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46-536: Pančevački Rit ( Serbian Cyrillic : Панчевачки рит ) is a small geographical area in south-western Banat , Serbia . It is situated between the rivers Danube and Tamiš , in Belgrade 's municipality of Palilula . Its 400 km (150 sq mi) wetland was constantly flooded, but since World War II it has been gradually drained and almost half of it has been turned into a very fertile patch of land, suitable especially for cultivating grains and vegetables. It

92-808: A 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

138-539: A challenge in Unicode modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe, Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and

184-457: A few other font houses include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic). If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode: whereas: Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters, font support must be present to display the correct variant. The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers

230-629: Is above average for Serbia as a whole, since some of the fastest growing suburbs of Belgrade ( Borča , Padinska Skela and Krnjača ) have been built there. Neighborhoods of urban Belgrade in the Pančevački Rit: Settlements and neighborhoods of suburban Belgrade in the Pančevački Rit: The area had its own municipality in 1955-1965 (until 1955 it had four municipalities: Borča , Ovča , Padinska Skela and Krnjača which merged into one municipality, Krnjača , in 1955 which in turn

276-604: Is as follows: Pupin Bridge The Pupin Bridge ( Serbian Cyrillic : Пупинов мост , romanized :  Pupinov most ) is a road bridge over the Danube River in Belgrade , Serbia . The bridge is located upstream of the city center and connects Belgrade neighbourhoods of Zemun and Borča . It is part of Semi-Inner Ring circle. Opened in December 2014, it became the second bridge over

322-548: Is managed by Serbia's largest agricultural company " PKB Beograd ", which almost exclusively provides food for 2 million people in the greater Belgrade area; thus Pančevački Rit is commonly nicknamed Granary of Belgrade. Stockbreeding is also very intensive, as are fishery and hunting. Many meandering canals and bogs have remained in the marsh: the slow streams of Vizelj , Dunavac, Sibnica, Butuš, Rogoznica, Buk, Belanoš and Sebeš , and large bogs of Reva , Veliko Blato (2 km (0.77 sq mi)), Sebeš and Široka Bara . In

368-487: Is named the same way, while the other is called simply Rit. The Rit is located near Padinska Skela, 15 km (9.3 mi) from Belgrade along the Zrenjaninski put . It covers an area of 82.63 km (31.90 sq mi), of which 0.5 km (0.19 sq mi) is a pheasantry . Animals bred in the facility include roe deer , hare , quail , mallard , greylag goose and 13,000 pheasants per year. Unlike

414-636: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/).: Summary tables According to tradition, Glagolitic was invented by the Byzantine Christian missionaries and brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 860s, amid the Christianization of the Slavs . Glagolitic alphabet appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. The Glagolitic alphabet

460-586: Is one of the most popular war movies in China while Živojinović himself was one of the most popular foreign actors in China. In July 2014, the two sides of the bridge were connected and the works continued up to the fall of that year. The bridge was opened by Premier of the People's Republic of China Li Keqiang on 18 December 2014. The bridge and 21.6 kilometres (13.4 miles) of new access roads will help to divert heavy traffic from Belgrade city centre. The bridge

506-604: Is seen as being more traditional, and has the official status (designated in the constitution as the " official script ", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by a lower-level act, for national minorities). It is also an official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro , along with Gaj's Latin alphabet . Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia , Montenegro , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets",

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552-477: Is the only one in official use. The ligatures : were developed specially for the Serbian alphabet. Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign ( ъ ) and soft sign ( ь ), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э , Ukrainian/Belarusian І ,

598-536: The Latin alphabet instead, and adding several consonant letters for sounds specific to Serbian phonology . During the same period, linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted the Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. The updated Serbian Cyrillic alphabet

644-566: The Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned the use of Cyrillic, having regulated it on 25 April 1941, and in June 1941 began eliminating " Eastern " (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski . The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of

690-495: The djerv (Ꙉꙉ) for the Serbian reflexes of Pre-Slavic *tj and *dj (* t͡ɕ , * d͡ʑ , * d͡ʒ , and * tɕ ), later the letter evolved to dje (Ђђ) and tshe (Ћћ) letters . Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, to Vienna. There he met Jernej Kopitar , a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized

736-670: The 19th century, almost disappearing by the 1870s. Last specimens in the Pančevački Rit area were spotted in 1900 in Pančevo and in 1902 in Belgrade. Reappearance after 120 years is a result of the successful reintroduction project conducted since 2004 in the Zasavica reserve , some 90 km (56 mi) west of Belgrade. Since then, they spread all through the northern and western Serbia and Belgrade surroundings ( Obrenovac , Ritopek ). With

782-557: The 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , limiting it for use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on January 3, 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on October 25, 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , except "within the scope of Serbian Orthodox Church authorities". In 1941,

828-468: The Belgrade City assembly, will have an area of 407 km and a population of 70–80,000. Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Reformed Serbian based its alphabet on the previous 18th century Slavonic-Serbian script, following the principle of "write as you speak and read as it is written", removing obsolete letters and letters representing iotated vowels , introducing ⟨J⟩ from

874-561: The Danube (west and south), 32 kilometres (20 mi) along the Tamiš (east) and 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) along the Karaš (north). The land improvement system is complicated. Apart from canals and embankments, it includes 14 sluices, 11 pump stations, horizontal pipe drainage grid, etc. Almost all infrastructure was built by the early 1950s. In the 1990s, large areas of previously agricultural land,

920-521: The Danube in Belgrade, after the Pančevo Bridge in 1946. Due to the origin of the investors, even before the construction began, the bridge was colloquially called "Chinese Bridge" ( Serbian : Кинески мост , Kineski most ). During the construction, its tentative name was Zemun–Borča bridge , but later it got named after Serbian scientist and inventor Mihajlo Pupin . The name Chinese Bridge, however, continued to linger in an informal usage. It

966-520: The European continent. The total cost of the bridge and the access roads in the end reached €260 million. The works began in earnest in the fall of 2011. The inhabitants from Pregrevica were resettled to the neighborhood of Bele Vode , in the municipality of Čukarica , in the late 2011 and early 2012. In January 2012, famed film actor Bata Živojinović visited the workers to wish them happy Chinese New Year , as his 1972 film Walter Defends Sarajevo

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1012-645: The Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in Republika Srpska . The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism . Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to

1058-576: The alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary . Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung ' model and Jan Hus ' Czech alphabet . Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic , instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to

1104-558: The also marshy area of New Belgrade across the Danube, which has been filled and elevated by the construction standards of the day, Pančevački Rit was drained by the canals and protected from the Danube and the Timiș by the embankments. As a result, almost all settlements in it are on wet ground and below the river level, which makes them prone to floods, especially in combination with the chronically clogged drainage system. After being almost uninhabited before 1945, today its population density

1150-563: The dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić , the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia today. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which

1196-452: The expansion of the population of jackals in the outskirts of Belgrade since the 2000s, by the 2020s the animals became most abundant in Pančevački Rit. Around some settlements, their howling became a normal, everyday occurrence. The hunting is legal, and some 160 to 200 jackals are hunted yearly, but they continued to spread in direction of other Belgrade's neighborhoods. There are two official, unfenced hunting grounds in Pančevački Rit. One

1242-506: The footbridge across the river, beside two existing traffic bridges, which will connect the forest directly to the town of Pančevo. The marshland is the natural habitat for the wild boars and Pančevački Rit is the location of the largest population of the wild boars on the territory of Belgrade, and probably in the entire Serbia. They are especially numerous in the area bounded by the Pupin Bridge , Crvenka, Borča and Padinska Skela. In

1288-402: The largest problems of the urbanized sections of Pančevački Rit in the 21st century. Politicians continued making promises about the construction of the sewage grid, but by the early 2020s nothing happened. In 2021, it was estimated that some 100,000 inhabitants live in the area, while there are 65,000 individual cesspits . By 2010, there were two major forested areas in the urbanized section of

1334-520: The memorial was carved in the black marble rectangle slab, which, unknown to the Chinese, is a traditional Serbian gravestone. After public protests, "the bridge's headstone" was replaced. The need for a bridge at this location was apparent for decades prior to its construction. However, the bad economic state and constant need for repairs on the bridges across the other Belgrade river, the Sava , postponed

1380-421: The mid-2010 and the deadline set for the finish was 2013. But the deadlines were postponed in the next year and a half, citing various reasons (lack of seriousness of the Chinese investor, unacceptable requests for advance payments, numerous other Chinese requests, etc.) First workers and the equipment arrived from China only in the mid-2011, and at this moment it was clear that the bridge will not be finished before

1426-455: The previous decades, as the settlements expanded, boars' natural roaming paths have been intersected by the houses or roads. As the area is agricultural, they feed on the crops (wheat, corn) and roots, but also on the fish and shells so many are found on the banks of the Danube. In 2020, trees fell by the beavers were spotted in the Krnjača area. Their number began to decline in the second half of

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1472-407: The project. First concrete steps were made in 2009 when city administration gave preliminary details about the project. The decision was made that the bridge will be built from the Chinese credits and that Chinese firms will build it, with Serbian companies as the sub-contractors. In the late 2009 a precontract was signed with the Chinese partners. It stipulated the beginning of the construction in

1518-558: The region: Danube Forest, along the river's bank (9.72 km (3.75 sq mi)) and Rit Forest, in the inland (3.4 km (1.3 sq mi)). At the Timiș mouth, in the southeast corner of the Rit, there is a forested area, the Pančevo Forest. It covers 3 km (1.2 sq mi) of marshland, with several dozen of deciduous species and 176 species of birds and mammals. In 2020 plans were announced, which include construction of

1564-768: The semi-vowels Й or Ў , nor the iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya ), Є (Ukrainian ye ), Ї ( yi ), Ё (Russian yo ) or Ю ( yu ), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју . Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й . The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ , ШЋ or ШТ . Serbian italic and cursive forms of lowercase letters б , г , д , п , and т (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: б , г , д , п , and т (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations. That presents

1610-454: The sewage, they became synonymous for pollution, being filled with waste and losing their function. As a result, the flooding of the settlements, especially Krnjača, Kotež and Borča, became regular occurrence during the rainy season. In total, there are 900 km (560 mi) of drainage canals, the largest density of agricultural canals in Europe. Of that, 69 km (43 mi) are canals in

1656-419: The south, the area ends with a river island (ada) Kožara (0.44 km (0.17 sq mi)) and the southwest is occupied by the wetland of Beljarica . After 1945, a dense system of canals was dug in the region. They mostly serve for the draining of the marsh, with almost all natural streams being adapted into the draining canals. In time, due to the lack of proper maintenance and their parallel function as

1702-723: The spring of 2014. The works were also delayed because of the legal problems with a group of families who lived in the Pregrevica neighborhood of Zemun, where the bridge was to cross on the Zemun's bank. The bridge construction costs of €170 million were provided by the Exim Bank of China (85%) and the Government of Serbia and the City of Belgrade (15%). The Chinese-built bridge was also China's first big infrastructure investment on

1748-598: The two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet ( latinica ). Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script. Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script

1794-492: The urbanized zones and 240 km (150 mi) are specifically built for the agricultural production in the PKB Beograd company. The defensive embankments on all sides of the region are 90 kilometres (56 mi) long ("defense cassette"), as for six months a year, the waters of the surrounding rivers are higher than the land in Pančevački Rit. Some 53 kilometres (33 mi) are embankments along

1840-500: Was annexed to Palilula in 1965). Today, there is a proposal that area again become a separate municipality with the name Dunavski Venac . Beginning in the late 1990s, the notion of the area on the left bank of the Danube splitting from the municipality of Palilula had been gaining momentum until in 2005 the Municipal assembly of Palilula finally accepted supporting the move. The proposed new municipality, if accepted and confirmed by

1886-630: Was based on the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki . Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Miroslav Gospel , Vukan Gospels , St. Sava's Nomocanon , Dušan's Code , Munich Serbian Psalter , and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494). It's notable extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect and use of

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1932-460: Was decided to call it after Pupin as the bridge connects the Banat region, a birth region of the scientists, with Belgrade. As it was decided to name the bridge after Pupin a bit prior to its opening, the Chinese partners decided to mark the occasion placing a marble slab which would commemorate the date of the ceremonial opening. However, this caused a minor scandal. Apart from the bad Serbian grammar,

1978-631: Was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around by Cyril's disciples, perhaps at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century. The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav , based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. The standard language

2024-664: Was officially adopted in the Principality of Serbia in 1868, and was in exclusive use in the country up to the interwar period . Both alphabets were official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Due to the shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the Socialist Republic of Serbia since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In Serbia , Cyrillic

2070-582: Was published in 1868. He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815 to 1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death. From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters: He added one Latin letter: And 5 new ones: He removed: Orders issued on

2116-479: Was redesigned administratively into the development land. Urban sections of Krnjača, Kotež, Borča and Ovča swelled, with new neighborhoods being built without any permits or new communal infrastructure. Since then, some of the wastewater sewage drained into the canals, which in time turned into the garbage depots. Part of the canals were, without any plans, conducted into the pipes, buried and structures were built on top of them. The lack of sewage system remained one of

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