24-640: Naishadha Charita , also known as Naishadhiya Charita ( Naiṣadhīya-carita ), is a poem in Sanskrit on the life of Nala , the king of Nishadha . Written by Sriharsha , it is considered one of the five mahakavyas (great epic poems) in the canon of Sanskrit literature . It was composed by Śrī Harṣa in the court of the Gahaḍavāla King Jayachandra . Naishadha Charita presents the story of Nala's early life; his falling in love with Damayanti , their marriage, and honeymoon. This mahakavya
48-413: A game of dice with his brother Pushkara and gambled away his wealth and the kingdom to him. Before departing, Damayanti sent her children to her father's kingdom with a charioteer. Pushkara threatened that any citizen who showed sympathy for them would suffer the penalty of being forced to live in the jungle. While Damayanti was sleeping, Nala, under the influence of Kali, deserted her and went away. In
72-430: A charioteer for knowledge at dice. Then he set out to regain his kingdom from his brother. Reaching there, he challenged Pushkara for a match either at dice or single combat. Nala staked all the wealth he had earned from his father in law, himself and his wife for the latter's kingdom. Driven by the desire of gaining a beautiful wife, Pushkara, sure of his own success, accepted a rematch in dice, in which he lost and became
96-427: A slave. But Nala then forgave him for what he had done and gave him his kingdom back as being of the same blood. After four years of hardship, during which Nala never deviated from the path of righteousness, he had overcome the influence of Kali and regained his kingdom by defeating Pushkara in a rematch. Nala and Damayanti were reunited and lived happily thereafter. Kali offered Nala a boon when he left him. Nala sought
120-583: Is a character in the Vana Parva book of the Mahabharata . He was the king of Nishadha Kingdom and the son of Veerasena. Nala was known for his skill with horses and for his culinary expertise. He married princess Damayanti , of the Vidarbha Kingdom . He was blessed by goddess Kali. He was also a great cook and wrote the first-ever book on cookery, Pakadarpanam (Sanskrit: पाकदर्पण ). He
144-662: Is divided into two parts – Purva and Uttara , each of them containing eleven cantos or divisions. Its story is that of Nala and Damayanti , the daughter of Bhima, the king of Vidarbha . This story is first related in the 3rd part of the Vanaparva of the Mahabharata , where the treatment is different. The language of the Naishadha Charita is highly elaborate and polished, with continual play upon words and variety of metres. The Shishupala Vadha of Magha and
168-576: Is said to have been able to cook a full meal without lighting fire. Nala's story is told in the Vana Parva of the Mahabharata and was adapted into various versions. According to the 12th century text Nishadha Charita , one of the five mahakavyas (great epic poems) in the canon of Sanskrit literature, written by Sriharsha , Nala, King of Nishadha, found a beautiful swan in a forest. The swan told him about Damayanti . An impressed Nala told
192-607: The Naishadha Charita of Sriharsha are considered tests for scholars; of the Naishadha it is said that it is Naishadham Vidvad-aushadham , i.e. the "Scholars' tonic". The main characters of the poem are: The first canto begins with an elaborate description of Nala, his physical beauty, valour and other qualities. The minstrels visiting the court of Nala bring the news of Damayanti, the daughter of King Bhimna, as an accomplished and charming lady. Love for that princess
216-480: The book Naishadhiya Charitam Of Harsha published by Nirnaya Sagar Press. Sriharsa flourished during the 12th century A.D. He lived during the reign of Jayachandra of Kanauj who was defeated by Shihabuddin in 1193 A.D. Naishadha Charita was translated into Telugu by the 15th-century Telugu poet Srinatha . It was translated into English by Krishna Kanta Handique , and into Hindi by Guman Mishra and Rishinatha Bhatta. Nala Nala ( Sanskrit : नल )
240-452: The garland around Nala's neck but her fingers did not move even a little to do so, restraint and bashfulness forbidding her. She whispered into the ears of Saraswati uttering the letter na (lit. no) and stopped. She touched the fingers of Saraswati who laughed at this. The bridesmaid took the princess before Nala and addressed the gods that Damayanti, a chaste woman, would not choose any of them and requested them to shower their favour on
264-447: The gods were not acceptable to Damayanti, who was against a human being seeking an alliance with the gods. Nala's warning that the gods would create problems and obstacles in her married life, if she chose someone else, did not defer her from her steadfast love for Nala. At last, Nala revealed his identity and left the harem. The four gods assumed a form identical to Nala's and were there along with Nala, virtually presenting five Nalas. At
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#1732791413737288-541: The hand of a damsel goaded Indra to attend the swayamvara. He got down to earth with the gods Agni , Yama , Varuna and Shani (Saturn) and met on his way Nala, who too was proceeding to attend the swayamvara. He was unable to contain his envy on noticing Nala's enchanting appearance and so resorted to a ruse by requesting Nala to be the emissary of the gods and impress upon Damayanti their unequalled worthiness. The rewards that are vouchsafed traditionally to one who offers his service to another in need were brought by Indra to
312-442: The happy life of Nala and Damayanti. The poet takes care to show that Nala did not violate the rules of conduct in his religious acts. The poem abruptly ends after narrating Damayanti's beauty in the moonlit night. Events occurring in each chapter The progress of the story spanning across 22 chapters is presented below, by showing the significant events covered in a range of verses. The verse numbers referred to here are taken from
336-412: The instance of Vishnu , Saraswati , the goddess of learning, became the bridesmaid for Damayanti. She took the princess to the kings and spoke highly of the worth of each one, but they were all rejected by Damayanti. At last, the princess was brought before the five Nalas. Sarasvati described each god in such a manner that her words attributable to that god were also contained in her description. Damayanti
360-469: The jungle, he saved Karkotaka Naga (Snake Person) from a fire. The Karkotaka Naga used poison to transform Nala into an ugly dwarf named Bahuka and advised him to serve King Rituparna of Ayodhya. He also gave Nala a magic garment that would restore him to his original form. Nala went to King Rituparna and served him as both charioteer and cook. Meanwhile, Damayanti, when finding her lord not there, wept and went ahead in search of him. In her travel, she faced
384-445: The life of Damayanti, since she had chosen a mortal and disregarded them. He vowed to divert Nala from the path of Dharma (the path of righteousness and virtue) and to separate Nala and Damayanti. Such was the purity of Nala that it took twelve years for Kali to find a small fault in him and bewitch his soul. Kali gained access to Nala via his legs after he forgot to wash his ankles before puja. After being influenced by evil, Nala played
408-407: The notice of Nala, who was otherwise unwilling and at the same time felt the delicacy of refusing the request of the divine beings. At last, he agreed and was sent to the harem of Damayanti, remaining invisible to others — a boon granted to him by the gods. Keeping his identity unknown to Damayanti, Nala attempted to deliver to her the message of the gods but his well-reasoned arguments on behalf of
432-468: The princess. The gods gave their assent through the movement of their eyebrows and returned to their regions. The marriage celebrations followed on a grand scale. Kali , the evil genius, met the gods who were returning to their regions, and was informed of Damayanti's choice. He avowed to spoil the happy life of the wedded pair and took his position on a tree in Nala's mansion. The last five cantos deal with
456-429: The snake, Nishada, met ascetics who comforted her, met merchant travellers, met her aunt Queen Bhanumati of Chedi, and at last managed to reach her father's kingdom. She declared a reward for anyone who would find the hideout of her husband. One of her scouts returned and told her about a charioteer named Bahuka in a faraway kingdom. Damayanti sent a riddle to Rituparna to confirm Nala's presence. On hearing that Damayanti
480-429: The swan to go to Damayanti and tell her about him. Later, he was chosen by Damayanti as her husband in the swayamvara , a function in which the bride selects her husband from among the invitees, in preference to even the gods who came to marry her. All the gods left the place praising the qualities of Nala and blessing the couple. But when Kali Purush heard everything from the returning gods, in wrath, vowed to doom
504-554: Was going to marry another husband, Bahuka took Rituparna and drove the chariot fast. He set out for Vidarbha from Ayodhya. During the journey, Kali came out from his body and asked for forgiveness for fear of being cursed. Nala forgave him, and in a few hours reached Bhima's kingdom. Through her servant's help, Damayanti found that charioteer named Bahuka, who was surely her Nala and called him to her apartment. Both recognized each other and Nala took his original form. Knowing Rituparna's skills at dice and numbers, Nala exchanged his skill as
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#1732791413737528-454: Was informed of his daughter's ailment, which was virtually love-sickness, by the innocent and inexperienced companions of Damayanti. Thereupon, Bhima made arrangements for the swayamvara (an ancient Indian practice whereby a girl chooses a husband from a list of suitors) of his daughter. Meanwhile, Indra , the king of the gods, learnt from Narada the news of Damayanti's swayamvara and of her steadfast love for Nala. Natural fascination to win
552-572: Was perplexed. She felt that Nala was a master of many lores and could understand even the intentions of horses and so he was there presenting himself in five forms. She was unable to know the real Nala and in a mood of anguish prayed to the gods to reveal their identity and enable her to choose Nala. She found that the gods did not touch the ground with their feet, did not wink and had no sweat on their bodies. Their garlands did not fade. Thus she became certain about their identity. On knowing Nala's identity, bashfulness took full control of her. She would put
576-496: Was thus kindled in Nala. Unable to bear it, he went to a pleasure garden in his palace where he seized a beautiful swan he saw. It cried in horror and was let off by the kind prince. It went to Kundinapura , the capital city of King Bhima, and managed to find Damayanti in a garden there. The swan gave her a good picture of Nala and assured her of its services in fostering mutual affection between her and Nala. It flew to Nala and apprised him of Damayanti's enviable attainments. King Bhima
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