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37-428: Puławy was first mentioned in documents of the 15th century. At that time it was spelled Pollavy , its name probably coming from a Vistula River ford located nearby. The town is a local center of science, industry and tourism, together with nearby Nałęczów and Kazimierz Dolny . Puławy is home to Poland's first permanent museum and is a Vistula River port. The town has two bridges and four rail stations, and serves as

74-589: A counter-attack from Puławy that encircled and defeated a 177,000-strong Soviet force. The attack drove the Red Army from Poland and established Poland's security for two decades, until the German invasion of 1939 . In the Second Polish Republic , Puławy began a slow process of modernization. In 1934, the town significantly grew in size, after several local villages merged with it. Furthermore, in

111-539: A former town hall, former Orthodox church, and historic inn. Since the mid-19th century, Puławy has been a center of higher education. Institutions operating here are: Since 2008, local institutes, together with Town Council and the Kazimierz Pułaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom have been working on a modern scientific campus, which will be located in the district of Azoty. Among others,

148-642: A military headquarters in Puławy. The Soviet Union 's Red Army held most of eastern Poland and was besieging Warsaw, (see Polish–Soviet War ). Piłsudski's radio-monitoring, cryptological and intelligence services detected a gap in the Soviet flanks in the Puławy region, and he ordered a concentration of Polish forces in the surrounding area around the Wieprz River . On 18 August 1920, the Polish Army launched

185-655: A river can be crossed". Although today brod in the Serbo-Croatian means 'ship', Slavonski Brod in Croatia, as well as Makedonski Brod in North Macedonia and other place names containing Brod in Slavic countries, where brod is still the word for 'ford', are named after fords. In historic times, positioning an army in large units close to a river was thought best for direct defense as well as to attack

222-676: A road junction. Nearby Dęblin has a military airport. Puławy lies in the western part of Lublin Voivodeship , at the edge of the picturesque Lesser Polish Gorge of the Vistula , and near the easternmost point of the Vistula river. Historically the town belongs to Lesser Poland , and geographically, it lies at the border of Mazovian Lowland and Lublin Upland . The area of the town is 50.49 square kilometres (19.49 sq mi). Puławy

259-755: A settlement near a Vistula river ford was established. In the late 17th century it emerged as the location of a rural residence of the Lubomirski and the Sieniawski noble families and in 1676–1679, Prince Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski built a summer palace, now known as the Pałac Czartoryskich or the Czartoryskich Palace. In 1687, Lubomirski's daughter Elżbieta (who was called the uncrowned Queen of Poland ), married Adam Mikołaj Sieniawski , bringing Puławy her dowry . In 1706, during

296-425: Is a shallow place with good footing where a river or stream may be crossed by wading, or inside a vehicle getting its wheels wet. A ford may occur naturally or be constructed. Fords may be impassable during high water. A low-water crossing is a low bridge that allows crossing over a river or stream when water is low but may be treated as a ford when the river is high and water covers the crossing. The word ford

333-752: Is both a noun (describing the water crossing itself) and a verb (describing the act of crossing a ford). A ford is a much cheaper form of river crossing than a bridge , and it can transport much more weight than a bridge, but it may become impassable after heavy rain or during flood conditions. A ford is therefore normally only suitable for very minor roads (and for paths intended for walkers and horse riders etc.). Most modern fords are usually shallow enough to be crossed by cars and other wheeled or tracked vehicles (a process known as "fording"). Fords may be accompanied by stepping stones for pedestrians. The United Kingdom has more than 2,000 fords, and most of them do not have any way of stopping vehicles from crossing when

370-515: Is located on Polish Expressway S12 (highway), and the intersection of the S17 and S12 highways is located nearby, east of the city. Furthermore, the town has four rail stations ( Puławy, Puławy Azoty, Puławy Chemia and Puławy Miasto ). Long-distance rail transport is served by the Puławy Miasto station, with connections to all Polish cities. The history of Puławy dates back to the 15th century when

407-464: Is the Baroque -Classicist Czartoryski Palace , dating from 1676–1679 (architect Tylman van Gameren ), burned in 1706, remodeled 1722–36, and again by Chrystian Piotr Aigner ca. 1800. The palace is surrounded by a 30-hectare park, in 1798-1806 fashioned into an English landscape garden , which includes classicist park pavilions dating from the early 19th century. One, the colonnaded round Temple of

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444-757: The Dutch voorde (as in Vilvoorde , Coevorden , Zandvoort , or Amersfoort ) are cognates with the same meaning, all deriving from Proto-Indo-European *pértus 'crossing'. This is the source of Brythonic and Gaulish ritus (modern Welsh rhyd ; the Welsh name of Oxford is Rhydychen "ford of oxen"), which underlies such names as Chambord (from Gaulish *Camboritum "ford at the bend") and Niort ( Novioritum "new ford"). Towns such as Maastricht , Dordrecht , and Utrecht also formed at fords. The endings tricht , drecht , and trecht are derived from

481-609: The Great Northern War , the settlement together with the castle were destroyed by Swedish soldiers as Elżbieta was a supporter of King Augustus II the Strong . In 1731, Maria Zofia Sieniawska (the daughter of Elżbieta and Adam Sieniawski), married August Aleksander Czartoryski . As a result, Puławy remained in the hands of the Czartoryski family for the next 100 years. The settlement prospered, and in 1784 it became

518-587: The Latin word traiectum , meaning "crossing". Thus the name Utrecht, originally the Roman fort of Traiectum , is derived from "Uut Trecht", meaning "downstream crossing". The Afrikaans form was taken into South African English as drift and led to place names like Rorke's Drift and Velddrift . Similarly, in Slavic languages , the word brod comes from the linguistic root that means "river-crossing" or "place where

555-602: The River Amman ); Stafford , the county town of Staffordshire ('ford by a staithe ', or 'ford by the landing place'), Staffort crossing the river Pfinz ; and Stratford (a ford on a Roman street ). Similarly, the German word Furt (as in Frankfurt , the ford of the Franks ; Ochsenfurt , synonymous to Oxford; Schweinfurt , a ford where swine crossed the river; and Klagenfurt , literally "ford of complaints") and

592-608: The Sibyl " at Puławy , also known as the Temple of Memory, opened in 1801. The structure was modeled after the similar monopteral " Temple of Vesta " at Tivoli, Italy , the site of the Tiburtine Sibyl , which was well known throughout Europe in engravings. The Puławy temple, designed by Polish architect Chrystian Piotr Aigner , memorialized Polish history and culture , and the glories and miseries of human life. Items kept in

629-910: The United Kingdom . Examples are at Brockenhurst in Hampshire , Wookey in Somerset , and Swinbrook in Oxfordshire . Some of these are being replaced by bridges as these are a more reliable form of crossing in adverse weather conditions. Some very spectacular watersplashes can be found in diverse locations. Australia has the Gulf Savannah , and others may be found in Canada , Italy , South Africa , and Finland . They are also found on some Tennessee backroads, where they are referred to as "underwater bridges". In Israel and part of

666-677: The British areas under the mandate a low water crossing or watersplash had been known as the "Irish bridge" in reference to the Anglo–Irish war . The names of many towns and villages are derived from the word 'ford'. Examples include Oxford (a ford where oxen crossed the river: see the Coat of arms of Oxford ); Hertford , the county town of Hertfordshire (the ford where harts cross or "deer crossing"); Brantford , (the ford where Joseph Brant Forded The Grand River ); Ammanford (a ford on

703-695: The Sibyl , is the setting of Bolesław Prus ' striking 1884 micro-story , " Mold of the Earth ." Near the Temple of the Sibyl is the "Gothic House", built between 1800 and 1809 to commemorate Prince Józef Poniatowski ’s visit to Puławy; it now houses the Regional Museum. Other palace buildings house the Soil and Fertilizer Institute. Additional interesting buildings within the park include: The town of Puławy itself features some interesting buildings, including

740-615: The Temple of the Sibyl included the Grunwald Swords and a large " Royal Casket " containing portraits and personal items of Poland's monarchs and queens. During the November Uprising of 1830–31, the museum was closed. Izabela Czartoryska's son Adam Jerzy Czartoryski evacuated surviving collections to Paris , France , where he housed them at the Hôtel Lambert . His son Władysław Czartoryski later reopened

777-678: The complex will host four departments of the Radom University of Technology. Puławy has several sports clubs, with the most famous ones being Wisła Puławy ( football , swimming, track and field, weight lifting), and KS Azoty-Puławy handball team which plays in the Polish Superliga , the country's top division, finishing 3rd in 2015, 2016 , 2017 and 2018. Puławy is twinned with: Former twin towns, both having ended their relation due to implementation of an LGBT ideology-free zone : Ford (crossing) A ford

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814-530: The enemy at any crossing point. Therefore, a ford was often a strategic military point with many famous battles fought at or near fords: Temple of the Sibyl The Temple of the Sibyl (in Polish , Świątynia Sybilli ) is a colonnaded round monopteral temple-like structure at Puławy , Poland , built at the turn of the 19th century as a museum by Izabela Czartoryska . The "Temple of

851-678: The influx of workers. Recently the plant has become the world's largest producer of melamine . In 1980 and 1981, Zakłady Azotowe Puławy was one of the largest centers of the Solidarity movement in the Lublin Region. After the declaration of Martial law in Poland (December 13, 1981), strike action was initiated in the plant, which was put down by force by the ZOMO on Dec. 19, and 20 people were arrested. The most notable landmark in Puławy

888-601: The late 18th century Poland visited the palace. Among them were Grzegorz Piramowicz , Franciszek Dionizy Kniaźnin , Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz , Adam Naruszewicz , Jan Paweł Woronicz , Franciszek Karpiński , Franciszek Zabłocki , Jan Piotr Norblin , Marcello Bacciarelli . In 1794, during the Kościuszko Uprising , Puławy was plundered and burned by the Russians as punishment for the Czartoryski family's support of

925-803: The late 1930s Puławy took advantage of the Central Industrial Area . In September 1939, during the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland , which started World War II , Puławy was seized by the Wehrmacht , and afterwards was occupied by Germany . Three German concentration camps operated around Puławy. In 1940 the Germans carried out mass arrests of local Polish intelligentsia , which was then imprisoned in Lublin, and then often deported to concentration camps or murdered in Rury, Lublin . During

962-414: The local office of Communist secret services temporarily. The postwar history of Puławy has been dominated by the 1960 decision of the government of People's Republic of Poland to build a large chemical plant north of the town ( Zakłady Azotowe Puławy ). It was opened in 1966 and produced nitrate fertilizer . As a result, in the 1960s and 1970s Pulawy quickly grew in size, with new districts built for

999-739: The museum in 1878 in Kraków , in Austrian Poland, as the Czartoryski Museum . In 1884, the Temple of the Sibyl was used by the Polish writer Bolesław Prus as the setting for his micro-story , " Mold of the Earth ." The story's action takes place adjacent to the Temple, where there is a boulder overgrown with molds . At a certain moment the boulder magically transforms into a globe . In his one-and-a-half-page micro-story , Prus identifies human societies with molds that, over

1036-432: The nucleus of the present Czartoryski Museum in Kraków . In the 1830s, the Czartoryski family was forced to leave Russian-controlled Congress Poland (see Great Emigration ), and Puławy was reduced into a small, provincial village. In 1842, to further erase traces of Polish culture, the Russians renamed Puławy to Nowa Aleksandria . In 1869, an Agricultural and Forestry Institute was founded here. One of its first students

1073-527: The occupation, Polish poet Krystyna Krahelska lived in the city from 1940 to 1942 and was part of the Polish underground resistance movement . She is best known as the author of the most popular song of the Polish resistance movement ( Hej chłopcy, bagnet na broń ), which she premiered in 1943 in Warsaw , where she was killed in the Warsaw Uprising in 1944. The town's Jewish population of some 3,600

1110-461: The property of Prince Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski and his wife Izabela Czartoryska , née Fleming. Under their stewardship, and after the loss of Poland's independence in 1795 (see Partitions of Poland ) the palace became a museum of Polish national memorabilia and a major cultural and political centre. In 1784 Adam and Izabela moved permanently into the palace, and soon afterwards Puławy became known as Polish Athens . All major cultural figures of

1147-624: The rebels. The reconstruction of the palace was initiated in 1796 by Princess Izabela who employed the renowned architect Chrystian Piotr Aigner . In 1801, the Princess opened the first museum in Poland in the Temple of the Sibyl in Puławy. The end of Puławy's Golden Age was marked by the November Uprising (1830–31), when after its suppression, the estate was taken over by the Russian government. The museum collections that were saved later became

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1184-432: The water is shallow enough, but the material on the riverbed will not support heavy vehicles, fords are sometimes improved by building a submerged concrete floor. In such cases, a curb (kerb) is often placed on the downstream side to prevent vehicles from slipping off, as the growth of algae will often make the slab very slippery. Fords may be also equipped with a post indicating the water depth, so that users may know if

1221-615: The water is too deep to attempt to cross. Some have an adjacent footbridge so that pedestrians may cross dryshod. Fords were sometimes the only way to cross, such as at the Milkhouse at Rock Creek in Washington, DC, but the regular use of this ford has been superseded by bridges. The crossing remained for "adventurous" drivers until 1996 when the National Park Service closed the ford to cars. A road running below

1258-459: The water level of a stream or river is often known as a "watersplash". It is a common name for a ford or stretch of wet road in some areas, and is sometimes also used to describe tidal crossings. They have become a common feature in rallying courses. Some enthusiasts seek out and drive through these water features, recording details (such as wave created, position, and access) on dedicated websites. There are many old fords known as watersplashes in

1295-531: The water makes them impassable. According to The AA , many flood-related vehicle breakdowns are at fords. In New Zealand , fords are a normal part of roads, including, until 2010, along State Highway 1 on the South Island 's east coast. In dry weather, drivers become aware of a ford by crunching across outwash detritus on the roadway. A Bailey bridge may be built off the mainline of the road to carry emergency traffic during high water. At places where

1332-572: Was first confined to a ghetto , then murdered at the Sobibór camp. The Jewish population ceased to exist and was never reconstituted. The town remained under German occupation until July 25, 1944, when it was freed by the Home Army , as well as the Red Army . A year later, on April 24, 1945, a local unit of the anti-Communist organization Freedom and Independence under Marian Bernaciak captured

1369-601: Was the future Polish writer Bolesław Prus (who had also spent part of his early childhood in Puławy). Prus would set his 1884 micro-story , " Mold of the Earth ," at the Temple of the Sibyl . Puławy received its town charter in 1906. In 1915, it was seized by the Austro-Hungarian Army , which remained until November 1918. On 13 August 1920, Józef Piłsudski , Poland's Chief of State , left Warsaw , and established

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