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63-627: Allied victory Uprisings 1942 1943 1944 1945 The Nagykanizsa–Körmend offensive carried out between 26 March and 15 April 1945 was part of the 3rd Ukrainian Front 's Vienna offensive during World War II against the Army Group South (including Hungarian and Croatian ) forces defending the Kisbajom – Nagykorpád – Nagyatád – Heresznye defensive line north of the Drava river and west of Lake Balaton . The objective of

126-1161: A "German Stalingrad"; Hitler engaged the bulk of his Panzer troops (among them six Waffen SS divisions and five army Panzer divisions; one-fourth of the Wehrmacht's armor ), weakening German forces fighting the Red Army in Poland and Prussia , as well as those engaging the Western Allies on the Rhine . Malinovsky's strategic and operational skills enabled him to overcome his troops' weakness and to conquer Budapest on 13 February 1945, following an exceptionally harsh battle. He captured 70,000 prisoners. Continuing his drive westward, Malinovsky routed Germans in Slovakia, liberated Bratislava , on 4 April 1945 captured Vienna, and finally, on 26 April 1945 freed Brno , second largest city in Czechoslovakia. These new victories established

189-540: A heavy defeat. Although Stalin, in spite of opposition by his top military advisers, supported the ill-fated Kharkov attack, he became suspicious that Malinovsky had intentionally failed his troops (he feared that Malinovsky had established and kept connections with foreign interests during his World War I stay in France). In July 1942, the Southern Front was taken out of combat, its units and staff were transferred to

252-726: A large Axis force. His troops were tired after several months of combat and needed to be replenished and resupplied, but Stalin ordered Malinovsky to take the Hungarian capital Budapest , in order to open the road to Vienna and take Vienna before the Western Allies . With the help of Tolbukhin and the Romanian First and Fourth armies, Malinovsky carried out Stalin's order, and faced Adolf Hitler 's determination to defend Budapest at any cost. The Germans and their Hungarian Arrow Cross Party allies tried to turn Budapest into

315-886: A newly created unit called the Russian Legion , which was attached to the Moroccan Division. Malinovsky fought against the Germans until the end of the war. During this time, he was awarded the French Croix de guerre and promoted to senior NCO . He returned to Odessa in 1919, where he joined the Red Army in the Civil War against the White Army and fought with distinction in Siberia . He remained in

378-457: A position he served until his death. Malinovsky was a strong advocate for the importance of conventional forces , and maintained a delicate balance with Khrushchev's missile-based approach regarding Soviet military policy. He retained considerable autonomy in military affairs following the fall of Khrushchev in 1964. Malinovsky died in March 1967 from pancreatic cancer , and is remembered as one of

441-679: The Balkans (the first Jassy–Kishinev Offensive ) together with Marshal Ivan Konev and Army General Fyodor Tolbukhin (who received Malinovsky's former command over the smaller 3rd Ukrainian Front). However, during the second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive in late August and early September 1944, Malinovsky unleashed a highly successful Soviet version of the Blitzkrieg . Together with Tolbukhin, he destroyed or captured some 215,000 German, and 200,000 Romanian troops, forcing Romania to overthrow pro-German Conducător Ion Antonescu , and switch from

504-598: The Bereznegovatoye–Snigirevka Offensive operation, the front readied itself for an attack on Odessa . Before the Odessa Offensive 3rd Ukrainian received substantial reinforcements. It now fielded seven Armies: 5th Shock Army, 6th Army, 8th Guards Army, 28th Army, 37th Army, 46th Army and 57th Army. Malinowsky also formed a cavalry-mechanized group consisting of 4th Guards Cavalry Corps and 4th Mechanized Corps under Lt. Gen. Pliev. The target

567-1046: The First World War and served with distinction in both the German Front and the Western Front . He was serving in the Russian Legion in France on the outbreak of the October Revolution , after which he returned to Russia and joined the Red Army in the Russian Civil War . After graduating from the Frunze Military Academy , Malinovsky volunteered to fight on the Republican side during the Spanish Civil War , where he again served with great distinction and

630-605: The North Caucasian Front as a Don Operational Group under the command of Malinovsky (who also became Front's deputy commander). Stalin ordered Malinovsky to stop the intrusion of the German Army Group A towards Rostov-on-Don and the vital oilfields of Caucasus ; the Germans had a sizeable technical superiority over Malinovsky, and cut through his weak defenses. As a consequence, Stavka disbanded

693-680: The Russian Far East , where he was placed in command of the Transbaikal Front . In August 1945, he led his forces during the last Soviet offensive of the war under the overall command of Aleksandr Vasilevsky . Vasilevsky's forces invaded Manchuria , which was under the occupation of the 700,000 strong Japanese Kwantung Army and crushed the Japanese in ten days. Malinovsky was awarded the Soviet Union's greatest honor,

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756-623: The Soviet invasion of Manchuria . He received the Soviet Union's highest distinction, the title Hero of the Soviet Union , as a reward. After the war, Malinovsky remained in the Far East and held a succession of important commands. After Stalin's death, Nikita Khrushchev recalled Malinovsky to Moscow and named him commander-in-chief of the Soviet Ground Forces . In 1957, he replaced the ousted Georgy Zhukov as Minister of Defence,

819-638: The Wehrmacht, Malinovsky had to retreat along the Black Sea shore, while frustrating enemy attempts to encircle his troops. The Germans succeeded in cornering his corps in Mykolaiv , but Malinovsky breached their ring and retreated to Dnipropetrovsk . In August, he was promoted to Chief of Staff of the badly battered 6th Army , and soon replaced its commander. He halted the German advance in his section of

882-546: The 3rd Ukrainian Front engaged in the Iassy-Kishinev Offensive , which resulted in the release of all the Moldavian SSR, and Romania declaring war on Germany. On 8 September, after breaking diplomatic ties and declaring war on Bulgaria, Soviet troops entered the territory of Bulgaria and occupied part of the country . The next day a Bulgarian communist led coalition organized a coup and took over

945-723: The 3rd Ukrainian Front had forces involved in the Siege of Budapest , including 46th Army . Its troops crossed the Danube and seized a bridgehead on its right bank. In January 1945, they repelled the enemy counter-attacks, trying to relieve the forces surrounded in Budapest, and in March, during the German Operation Frühlingserwachen , a counter-offensive broke the German troops in the area of Lake Balaton . The successful completion of this battle made possible

1008-496: The 5th Guards Tank Army which penetrated north of Kryvyi Rih, and was only halted by the stubborn German defence and length of its own logistic tail. On conclusion, both operations allowed the two Fronts to create a single Krementchug-Dnipropetrovsk bridgehead that expanded to Zaporizhzhia due to the breaching of the Wotan Line by the Southern Front. Later, units of the 6th Army seized bridgeheads south of Zaporizhzhia , and by

1071-805: The Axis to the Allies camp ( see Romania during World War II ). A triumphant Stalin recalled Malinovsky to Moscow, and on 10 September 1944 made him Marshal of the Soviet Union . Malinovsky was also nominal head of the Allied Commission in Romania (represented by Vladislav Petrovich Vinogradov ). He continued his offensive drive, crossed the Southern Carpathians into Transylvania (entering Hungarian -ruled Northern Transylvania ), and on 20 October 1944, captured Debrecen , defended by

1134-596: The Bulgarian First , Second and Fourth Armies. The Danube Flotilla was assigned to the Front's operational control. This included the 83rd Naval Infantry Brigade. In the first half of October 1943, Southwestern Front (3rd Ukrainian Front from 20 October) commanded by Army General Rodion Malinovsky was tasked with attacking the German Panther-Wotan line , and later securing the bridgeheads on

1197-826: The Bulgarian 1st Army reached the Austrian Alps in the Klagenfurt area where they met the British Eighth Army . 3rd Ukrainian Front It was founded on 20 October 1943, on the basis of a Stavka order of October 16, 1943, by renaming the Southwestern Front . It included 1st Guards Army , 8th Guards Army , 6th , 12th , and 46th Armies and 17th Air Army. Later it included 5th Shock, 4th and 9th Guards Army , 26th , 27th , 28th , 37th , 57th Army, 6th Guards Tank Army , and

1260-542: The Chinese delegation to Moscow, and asked when China would finally eliminate Mao Zedong in the manner in which the CPSU eliminated Khrushchev, "we‘ve already got rid of Khrushchev, you should get rid of Mao Zedong." Outraged, He Long reported the incident to Premier of China Zhou Enlai , who in turn, reported the incident to Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev . China refused to accept the Soviet Union's apology. Malinovsky

1323-673: The Don Operational Group in September. The Red Army was hard-pressed by Germans in the Battle of Stalingrad , and Stalin entrusted Malinovsky with the command of the hastily formed 66th Army to hold positions north-east of Stalingrad. At the same time Stalin ordered Nikita Khrushchev , who served as his top political officer in Stalingrad, to "keep an eye" on Malinovsky. The 66th Army had no combat experience, but this

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1386-501: The German Army Group South , and liberated much of the southern Ukraine , including Kherson , Mykolaiv and his home city of Odessa. By that time, according to Khrushchev's opinion, Stalin grew much more confident of Malinovsky's loyalty. In May 1944, Malinovsky was transferred to the 2nd Ukrainian Front . He expelled the Germans from the remaining Soviet territory and participated in an unsuccessful invasion of

1449-607: The Red Army field command, he dispatched some of the top officers from the military academies to the field units. Malinovsky was promoted to Major General , and took command over the freshly raised 48th Rifle Corps , 9th Army in the Odessa Military District . A week prior to the start of the war, Malinovsky deployed his corps close to the Romanian border. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, with

1512-516: The Red Army suffering enormous defeats and losing hundreds of thousands of troops in German encirclements, Malinovsky emerged a competent general. His corps of three partly formed rifle divisions faced German Blitzkrieg along the line of the Prut River . While, as a rule, Red Army generals would lead their forces from behind the frontline, Malinovsky went to the crucial sectors of the battles to be with his soldiers and encourage them. Unable to stop

1575-547: The Sixth Army. Malinovsky led the powerful Soviet Second Guards Army against Hoth . In vicious fighting he forced the Germans to retreat, breached deeply echeloned and well-prepared German defenses, and destroyed the Kotelnikovo army grouping. It was the first World War II large-scale clash of armor to be lost by Germany. Malinovsky's victory sealed the fate of 250,000 German and other Axis Powers soldiers trapped in

1638-824: The Soviet drive into the Balkans, forcing Romania to switch to the Allies side, for which he was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union by Joseph Stalin . He further took part in the liberation of Budapest, Vienna and Prague , cementing Soviet military supremacy in Central Europe. After the German surrender in May 1945, Malinovsky was transferred to the Far East , where he crushed the Japanese Kwantung Army in

1701-453: The Soviet military establishment were convinced that future wars would be won by nuclear missile attack . They advocated main investment to the development of the missiles and a drastic reduction of conventional forces. Malinovsky supported the adoption of strategic nuclear missiles, but saw them as a useful deterrent of war, rather than as a main weapon within it. He developed the concept of a broad based military and vigorously argued that while

1764-618: The Soviet's supremacy over the Danubian heartland of Europe. In return, Stalin rewarded him with the highest Soviet military decoration of the period, the Order of Victory . Malinovsky ended his campaign in Europe with the liberation of Brno in the Czech lands, observing a jubilant meeting of his and American advance forces. After the German surrender in May 1945, Malinovsky was transferred to

1827-520: The Stalingrad pocket. Stalin promoted Malinovsky to colonel general, and awarded him with the highest Soviet decoration for outstanding generalship — the Order of Suvorov of the 1st degree. In February 1943, Malinovsky resumed his command of Southern Front, and in less than two weeks he expelled Manstein from Rostov-on-Don, opening the road to Ukraine to the Red Army. In March 1943, Stalin elevated him to rank of Army General and gave him command of Southwestern Front, tasked to drive German troops away from

1890-545: The armed forces. In a meeting in Romania in the next month, between USSR and Chinese delegations, Malinovsky worsened Sino-Soviet relations, already deeply frayed in the Sino-Soviet split . Historian Daniel Leese noted that improvement of the relations "that had seemed possible after Khrushchev's fall evaporated" as they became more elusive after an allegedly drunken Malinovsky approached Chinese Marshal He Long , member of

1953-464: The army after the end of the conflict, studying in the training school for the junior commanders, and rose to commander of a rifle battalion. In 1926, he became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , membership of which was a prerequisite for promotion in the military. In 1927, Malinovsky was sent to study at the elite Frunze Military Academy . He graduated in 1930, and during

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2016-530: The attack, with the tank corps being inserted on the 13 October; the 12th Army attacked from the north, and 3rd Guards from the south of Zaporizhzhia . Germans retreated from Zaporizhzhia, destroying the railway bridge over Dnieper behind themselves. On 23 October Malinovsky , who wanted to take Dnipropetrovsk , and trap the First Panzer Army in the eastern reaches of the Dnieper bend, inserted

2079-407: The beginning of the Vienna Offensive on 16 March, in conjunction with the left wing 2nd Ukrainian Front . Thereafter the front's forces completed the liberation of Hungary, expelled the enemy from the eastern part of Austria and took its capital, Vienna . The Front included 57th Army from October to December 1944. On 15 June 1945, the on the basis of a Stavka directive on May 29, 1945, the front

2142-414: The commanding officers to enlist him as a volunteer, and served in a machine-gun detachment in the frontline trenches . In October 1915, as a reward for repelling a German attack, he received his first military award, the Cross of St. George of the 4th class, and was promoted to the rank of corporal . Soon afterwards, he was badly wounded and spent several months in the hospital. After his recovery, he

2205-445: The crisis, he publicly demanded in army publications for the military to be given a greater say in formulating Soviet strategic policy. The army's discontent with Khrushchev encouraged a coup within the Party, which resulted in the removal of Khrushchev from power in October 1964. The new Party leadership accepted Malinovsky's demand for an autonomous and professional military establishment, as well as his concept of balanced development of

2268-400: The defenses of the Germans, who, after 6 months of fighting, were suffering from fatigue and shortages as well. On 12 May 1942, Malinovsky and the Southwestern Front , under the overall command of Timoshenko, launched a joint attack in the Second Battle of Kharkov pushing the Germans back 100 kilometres (62 mi). Timoshenko overestimated the Red Army's offensive capabilities and suffered

2331-420: The early phases of the Korean War . After Stalin's death in 1953, Khrushchev became the Soviet leader and, during the De-Stalinization process and the consolidation of his power in the Kremlin , he promoted Malinovsky to Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Ground Forces and First Deputy to Minister of Defense Marshal Georgy Zhukov . To confirm Malinovsky's high status in the Soviet Party-state hierarchy, he

2394-423: The eastern bank of the Dnieper on the Izyum - Dnipropetrovsk axis during the Battle of the Lower Dnieper . But the first attempt to establish bridgeheads failed. Three infantry armies: 8th Guards , 3rd Guards and the 12th Army , and two corps, 1st Guards Mechanized and 23rd Tank with 17th Air Army providing air support were assembled for the new assault. On 10 October 1943 Chuikov's 8th Guards launched

2457-404: The end of December, along with 2nd Ukrainian Front held on the Dnieper major strategic stronghold. After the liberation of right-bank Ukraine by troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, in collaboration with 4th Ukrainian Front by making Nikopol-Krivoy Rog Operation 1944, the took to the district Ingulets , where in March–April launched an offensive at the Nikolayev-Odessa area. After carrying out

2520-451: The front and was promoted to Lieutenant General . After the retreat of the Red Army to the Donbas , Malinovsky commanded a joint operation of the 6th and 12th armies, managing to drive the Wehrmacht out of the region. In December 1941, Malinovsky received command of the Southern Front , consisting of three weak field armies and two division-sized cavalry corps. They were short of manpower and equipment, but Malinovsky managed to push deep into

2583-434: The government, eventually switching sides and declaring war on Germany. From 28 September - 20 October 1944 3rd Ukrainian Front in collaboration with the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia with the participation of troops of the Fatherland Front in Bulgaria carried out the Belgrade Offensive , which resulted in the liberation of the capital of Yugoslavia, Belgrade , and most of Serbia . In October 1944 - February 1945,

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2646-440: The industrially rich Donbas . Through a sudden attack in mid-October, Malinovsky managed to surprise a large German force in the region's key city of Zaporizhia and captured it. The campaign split German forces in the South and isolated German forces in Crimea from the rest of the German Eastern Front . On 20 October, the Southwestern Front was renamed 3rd Ukrainian Front . From December 1943 to April 1944, Malinovsky smashed

2709-405: The installations and the Dam were partly destroyed. At the same time the Koniev's 2nd Ukrainian Front was attacking towards the Kryvyi Rih from the north with the 7th Guards Army, but the 1st Panzer Army was saved for the moment as Koniev's assault on Kryvyi Rih stalled at Ingulets river north of Kherson. However, Vatutin commanding the 1st Ukrainian Front located north of Poltava sent

2772-421: The lake retreated, which aided the Bulgarian advance. The Bulgarian 1st Army breached the first two defensive Axis lines and crossed the Mura river. They then assumed a defensive posture at the Veliki Kog - Yastrebtzi line and remained there until 7 May. On 7 May they resumed advance which soon became a pursuit of fleeing enemy and the capture of the remnants of the Wehrmacht and Hungarian troops. By 13 May 1945,

2835-413: The most important military leaders in Russian and Soviet history. A Ukrainian , Malinovsky was born in Odesa to a single mother, after the death, or the home abandoning, of his father, of Caraite Jewish ancestry. Malinovsky's mother soon left the city for the rural areas of Southern Russia , and married. Her husband, a poverty -stricken peasant, refused to adopt her son and expelled him when Malinovsky

2898-422: The nature of war had changed, the decisive factor would still be a standing army proficient in modern military technology and capable of conquering and controlling the enemy's territory. Soviet military policy during these years was a compromise between the views of Malinovsky and of Khrushchev. The Cuban Missile Crisis , which brought the world to the brink of nuclear catastrophe, alienated Malinovsky. Following

2961-407: The newly arrived 46th Army into combat. Together with 8th Guards it was trying to trap German forces against the western bank of Dnieper between Dnipropetrovsk and Dniprodzerzhynsk , the site of the huge Dnieper Hydroelectric Station . The 46th Army units tried to get to the station in time to prevent the destruction of the dam by retreating German troops. On 25 October Dnipropetrovsk was taken, but

3024-484: The next seven years he rose to the Chief of Staff of the 3rd Cavalry Corps, where his commander was Semyon Timoshenko (a protégé of Joseph Stalin ). After the start of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, Malinovsky volunteered to fight for the Republicans against the right-wing nationalists of General Francisco Franco and their Italian and German allies. He participated in planning and directing several main operations. In 1938, he returned to Moscow , being awarded

3087-434: The operation consisted of the Bulgarian 1st Army with two Corps composed of six infantry divisions and other smaller units (~100 000 troops) which advanced on the southern flank of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, with the 57th Army positioned to its east (6th Guards Rifle Corps, and 64th and 133rd Rifle Corps), and the other three Armies of the Front concentrated in the area between Lake Balaton and Budapest. The South-western flank

3150-407: The operation was to cut the Axis access to the oil wells and fuel processing plants in the Nagykanizsa region west of Lake Balaton for the protection of which the Army Group South force built up three defensive lines behind the natural water obstacle of the Mura river linked to the western shore of the lake. The German reference to this operation is the "Budapest front". The bulk of the forces for

3213-442: The order of a Hero of the Soviet Union , and was appointed a member of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union by Stalin himself. Following the Japanese surrender, Malinovsky was made supreme commander of the Far Eastern Military District . During the Soviet occupation of North Korea , Malinovsky was an influential figure in the establishment and training of the Korean People's Army , and continued to provide support for them during

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3276-450: The top Soviet decorations, the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner , in recognition of his service in Spain; he was appointed a senior lecturer at the Frunze Military Academy . In the spring of 1941, Timoshenko, who then served the People's Commissar for Defence , was alarmed by the massive German military buildup on the Soviet borders, as the Wehrmacht was secretly preparing for Operation Barbarossa . In order to strengthen

3339-399: Was a Soviet military commander and Marshal of the Soviet Union . He served as Minister of Defence of the Soviet Union from 1957 to 1967, during which he oversaw the strengthening of the Soviet Army and helped build up the image of the Soviet Union as a military superpower . Born to an impoverished Ukrainian household in Odesa , Malinovsky volunteered for the Imperial Russian Army during

3402-439: Was a staunch opponent of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , accusing the Americans of waging a "murderous war against the Vietnamese people". In response to escalating U.S. aggression, Malinovsky called for a major Soviet military buildup. He also criticized China's involvement in the war, accusing the Chinese government of obstructing Soviet aid to North Vietnam . Malinovsky died from pancreatic cancer on 31 March 1967. He

3465-709: Was disbanded, and reorganised as the Southern Group of Forces . 26th Army was grouped with 37th Army into the SGF. Front Commander: General of Army Rodion Malinovsky 1st Guards Army 3rd Guards Army : 8th Guards Army : 6th Army : 12th Army 1st Guards Mechanized Corps 23rd Tank Corps 17th Air Army Commanders: Member of the Military Council: Chief of Staff: Rodion Malinovsky Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky ( Russian : Родио́н Я́ковлевич Малино́вский , Ukrainian : Родіо́н Я́кович Малино́вський , romanized :  Rodion Yakovych Malynovskyi ; 23 November [ O.S. 11 November] 1898 – 31 March 1967)

3528-404: Was later awarded the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner in recognition of his service. Malinovsky emerged as one of the few competent Soviet generals in the opening phase of the German invasion . He played a crucial role in the Soviet victory at Stalingrad in December 1942, and helped drive German troops out of Ukraine following the Dnieper–Carpathian offensive . He then commanded

3591-410: Was occupied by the Yugoslav partisans . The primary opponents on this sector of the front was the 2nd Panzer Army which included the LXVIII and XXII Mountain Corps . After the successful 2nd Ukrainian Front 's Kecskemét–Budapest offensive (29 October 1944 – 10 December 1944) and Szolnok–Budapest offensive (29 October 1944 – 10 December 1944) east of Balaton , the German forces south-west of

3654-427: Was only 13 years old. The homeless boy survived by working as a farmhand, and eventually received shelter from his aunt's family in Odesa, where he worked as an errand boy in a general store. After the start of World War I in July 1914, Malinovsky, who was only 15 years old at the time (too young for military service), hid on the military train heading for the German front , but was discovered. He nevertheless convinced

3717-408: Was port Nikolayev and large Black Sea port Odessa. The attack opened on 6 March 1944 when Soviet troops forced the Ingulets, the Visun and the Ingul rivers. They assisted the Black Sea Fleet completing the liberation of southern Ukraine, and liberated a large part of the Moldavian SSR and moved to Dniester and, seizing bridgeheads on its right bank, including Kitskansky bridgehead. In August 1944

3780-415: Was selected a full member of the Communist Party Central Committee. In October 1957, Khrushchev, who had grown apprehensive of Zhukov's political ambitions, ousted him and entrusted his post as minister to Malinovsky, who served in this position until his death. Although a personal friend of Khrushchev, Malinovsky maintained his independent position regarding military affairs. Khrushchev and several members of

3843-405: Was sent back to Stalingrad . There the Red Army achieved its greatest success to that point in the war: on 22 November the Red Army fronts encircled the German Sixth Army . The German Army Group Don , commanded by Field Marshal Erich von Manstein , gathered its Panzer troops in the town of Kotelnikovo 150 kilometres (93 mi) west of Stalingrad and launched a desperate counterattack to save

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3906-429: Was sent to France in 1916 as a member of the Western Front Russian Expeditionary Corps . Malinovsky fought in a hotly contested sector of the front near Fort Brion and was promoted to sergeant . He suffered a serious wound in his left arm, and received a decoration from the French government. After the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, the French government disbanded some Russian units, but others were transferred to

3969-464: Was the first time in the war Malinovsky had commanded a unit that was near full strength in both troops and equipment. In September and October 1942, he went on the offensive. His territorial gains were marginal, but he denied the Germans an opportunity to encircle Stalingrad from the north, and, slowed down, they decided to push into the city. Later that month, Stavka dispatched Malinovsky to the Voronezh Front as its deputy commander; in December 1942, he

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