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47-578: Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên was the sixth son of Nguyễn Hoàng . Upon the death of his father, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên took over the rule of the southern provinces of Vietnam. He continued his father's policy of refusing to submit to the authority of the court in Hanoi, dominated at this time by his cousin, Trịnh Tùng . Unlike his father he did not take the title Vương (王) but instead called himself Nhơn quốc công (仁國公; roughly Duke of Nhơn ). Starting as early as 1615, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên allowed Portuguese merchants to set up

94-597: A new dynasty ( Mạc dynasty ). The founders of both clan Nguyễn Kim and his son-in-law Trịnh Kiểm fled to Thanh Hóa province and refused to accept the rule of the Mạc. All of the region south of the Red River was under their control, but they were unable to dislodge the Mạc from Đông Kinh ( the capital of state) for many years. During this time, the Nguyễn–Trịnh alliance was led by Nguyễn Kim ; his daughter Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Bảo

141-651: A powerful clan originally based in Thanh Hóa Province . The clan supported Lê Lợi in his successful war of independence against the Ming dynasty . From that point on, the Nguyễn were one of the major noble families in Vietnam. Perhaps the most famous Nguyễn of this time was Nguyễn Thị Anh , the queen-consort for nearly 20 years (1442–1459). In 1527, Mạc Đăng Dung overthrew the emperor Lê Cung Hoàng and established

188-503: A trading post at Faifo (modern-day Hội An ). The Nguyễn began to purchase advanced European cannons from the Portuguese and learned something of European ship design. This would help them enormously in later years. As time passed, Faifo became a major trade port for the south-west Pacific where traders in the region came to sell and acquire goods. Chinese , Japanese , Europeans, and South Asians all came to trade at Faifo. Originally

235-464: Is found in that his nephew Trịnh Tùng had been given a similar title just one year earlier: Pacifying Prince (Bình An Vương). Nguyễn Hoàng had many children (10 sons) but most of them either lost their lives in the battlefields or stayed in the North. His 6th son Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên succeeded him upon his death in 1613. He ruled the south for 55 years. The reason Trịnh Kiểm appointed Nguyễn Hoàng to

282-642: The Lê dynasty . However, the de jure submission of the Nguyễn lords to the Trịnh lords ended in 1600. The Nguyễn lords were members of the House of Nguyễn Phúc . While they recognized the authority of and claimed to be loyal subjects of the revival Lê dynasty, they were de facto rulers of southern Đại Việt. Meanwhile, the Trịnh lords ruled northern Đại Việt in the name of the Lê emperor, who

329-488: The Catholic Church represented a threat to their rule. De Rhodes was sentenced to death, but was allowed to leave Vietnam with the understanding he was to be executed if he returned. Quảng Nam Province was the site where fourth rank Chinese brigade vice-commander dushu Liu Sifu was shipwrecked after suffering a storm. He was taken back to Guangzhou, China by a Vietnamese Nguyễn ship in 1669. The Vietnamese sent

376-669: The Chinese Zhao Wenbin to led the diplomatic delegation on the ship and requested the establishment of trade relations with the Qing court. Although they thanked the Nguyễn for sending their officer safely home, they rejected the Nguyễn's offer. On Champa's coastal waters in a place called Linlangqian by the Chinese a ship ran aground after departing on 25 Jun 1682 from Cambodia carrying Chinese captain Chang Xiaoguan with

423-544: The Eastern Capital (modern-day Hanoi ), Nguyễn Hoàng lend him resources and troops. The Nguyen army joined the Royal (Trịnh) army and helped destroy the remainder of the Mạc army. For reasons that are mysterious, when the new Emperor, Lê Kinh Tông, ascended the throne, Nguyễn Hoàng refused to recognize the new sovereign and instead took for himself the new title of Good Prince (Huu Vuong) in 1600. Perhaps an explanation

470-614: The Nguyen domination. The Nguyễn lords established the protectorate of Principality of Thuận Thành to wield power over the Cham court until Minh Mạng Emperor abolished it in 1832. The Nguyễn also invaded Cambodia in 1658, 1690, 1691, 1697 and 1713. Inscription on a Nguyễn cannon manufactured by Portuguese engineer and military advisor Juan de Cruz dating from 1670 reads "for the King and grand Lord of Cochinchina, Champa and of Cambodia." In 1714,

517-469: The Nguyen in 1744 and the Cheongsam Chinese clothing inspired the áo dài . The current áo dài was introduced by the Nguyễn lords. Cham provinces were seized by the Nguyễn lords. Provinces and districts originally belonging to Cambodia were taken by Võ Vương . The Nguyễn lords waged multiple wars against Champa in 1611, 1629, 1653, 1692, and by 1693 the Cham leadership had succumbed to

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564-484: The Nguyễn armies were not defeated and Phú Xuân was not taken. The Royal army withdrew north to regroup. The Nguyễn immediately began the building of a massive pair of walls to defend their lands. This pair of walls, just south of the Linh River, eventually grew to a length of 11 miles, stretching from the sea to the mountains. The walls were each 20 feet tall and equipped with many cannons of European design. In 1633,

611-595: The Nguyễn sent an army into Cambodia to support Ang Em 's claim to the throne against Prea Srey Thomea . Siam sided with Prea Srey Thomea against the Vietnamese claimant. At Bantea Meas , the Vietnamese routed the Siamese armies, but by 1717 the Siamese had gained the upper hand. The war ended with a negotiated settlement, whereby Ang Em was allowed to take the Cambodia crown in exchange for pledging allegiance to

658-595: The Siamese. For their part, the Nguyễn lords wrested more territory from the weakened Cambodian kingdom. Two decades later, in 1739, the Cambodians attempted to reclaim their lost coastal land. The fighting lasted some ten years, but the Vietnamese fended off the Cambodian raids and secured their hold on the rich Mekong Delta . With Siam embroiled in war with Burma , the Nguyễn mounted another campaign against Cambodia in 1755 and conquered additional territory from

705-534: The Southern provinces is not clear. As anecdote goes, Trinh Kiểm, being afraid of losing power to Nguyễn brothers, ordered the assassination of Nguyễn Hoàng's older brother. As for Hoang, Trịnh Kiểm wanted to take advantage of Mạc's southern garrison troops to eliminate his brother in law. Nguyễn Hoàng is considered as the founder of the Nguyen dynasty (1802–1945) and Southern Vietnam . In 2013, his 400th anniversary

752-623: The Trịnh tried to outflank the walls with an amphibious invasion but the Nguyễn fleet was able to defeat the Royal (Trịnh) fleet at the battle of Nhật Lệ. Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên died in 1635 with the war still going on. Still, the defensive measures he had put in place served the Nguyễn well. Phú Xuân was not taken by the Trịnh until 1774. Further, his defensive success in these first battles is a credit to his ability to attract talented men to his cause and make use of expert military advice, even when it came from another country. Nguy%E1%BB%85n Ho%C3%A0ng Nguyễn Hoàng (28 August 1525 – 20 July 1613)

799-461: The Trịnh. According to Dupuy, the Nguyễn were able to defeat initial Trịnh attacks with the aid of advanced weapons they purchased from the Portuguese . The Nguyễn also conducted fairly extensive trade with Japan and China. The Portuguese set up a trade center at Faifo (present day Hội An ), just south of Huế in 1615. However, with the end of the great war between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn,

846-526: The Tây Sơn army with a new army from Siam, having allied with the Siamese king Taksin. However, Taksin became a religious fanatic and was killed in a coup. The new king of Siam, Rama I had more urgent affairs to look after than helping Nguyễn Ánh retake Vietnam and so this campaign faltered. The Siamese army retreated, and Nguyễn Ánh went into exile, but would later return. The Nguyễn were significantly more open to foreign trade and communication with Europeans than

893-443: The capital city; so, he agreed to a deal in order to keep Nguyễn Hoàng away from capital city. In 1558, Nguyễn Hoàng and family, relatives and his loyal generals moved to Thuận Hóa to take his position. Arriving at Triệu Phong District , he made the place his new capital and constructed a new palace. In March 1568, Emperor Lê Anh Tông summoned Hoàng for a meeting at Tây Đô and met Trịnh Kiểm at his personal mansion. He arranged for

940-529: The capital to avoid further assassination aimed at him. Later, he asked his sister Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Bảo (wife of Trịnh Kiểm) to ask Kiểm to appoint him to be the governor of Đại Việt's southern frontier province of Thuận Hóa in what is modern-day Southern of Quảng Bình , Quảng Trị to Quảng Nam provinces, land that once belonged to kingdom of Champa . Back then, Thuận Hóa was still regarded as uncivilised land, and simultaneously, Trịnh Kiểm also sought to remove remaining power and influence of Nguyễn Hoàng in

987-928: The city of Saigon . In 1673, the Nguyễn concluded a peace with the Trịnh lord Trịnh Tạc, beginning a long era of relative peace between north and south. When the war with the Trịnh ended, the Nguyễn were able to put more resources into suppressing the Champa kingdoms and conquest of lands which used to belong to the Khmer Empire . The Dutch brought Vietnamese slaves they captured from Nguyễn territories in Quảng Nam Province to their colony in Taiwan . The Nguyễn lord Nguyễn Phúc Chu referred to Vietnamese as "Han people" 漢人 (Hán nhân) in 1712 when differentiating between Vietnamese and Chams. The Nguyen Lords established frontier colonies, known as đồn điền after 1790. It

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1034-507: The civil war in Vietnam itself. The turmoil gave rise to the Tây Sơn . In 1771, as a result of heavy taxes and defeats in the war with Cambodia, three brothers from Tây Sơn began a peasant uprising that quickly engulfed much of southern Vietnam. Within two years, the Tây Sơn brothers captured the provincial capital of Qui Nhơn. In 1774, the Trịnh in Hà Nội, seeing their rival gravely weakened, ended

1081-406: The emperor to additionally appoint Hoàng governor of Quảng Nam province to keep him faithful to Kiểm to join an alliance against Mạc dynasty in the north. In 1636, Nguyễn Hoàng moved his base to Phú Xuân (modern Huế). Nguyễn Hoàng slowly expanded his territory further south, while the Trịnh lords continued their war with the Mạc dynasty to control over northern Vietnam. In 1592, Đông Đô ( Hanoi )

1128-471: The friendly relation with Cambodia. Around 1620, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên's daughter ( Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn ) married the king of Cambodia , Chey Chettha II (the marriage seems to have been contracted years earlier). As a result of this marriage, the Cambodian King allowed the Nguyễn to establish a small trading and tax post at Prei Nokor what is now Saigon in 1623. Vice versa, Nguyễn clan have to supply

1175-403: The hot temperature of summer, Dương Chấp Nhất treated Kim with a watermelon. After the party, Kim felt ill after returning home and died the same day. Dương Chấp Nhất later returned to the Mạc dynasty. The records of the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư and Đại Nam thực lục both suggest that Dương Chấp Nhất tried to assassinate the emperor Lê Trang Tông by pretending to surrender. However, the plot

1222-477: The hundred-year truce and launched an attack against the Nguyễn from the north. The Trịnh forces quickly overran the Nguyễn capital in 1774, while the Nguyễn lords fled south to Saigon . The Nguyễn fought against both the Trịnh army and the Tây Sơn, but their effort was in vain. By 1777, Gia Định was captured and nearly the entire Nguyễn family was killed except one nephew, Nguyễn Ánh , who managed to flee to Siam. Nguyễn Ánh did not give up, and in 1780 he attacked

1269-517: The ineffective Cambodian court. At the end of the war the Nguyễn had secured a port on the Gulf of Siam ( Hà Tiên ) and were threatening Phnom Penh itself. Under their new king Taksin , the Siamese reasserted its protection of its eastern neighbor by coming to the aid of the Cambodian court. War was launched against the Nguyễn in 1769. After some early success, the Nguyễn forces by 1773 were facing internal revolts and had to abandon Cambodia to deal with

1316-571: The land itself did not have any high value products, nevertheless later on Nguyễn lords established various sugar cane and mullberry plantations for the sole purpose of producing goods for overseas export. Traders from Japan came all the way to Vietnam because the Ming and the Manchu Emperors forbade trade with Japan. In order to obtain the highly desirable Chinese silks and ceramics, the Japanese had to come to Faifo. Local high quality silk

1363-412: The mission from Nguyễn was dispatched to Oudong , with a lot of treasures and gift to strengthen the relationship between two government and confirm the alliance of Cambodia and Nguyễn. After the negotiation, Chey Chettha II allowed to let them established the trading post which were namely Kas Krobei ( Vũng Tàu ) and Prei Nokor ( Saigon ) for taxation. Nguyễn lords can bring their private army to protect

1410-544: The need for European military equipment declined. The Portuguese trade center never became a major European base unlike Goa or Macau . In 1640, Alexandre de Rhodes returned to Vietnam, this time to the Nguyễn court at Huế. He began work on converting people to the Catholic faith and building churches. After six years, the Nguyễn Lord, Nguyễn Phúc Lan , came to the same conclusion as Trịnh Tráng had, that de Rhodes and

1457-537: The next successor of the Trịnh, Trịnh Tráng . The war lasted until 1673, when peace was declared. The Nguyễn not only fended off Trịnh attacks but also continued their expansion southwards along the coast, although the northern war slowed this expansion. Around 1620, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên's daughter married Chey Chettha II , a Khmer king. Three years later, in 1623, the Nguyễn formally gained permission for Vietnamese to settle in Prey Nokor, which would later be known as

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1504-538: The post and their citizens as well as the public security of the city of Prei Nokor. With the death of Trịnh Tùng in 1623 and the new rule of his son, Trịnh Tráng , another formal demand was made by the Court in Hanoi for the Nguyễn to pay tribute. In 1624, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên formally refused. Three years later, the Royal (Trịnh) army marched south and attacked the Nguyễn. The first set of battles lasted for four months but

1551-472: The remainder of the Mạc clan. In 1600, Lê Kính Tông ascended the throne. Just like the previous Lê emperors, the new emperor was a powerless figurehead under the control of Trịnh Tùng . Apart from this, a revolt broke out in Ninh Bình province , possibly instigated by the Trịnh. As a consequence of these events, Nguyễn Hoàng formally broke off relations with the court in the north, rightly arguing that it

1598-633: The weapon and troops to support Cambodian war against Ayutthaya Kingdom . This settlement was the start of a major expansion by the Vietnamese beyond the borders established by Lê Thánh Tông in 1471. According to the Italian missionary Christoforo Borri who was staying in Quy Nhơn witness the military support of Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên sent to Cambodia, according to his records (published in 1631): Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên sent his military support to his son-in-law Chey Chettha II twice to against Siamese. In 1623,

1645-490: Was also one of the primary trade for Japanese merchants, who often purchase whole batches months prior to their annual arrival. The local silk price also reflected any changes in Japanese market. In return, Đàng Trong experienced serious shortage of precious metals like gold and copper which the Japanese had abundance to export, therefore Nguyễn Lords imported massive quantity of Japanese coins, either to circulate or to use in their cannon foundries. Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên maintained

1692-467: Was appointed to govern the southernmost province of Vietnam. This land was formerly Champa territory which had been conquered by emperor Lê Thánh Tông and at the time was under control of Mạc force. Nguyễn Hoàng defeated the enemy commander Duke Lập and took over the province in 1558. In 1573 he was given the title Grand Master (Thái phó) by Emperor Lê Thế Tông. Later he was given the title Duke of Môn (Môn Công). In 1592, when Trịnh Tùng laid siege to

1739-557: Was celebrated in Hue. Nguy%E1%BB%85n lords The Nguyễn lords ( Vietnamese : Chúa Nguyễn , 主阮; 1558–1777, 1780–1802), also known as the Nguyễn clan ( Vietnamese : Nguyễn thị ; chữ Hán : 阮氏 ), were a feudal nobility clan that ruled southern part of Đại Việt during the Revival Lê dynasty and ancestors of Nguyễn dynasty 's emperors. The territory they ruled

1786-427: Was in reality a puppet ruler . They fought a series of long and bitter wars that pitted the two halves of Vietnam against each other. The Nguyễn were finally overthrown in the Tây Sơn wars , but one of their descendants would eventually come to unite all of Vietnam. Their rule consolidated earlier southward expansion into Champa and pushed southwest into Cambodia . The Nguyễn lords traced their descent from

1833-410: Was installed as figurehead, while true authority lay in the hands of Nguyễn Kim . In 1543, Nguyễn Kim captured Thanh Hóa from Mạc loyalists. Dương Chấp Nhất, commander of Mạc forces in the region, decided to surrender his troops to the advancing Nguyễn forces. When Kim seized Tây Đô citadel and was on route to attack Ninh Bình , in 20 May 1545, Dương Chấp Nhất invited Kim to visit his military camp. In

1880-854: Was known contemporarily as Đàng Trong (Inner Realm) and known by Europeans as Kingdom of Cochinchina and by Imperial China as Kingdom of Quảng Nam ( Vietnamese : Quảng Nam Quốc ; chữ Hán : 廣南國 ), in opposition to the Trịnh lords ruling northern Đại Việt as Đàng Ngoài (Outer Realm), known as Kingdom of Tonkin by Europeans and Kingdom of Annam ( Vietnamese : An Nam Quốc ; chữ Hán : 安南國 ) by Imperial China in bilateral diplomacy. They were officially called King of Nguyễn ( Vietnamese : Nguyễn Vương ; chữ Hán : 阮王 ) in 1744 when lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát self-proclaimed himself to elevate his status equally to Trịnh lords's title known as King of Trịnh ( Vietnamese : Trịnh Vương ; chữ Hán : 鄭王 ). Both Nguyễn and Trịnh clans were de jure subordinates and fief of

1927-481: Was married to the Trịnh clan leader, Trịnh Kiểm . After several unsuccessful revolts, they had to exile in Xam Neua ( Kingdom of Lan Xang ) and settle the exile government at there to reorganize arm forces to fight back Mạc dynasty . In 1533, Lê dynasty was restored and managed to recaptured the southern part of country. However, The authority of Lê emperor was not fully restored as restored emperor Lê Trang Tông

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1974-515: Was recaptured by the Trịnh–Nguyễn army by lord Trịnh Tùng and the Mạc emperor Mạc Kinh Chi was executed. The remnant Mạc clan fled to Cao Bằng and would survive there until finally conquered in 1677 by the Trịnh lords (though they had surrendered the imperial dignities in 1627 to the Trịnh-controlled imperial court). The next year, Nguyễn Hoàng came north with an army and money to help defeat

2021-432: Was said "Hán di hữu hạn" 漢夷有限 (" the Vietnamese and the barbarians must have clear borders ") by Gia Long, unifying emperor of all Vietnam, when differentiating between Khmer and Vietnamese. Nguyễn Phúc Khoát ordered Chinese-style trousers and tunics in 1774 to replace sarong-type Vietnamese clothing. He also ordered Ming, Tang, and Han-style clothing to be adopted by his military and bureaucracy. Pants were mandated by

2068-494: Was set up in Hội An . By 1615, the Nguyễn were producing their own bronze cannons with the aid of Portuguese engineers. In 1620, the emperor was removed from power and executed by Trịnh Tùng. Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên formally announced that he would not be sending any tax to the central government nor did he acknowledge the new emperor as the emperor of the country. Tensions rose over the next seven years until open warfare broke out in 1627 with

2115-481: Was the Trịnh who ruled, not the Lê emperor. This uneasy state of affairs continued for the next 13 years until Nguyễn Hoàng died in 1613. He had ruled the southern provinces for 55 years. His successor, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên , continued Nguyễn Hoàng's policy of essential independence from the court in Hanoi . He initiated friendly relations with the Europeans who were now sailing into the area. A Portuguese trading post

2162-509: Was the first of the Nguyễn lords who ruled the southern provinces of Vietnam between 1558 and 1613, from a series of cities: Ai Tu (1558–70), Tra Bat (1570–1600), and Dinh Cat (modern-day Huế ) (1600–13). He was the second son of Nguyễn Kim . When his father was assassinated by a Mạc supporter, his brother-in-law Trịnh Kiểm took command of the Lê royalist army. Sometime after his older brother (Nguyễn Uông) died (believed to have been poisoned), Nguyễn Hoàng requested his brother in law, and

2209-459: Was unsuccessful, and then he changed his target to Nguyễn Kim, who was in charge of power and the military. After the death of Kim, the imperial government was plunged into chaos. Kim's eldest son Nguyễn Uông initially took power, but he was soon secretly assassinated by his brother-in-law Trịnh Kiểm who assumed control of the government. Kim's second son Nguyễn Hoàng feared that he would face same fate as his brother; hence, he attempted to flee

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