

1365-605: The Earth and the Water). The main holidays of the Mường are New Year and agrarian holidays. During the celebration of the New Year, Mường people pray to the ancestors. Such prayers are also arranged on the revolutionary holidays after which the whole village treats themselves to pre-cooked dishes. Different Mường groups will wear different clothing styles. Some wear clothing borrowed from the Thái, while others wear clothing similar to

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1430-653: The Khmers of the upper and central Menam valley and greatly extended their territory." During the Ming dynasty in China , attempts were made to subjugate, control, tax, and settle ethnic Han along the lightly populated frontier of Yunnan with Southeast Asia (modern-day Burma , Thailand , Laos , and Vietnam ). This frontier region was inhabited by many small Tai chieftainships or states as well as other Tibeto-Burman and Mon–Khmer ethnic groups. The Ming Shi-lu records

1495-600: The Mường are referred to by some other common designations such as Cheo (Cheo Chi) or Keo are derivations from Giao Chỉ, the name of Northern Vietnam during the First Era of Northern Domination . These designations are used by Tai-speaking people in Vietnam. The Mường were referred in Vietnamese Nôm texts as Mường Mán (茫蠻), which was used in a derogatory sense in the past. The Mường residents primarily grow wet rice and some of them also grow corn and cassava. Breeding

1560-485: The Mường epic cycle the origins of all natural phenomena, the first people and then their cultural practices such as the acquisition of fire, building houses, producing silk, casting bronze drums, and weaving and embroidering, are related to the uplands. The first Mường people were living in a cave on the mountain Hang Hao from where their descendants resettled in all the other big and small villages (mường). Only one son of

1625-476: The Mường were neither under any regional pre-modern states' influence, both politically and culturally. Professor James C. Scott in his 2009 book The Art of Not Being Governed also included the abstract outlined by Keith Taylor and Patricia Pelley that "the Mường are popularly regarded as the pre-Sinitic version of the Việt." Although it has been little studied, scholarships believe that due to many plausible reasons,

1690-406: The Mường word for "people". From Vietnamese perspective in the past, the word mọi is "an old word to denote ethnic minorities, [in] distant regions, [and] backward", even though it is cognate with the Mường word mõl "human being", and both the Vietnamese and Mường words come from one same Proto-Vietic * mɔːlʔ . Among different groups of people of Northern Vietnam, both the Vietnamese and

1755-549: The Tai peoples. The Mường call the Tai as ɲew, Nyo or Âu; while referring to themselves by various names, such as "Monglong", which means "people living in the center", to distinguish themselves from the people of the valleys and of the highlands. In Hòa Bình , They call themselves Mõl or Moăn. In Thanh Hóa , they call themselves Mon or Mwanl and in Phú Thọ Province, they call themselves Mon or Monl. Sometimes written as Mal, Mwal or Mwai. These words are all dialectal variations on

1820-718: The Tai–Kadai languages may have originated on the island of Taiwan , where they spoke a dialect of Proto-Austronesian or one of its descendant languages. Unlike the Malayo-Polynesian group who later sailed south to the Philippines and other parts of maritime Southeast Asia, the ancestors of the modern Tai-Kadai people sailed west to mainland China and possibly traveled along the Pearl River , where their language greatly changed from other Austronesian languages under

1885-586: The Thai culture is a mixture of Tai traditions with Indic, Mon, and Khmer influences. The formidable political control exercised by the Khmer Empire extended not only over the centre of the Khmer province, where the majority of the population was Khmer, but also to outer border provinces likely populated by non-Khmer peoples—including areas to the north and northeast of modern Bangkok , the lower central plain and

1950-626: The Vietnamese cordillera into the Mekong Valley . The third and major migration direction crossed the valleys of the Red and Black River , heading west through the hills into Burma and Assam. As a result of these three bloody centuries, or with the political and cultural pressures from the north, some Tai peoples migrated southwestward, where they met the classical Indianized civilizations of Southeast Asia . Du Yuting and Chen Lufan from Kunming Institute Southeast Asian Studies claimed that, during

2015-765: The Vietnamese. In general, clothing for women consists of some type of tunic or robe, headscarf, and skirt. Some women in the past wore neck rings like other minorities in Northern Vietnam. Men generally wear simple tunics and pants. Mainly, the Mường follow Buddhism and Christianity ( Catholics ), often with local animistic influences. They believe in the existence of harmful spirits (ma tai, ma em, and others). The Mường practice their traditional ethnic religion, worshiping ancestral spirits and other supernatural deities. They are primarily animists, which means that they believe that non-living objects have spirits. They also deify local heroes who have died. However, with

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2080-509: The ethnically and linguistically schism between Vietnamese and Mường speakers occurred during the seventh to ninth centuries AD, roughly during the period of Chinese Tang Empire 's domination over Northern Vietnam. Taylor describes the end of Nanzhao-Tang war probably vis-a-vis with the Muong-Vietnamese schism. The Mường refer themselves by their variations of endonym Mol/Monl/Moan (people) and mwal tlong (inner people), while

2145-487: The first Mường parents, Dịt Dàng , or the king Việt, went down to lowlands to live and to build a capital city there with a palace and big market. This place in the plains is named in the epic tales as Kinh Kỳ-Kẻ Chợ, i.e. the area of the capital city and market-place. In the Mường epic tales uplanders and lowlanders intensively interact with each other. For instance, they jointly cut down the huge tree of Chu ‘with its copper trunk and iron branches’ and together move it out of

2210-469: The four main groups of Vietic speakers in Vietnam, the others being the Việt , Thổ and Chứt . The Nguồn , who are classified as Việt, are sometimes believed to be the southernmost group of the Mường, who intermixed with Chứt people. The Mường epic Te tấc te đác ( Vietnamese : Đẻ đất đẻ nước) traces their mythological ancestry to a legendary bird couple called Chim Ây (male bird) and Cái Ứa (female bird). In

2275-566: The genetic connection between these two language families: Tai people tend to have high frequencies of Y-DNA haplogroup O-M95 (including its O-M88 subclade, which also has been found with high frequency among Vietnamese and among Kuy people in Laos, where they are also known as Suy, Soai, or Souei, and Cambodia ), moderate frequencies of Y-DNA haplogroup O-M122 (especially its O-M117 subclade, like speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages ), and moderate to low frequencies of haplogroup O-M119 . It

2340-429: The hills. The Tai village consisted of nuclear families working as subsistence rice farmers, living in small houses elevated above the ground. Households bonded together for protection from external attacks and to share the burden of communal repairs and maintenance. Within the village, a council of elders was created to help settle problems, organise festivals and rites and manage the village. Villages would combine to form

2405-522: The influence of Sino-Tibetan and Hmong–Mien language infusion. However, no archaeological evidence has been identified which would correspond to the Daic (Tai-Kadai) expansion in its earliest phases. Aside from linguistic evidence, the connection between Austronesian and Tai-Kadai can also be found in some common cultural practices. Roger Blench (2008) demonstrates that dental evulsion , face tattooing , teeth blackening and snake cults are shared between

2470-457: The introduction of modern medicine, adherence to many folk beliefs has declined. Huang et al. (2022) found that Viet-Muong speakers, including ethnic Muong and Kinh people, genetically cluster with Kra-Dai speakers. Tai peoples Tai peoples are the populations who speak (or formerly spoke) the Tai languages . There are a total of about 93 million people of Tai ancestry worldwide, with

2535-480: The language was then heavily influenced by local languages from Sino-Tibetan , Hmong–Mien , or other families, borrowing much vocabulary and converging typologically . Later, Sagart (2008) introduces a numeral-based model of Austronesian phylogeny, in which Tai-Kadai is considered as a later form of FATK , a branch of Austronesian belonging to subgroup Puluqic developed in Taiwan, whose speakers migrated back to

2600-493: The largest ethnic groups being Dai , Thai , Isan , Tai Yai (Shan), Lao , Tai Ahom , Tai Kassay and some Northern Thai peoples . The Tai are scattered through much of South China and Mainland Southeast Asia , with some ( e.g. Tai Ahom , Tai Kassay, Tai Khamyang , Tai Khamti , Tai Phake , Tai Aiton) inhabiting parts of Northeast India . Tai peoples are both culturally and genetically very similar and therefore primarily identified through their language. Speakers of

2665-492: The mainland, both to Guangdong, Hainan and northern Vietnam around the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE. Upon their arrival in this region, they underwent linguistic contact with an unknown population, resulting in a partial relexification of FATK vocabulary. On the other hand, Weera Ostapirat supports a coordinate relationship between Tai-Kadai and Austronesian, based on a number of phonological correspondences. The following are Tai-Kadai and Austronesian lexical items showing

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2730-919: The many languages in the Tai branch of the Tai–Kadai language family are spread over many countries in Southern China , Indochina and Northeast India . Unsurprisingly, there are many terms used to describe the distinct Tai peoples of these regions. According to Michel Ferlus , the ethnonyms Tai/Thai (or Tay/Thay) evolved from the etymon *k(ə)ri: 'human being' through the following chain: kəri: > kəli: > kədi:/kədaj ( -l- > -d- shift in tense sesquisyllables and probable diphthongization of -i: > -aj ). This in turn changed to di:/daj (presyllabic truncation and probable diphthongization -i: > -aj ). And then to *daj (Proto-Southwestern Tai) > tʰaj (in Siamese and Lao) or > taj (in

2795-572: The middle Yangtze river. The Tai migrants assimilated and intermarried with the indigenous Austroasiatic peoples of Southeast Asia, or pushing them off to marginal areas, but their full expansion was halted by the Indian-influenced kingdoms of the Mon , Khmer and Cham , although the Khmer were the primary power in Southeast Asia by the time of the Tai migrations. The Tai formed small city-states known as mueang under Khmer suzerainty on

2860-487: The migrating event with the arrival of "9,000 Tai peoples, 8 noblemen, two elephants, and 300 horses" to Assam . Vietnamese scribers recorded groups of two- or three thousand "Mang savages" passing by. According to Baker, those migrants might have slowly exodused from their homeland via three routes. The early groups moved north to Guizhou . The second groups might have passed through the Red River Delta , crossing

2925-530: The modern Guangxi to the mainland of Southeast Asia must have taken place sometime between the 8th–10th centuries. Tai speaking tribes migrated southwestward along the rivers and over the lower passes into Southeast Asia, perhaps prompted by the Chinese expansion and suppression. Chinese historical texts record that, in 726 AD, hundreds of thousands Lǎo (獠) rose in revolt behind Liang Ta-hai in Guangdong , but

2990-516: The mountains down to the plains. In contrast to this, in the Vietnamese story of descent the capital city is located in an upland area, in Phong Châu. Here the eldest of the fifty sons who stayed in the mountains with their mother founded the capital of the first Vietnamese kingdom Văn Lang. Many depicted details of ancient life of the Vietnamese are also related to mountains: they use burnt ginger roots instead of salt that could be produced only by

3055-493: The name of North Vietnam given by the ancient Chinese, would have emerged from the Austro-Asiatic *k(ə)ra:w 'human being'. lǎo 獠 < MC lawX < OC *C-rawʔ [C. rawˀ ] jiāo 交 < MC kæw < OC *kraw [ k.raw ] The etymon *k(ə)ra:w would have also yielded the ethnonym Keo/ Kæw kɛːw , a name given to the Vietnamese by Tai speaking peoples, currently slightly derogatory. In fact, Keo/ Kæw kɛːw

3120-699: The north gradually settled in the Chao Phraya valley from the tenth century onwards, in lands of the Dvaravati culture, assimilating the earlier Austroasiatic Mon and Khmer people, as well as coming into contact with the Khmer Empire. The Tais who came to the area of present-day Thailand were engulfed into the Theravada Buddhism of the Mon and the Hindu-Khmer culture and statecraft . Therefore,

3185-673: The north of Vietnam, mainly in the mountainous provinces of Hòa Bình (549,026 people, comprising 64.28% of the province's population), Thanh Hóa (376,340 people, comprising 10.34% of the province's population), Phú Thọ (218,404 people, comprising 14.92% of the province's population), and Sơn La (84,676 people, comprising 6.78% of the province's population). In Hòa Bình province , there are four large Mường population centers: Mường Vang ( Lạc Sơn District ), Mường Bi ( Tân Lạc District ), Mường Thàng ( Cao Phong District ) and Mường Động ( Kim Bôi District ). The Mường people have many valuable epics (Mường: mo), such as Te tấc te đác (meaning Giving rise to

3250-525: The north of modern Thailand). The Sukhothai Kingdom was founded in 1279 (in modern Thailand) and expanded eastward to take the city of Chantaburi and renamed it to Vieng Chan Vieng Kham (modern Vientiane ) and northward to the city of Muang Sua which was taken in 1271 and renamed the city to Xieng Dong Xieng Thong or "City of Flame Trees beside the River Dong," (modern Luang Prabang , Laos). The Tai peoples had firmly established control in areas to

3315-533: The northeast of the declining Khmer Empire. Following the death of the Sukhothai king Ram Khamhaeng , and internal disputes within the kingdom of Lanna, both Vieng Chan Vieng Kham (Vientiane) and Xieng Dong Xieng Thong (Luang Prabang) were independent city-states until the founding of the kingdom of Lan Xang in 1354. The Sukhothai Kingdom and later the Ayutthaya kingdom were established and "...conquered

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3380-569: The origin of the Kra–Dai language family in southern China. The Tai branch moved south into Southeast Asia only around 1000 AD. Chinese epigraphic materials from Chu texts show clear substrate influence predominantly from Tai-Kadai, and a few items of Austroasiatic and Hmong-Mien origin. In a paper published in 2004, the linguist Laurent Sagart hypothesized that the proto-Tai–Kadai language originated as an Austronesian language that migrants carried from Taiwan to mainland China. Afterwards,

3445-620: The other Southwestern and Central Tai languages by Li Fangkuei ). Michel Ferlus ' work is based on some simple rules of phonetic change observable in the Sinosphere and studied for the most part by William H. Baxter (1992). The ethnonym and autonym of the Lao people (lǎo 獠) together with the ethnonym Gelao (Gēlǎo 仡佬), a Kra population scattered from Guìzhōu (China) to North Vietnam, and Sino-Vietnamese 'Jiao' as in Jiaozhi (jiāo zhǐ 交趾),

3510-425: The outskirts of the Khmer Empire , building the irrigation infrastructure and paddy fields for the wet-rice cultivation methods of the Tai people. Tai legends of Khun Borom , shared among various Southwestern Tai peoples of Southeast Asia , Greater Assam and Yunnan , concerns the first ruler of Meuang Thaen , whose progeny go on to find the Tai dynasties that ruled over the various Tai mueang . The Tais from

3575-401: The period of the Khmer Empire was one of great internal strife. During the 11th and 12th centuries, territories with a strong Tai presence, such as Lavo (in what is now north-central Thailand), resisted Khmer control. The Tai, from their new home in Southeast Asia, were influenced by the Khmer and the Mon and most importantly Buddhist India. The Tai kingdom of Lanna was founded in 1259 (in

3640-438: The relations between the Ming court in Beijing and the Tai-Yunnan frontier as well as Ming military actions and diplomacy along the frontier. The first communication between the Ming dynasty and Yunnan was in a formal "letter of instruction" using ritual language. Submission to the Ming was described as part of the cosmological order: "From ancient times, those who have been lords of all under Heaven have looked on that which

3705-407: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Muong . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muong&oldid=1038349468 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

3770-528: The sea; men cut their hair short to make it easier when moving in the forests; their lands are reserved mainly for cultivating glutinous rice which requires less water to grow than wet rice and could be easily cultivated on the hillsides; for some ritual purposes they prepare special dishes from this sort of rice such as rice cooked in bamboo tubes or stuffed steamed cakes (bánh chưng, bánh dầy). Forests in Vietnamese tradition are always associated with mountain areas as plains are reserved for paddy fields. Cutting hair

3835-441: The state of Yue and conquering the state of Wu shortly thereafter. According to Chamberlain, Yue people (Be-Tai) began to migrate southwards along the east coast of China to what are now Guangxi, Guizhou and northern Vietnam, after Yue was conquered by Chu around 333 BCE. There the Yue (Be-Tai) formed the Luo Yue , which moved into Lingnan and Annam and then westward into northeastern Laos and Sip Song Chau Tai , and later became

3900-416: The term Mường is a mere xenonym used by the Vietnamese and then French administration implied that xenonym Mường to various Mường -speaking tribes into one single Mường ethnicity during the 1920s. Historical records said there were Mường rebellions in 1029, 1300, 1351, 1430s, 1822, 1833, 1880s. In 1931, Mường population was 180,000, and it grew to 415,000 by 1960. Presently, the Mường are one of

3965-460: The upper Ping River in the Lamphun - Chiang Mai region. The Tai people were the predominant non-Khmer groups in the areas of central Thailand that formed the geographical periphery of the Khmer Empire. Some Tai groups were probably assimilated into the Khmer population. Historical records show that the Tai maintained their cultural distinctiveness, although their animist religion partially gave way to Buddhism . Tai historical documents note that

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4030-427: Was a custom specific for Việt (Yue) men in contrast to Han Chinese who had been keeping their hair long. Stuffed steamed cakes similar to the Vietnamese bánh chưng and bánh dầy are also found in the cuisine of Zhuang people in Guangxi province, that again provokes associations between Tai and Viet-Muong cultural traditions. The Mường speak the Mường language , a close relative of Vietnamese . Writing based on

4095-448: Was an exonym used to refer to Tai speaking peoples, as in the epic poem of Thao Cheuang , and was only later applied to the Vietnamese. In Pupeo ( Kra branch ), kew is used to name the Tay ( Central Tai ) of North Vietnam. The name "Lao" is used almost exclusively by the majority population of Laos , the Lao people , and two of the three other members of the Lao-Phutai subfamily of Southwestern Tai: Isan speakers (occasionally),

4160-589: Was murdered in 1374 and another mission was sent in 1375. Once again the mission failed. A diplomatic mission was sent to Burma in 1374, but because Annam was at war with Champa the roads were blocked and the mission was recalled. By 1380 the Ming were no longer wording their communications as if Yunnan was a separate country. Initial gentle promptings were soon to be followed by military force. Tai languages spoken today use incredibly diverse scripts, from Chinese characters to abugida scripts. The high diversity of Kra–Dai languages in southern China possibly points to

4225-434: Was suppressed by Chinese general Yang Zixu, which left 20,000 rebels killed and beheaded. Two years later, another Li chief named Chen Xingfan declared himself the Emperor of Nanyue and led a large uprising against the Chinese, but was also crushed by Yang Zixu, who beheaded 60,000 rebels. In 756, another revolt led by Huang Chien-yao and Chen Ch'ung-yu that attracted 200,000 followers and lasted four years in Guangxi. In

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