The Punti–Hakka Clan Wars were a conflict between the Hakka and the Cantonese people in Guangdong , China between 1855 and 1867. The wars were most fierce around the Pearl River Delta , especially in Toi Shan of the Sze Yup counties. The wars resulted in roughly a million dead with many more displaced civilians.
17-551: The origin of the ethnic group Punti ( 本地 ; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ : Pún-thi ) literally means "natives" while Hakka ( 客家 ; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ : Hak-kâ ) literally means "guest family". The Punti are also referred to by the language they speak, Yue Chinese . The origins of the conflict lay in resentment of the Cantonese (Punti is a Cantonese endonym of the Cantonese people) towards the Hakka people , whose dramatic population growth threatened
34-826: A series skirmishes in the Pearl River Delta , known as the Punti–Hakka Clan Wars. During the Qing conquest of the Ming , Ming loyalists under Koxinga established a temporary seat and regional office for the Ming dynasty in Taiwan in the hopes of eventually retaking China proper . In an attempt to defeat Koxinga and his men without war, the Kangxi Emperor strengthened the sea ban ( haijin ) in 1661 and issued
51-520: Is a Cantonese endonym referring to the native Cantonese people of Guangdong and Guangxi . Punti designates Weitou dialect -speaking locals in contrast to other Yue Chinese speakers and others such as Taishanese people , Hoklo people , Hakka people , and ethnic minorities such as the Zhuang people of Guangxi and the boat-dwelling Tanka people , who are both descendants of the Baiyue – although
68-550: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jyutping The Linguistic Society of Hong Kong Cantonese Romanization Scheme , also known as Jyutping , is a romanisation system for Cantonese developed in 1993 by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK). The name Jyutping (itself the Jyutping romanisation of its Chinese name, 粵拼 ) is a contraction of the official name, and it consists of
85-723: The Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory and the Basic Law of Hong Kong . When used to designate a language, "Punti" is equivalent to the Standard Cantonese mainly used in Guangzhou (formerly Canton), Hong Kong and Macau . "Punti" became a word often used in the legal system of Hong Kong and other official settings; when a defendant chooses to use Punti in court, he/she elects to use Cantonese as
102-482: The Yale Romanisation of Cantonese represent Cantonese pronunciations with the same letters in: But they differ in the following: Jyutping and Cantonese Pinyin represent Cantonese pronunciations with the same letters in: But they have some differences: Sample transcription of one of the 300 Tang Poems : The Jyutping method ( Chinese : 粵拼輸入法 ) refers to a family of input methods based on
119-570: The Cantonese. While the Hakka were marginalized and resentful, being forced to inhabit the hills and waterways, rather than the fertile plains. The Cantonese -speaking Punti were protective of their fertile lands and so newcomers were pushed to the outer fringes of the fertile plains, or they settled in more mountainous regions. During the 19th century, the tension between the two groups (the Hakkas had by then been settled for several hundred years) led to
136-602: The Punti and the Hakka lived together peacefully. As the population of Guangdong soared, life became increasingly difficult, and unrest broke out, such as the Red Turban Rebellion , which was led by the Cantonese who attacked Ho Yun and Fat Shan . During the Red Turban Rebellion in Guangzhou , the Hakkas had helped the imperial army raid Punti villages to kill the rebels and any real or suspected sympathisers, including villagers who had been forced to pay taxes to
153-667: The Red Turbans. That precipitated open hostility between the Hakka and the Punti, with the Punti attacking Hakka villages in revenge. Battles raged in which both sides fortified their villages with walls, destroyed bridges and roads, and raised fighting men. The Cantonese were armed with the help of their relatives in Hong Kong and the Chinese diaspora who lived abroad. Some captives were sold to Cuba and South America as coolies via Hong Kong and Macau , and others were sold to
170-897: The Tanka have largely assimilated into Han Chinese culture. In Hong Kong, Punti as a group refers in a strict sense to the Cantonese-speaking indigenous inhabitants of Hong Kong who settled in Hong Kong before the New Territories of Hong Kong were leased to the British Empire in 1898 . Prominently represented by the "Weitou people" ( 圍頭人 ) – the Hau ( 侯 ), Tang ( 鄧 ), Pang ( 彭 ), Liu ( 廖 ), and Man ( 文 ) – these indigenous Punti inhabitants were afforded additional privileges in land ownership enshrined in
187-453: The affected provinces submitted scathing memorials, and the policy was reversed after eight years. In 1669 and 1671, however, strong typhoons destroyed what few settlements existed. As far fewer Punti returned to the abandoned lands than had been expected, the Qing ruler decided to provide incentives to repopulate these areas. The most visible of those who responded were the Hakka. For some time,
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#1732765620194204-534: The brothels of Macau. Throughout the war, 500,000 perished from fighting in which thousands of villages were destroyed, but an even greater number perished in epidemics . The Punti significantly outnumbered the Hakka, whose losses were therefore more extensive. The population share of Hakka in the Sze Yup area dropped to 3%, with many relocating to Guangxi. Punti Punti ( Chinese : 本地 ; Jyutping : bun2 dei6 ; lit. 'locals')
221-615: The first Chinese characters of the terms jyut6 jyu5 ( 粵語 , meaning " Yue language ") and ping3 jam1 ( 拼音 "phonetic alphabet", also pronounced as " pinyin " in Mandarin ). Despite being intended as a system to indicate pronunciation, it has also been employed in writing Cantonese as an alphabetic language —in effect, elevating Jyutping from its assistive status to a written language. The Jyutping system departs from all previous Cantonese romanisation systems (approximately 12, including Robert Morrison's pioneering work of 1828, and
238-552: The language of the proceedings instead of English. Despite the reference to Punti , in this context the word means nothing more than "Cantonese Chinese" as a spoken language, particularly Hong Kong dialect ; there are political and practical reasons for not using the term "Cantonese Chinese". Modern use of the demonym Punti is promoted by the Hong Kong Museum of History , which maintains an extensive collection of Punti artefacts. This Hong Kong –related article
255-502: The nine are entering tones ( 入聲 ; jap6 sing1 ), which only appear in syllables ending with p , t , and k , they do not have separate tone numbers in Jyutping (though they do in Cantonese Pinyin ; these are shown in parentheses in the table below). A mnemonic which some use to remember this is 「風水到時我哋必發達」 ; fung1 seoi2 dou3 si4 ngo5 dei6 bit1 faat3 daat6 or " Feng Shui [dictates that] we will be lucky." Jyutping and
272-538: The order for the Great Clearance of the southeastern coast. Han Chinese , especially the ethnic Tanka , who were living off the coast of Shandong to Guangdong were ordered to destroy their property and to move 30 to 50 li (about 16–31 km or 9.9–19.3 mi) inland upon pain of death to deprive the Taiwan-based anti-Qing loyalists of support or targets to raid. The governors and viceroys of
289-648: The widely used Standard Romanization , Yale and Sidney Lau systems) by introducing z and c initials and the use of eo and oe in finals, as well as replacing the initial y, used in all previous systems, with j. In 2018, it was updated to include the -a and -oet finals, to reflect syllables recognized as part of Cantonese phonology in 1997 by the Jyutping Work Group of the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong. There are nine tones in six distinct tone contours in Cantonese. However, as three of
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