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39-967: Rāmañña Nikāya was said to be similar to the Thammayut Nikaya order of Thailand . Rāmañña Nikāya is currently survived in Thailand, Burma and Sri Lanka. The Most Ven. Napana Premasiri Thero was appointed the Head of the Rāmañña Nikāya on 3 September 2012 following the demise of Venenerable Weweldeniye Medhalankara Thera aged 103. Rāmañña Nikāya was established on 12 June 1864 in participation with Ven. Ambagahawatte Indaasabhawara Gaanasaami Maha Thera, Ven.Puwakdandawe Paññānanda, Ven.Warāpitiye Sumitta thera. First Maha Nayaka Thero - Most Ven. Ambagahawatte Indrasabhawara Gnanasami Maha Thera . Main Station - Mūla Maha Viharaya, Payagala, Kalutara . In

78-566: A new temple erected by the king specifically for Dhammayuttika bhikkhus . The Cambodian order benefited from royal patronage but was also sometimes regarded with suspicion due to its ties to the Thai monarchy. The Dhammayuttika order in Cambodia suffered greatly under the Khmer Rouge , being particularly targeted because of its perceived ties to monarchy and a foreign nation, in addition to

117-610: A phalanx of bhikkhus in Thailand with the highest probability of an unbroken lineage traceable back to the Buddha. Mongkut eventually found a lineage among the Mon people in Thailand who had a stronger practice. He reordained in this group and began a reform movement that would become the Thammayut order. In founding the Thammayut order, Mongkut made an effort to remove all non-Buddhist, folk religious, and superstitious elements which over

156-746: A very small minority. On issues such as the role of bhikkhu in HIV/AIDS treatment and education, the current Sangharaja, Bour Kry has adopted a more liberal position than the Mohanikay head Tep Vong , but is less radical than that of certain Engaged Buddhist elements of the Mohanikay order. The Dhammayutti Mahayin Gaing ( Burmese : ဓမ္မယုတ္တိနိကာယမဟာရင်ဂိုဏ်း ; from Pali : gaṇa "group, association") has its origins as "a late nineteenth-century Mon reform tradition [that] traces its lineage to

195-556: Is an order of Theravada Buddhist bhikkhus (monks) in Thailand , Cambodia , and Burma , with significant branches in the Western world . Its name is derived from Pali dhamma ("teachings of the Buddha") + yutti (in accordance with) + ka (group). The order began in Thailand as a reform movement led by a prince who would later become King Mongkut of Siam , before also spreading to Cambodia and Burma. Initially, King Mongkut

234-558: Is the center of the Dhammayuttika order. In addition, there is also the Sangha Theravāda Dhammayut Indonesia that shelters native Thai monks of the Dhammayuttika ordination line. [REDACTED] Cambodia portal Maha Nikaya The Mahā Nikāya (literal translation: "great order ") is one of the two principal monastic orders, or fraternities, of modern Thai and Cambodian Buddhism. The term

273-607: Is used to refer to any Theravada monks not within the Dhammayuttika Nikaya , the other principal monastic order. The Maha Nikaya is the largest order of Theravada Buddhism in Thailand and Cambodia, in Thailand taking up over 90% of the Buddhist monks in the country. After the founding of the Dhammayuttika Nikāya by the then-monk Prince Mongkut in 1833, decades later all recognized monks not ordained in

312-690: The Sangha Supreme Council . Taylor argues that this was done in order to ensure that the next supreme patriarch is also from the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, pointing to the junta's previous interference with the position in 2017 and that the suspects were all high-ranking non-royalist bhikkhus . In fact, in July 2018, the junta passed a law giving the Thai King the ability to select members of the Sangha Supreme Council instead of

351-529: The bhikkhu who was next in line for Supreme Patriarch was the Maha Nikaya bhikkhu Somdet Chuang Varapuñño of Wat Paknam Bhasicheroen. However, lawsuits involving Somdet Chuang and the affiliated Wat Phra Dhammakaya caused his appointment to be postponed and eventually withdrawn, with another candidate from the Dhammayuttika fraternity appointed instead. The lawsuits against Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Somdet Chuang were, in fact, eventually used as reasons by

390-484: The Dhammayuttika Nikaya originally started as a Buddhist reform movement in Thailand , later leading to the development of the Thai forest tradition , the order has played a significant political role in Thailand as well. Since its origins, the Dhammayuttika Nikaya has historically been the preferred choice of the Thai government and the monarchy. Having been started by a Thai prince, the order has always had close ties to

429-475: The Dhammayuttika order were considered to be part of the maha nikāya , the "great collection" of those outside the new Dhammayuttika fraternity. As such, most monks in Thailand belong to the Maha Nikāya more or less by default; the order itself did not originally establish any particular practices or views that characterized those adhering to its creed. There were in reality hundreds of different Nikayas throughout

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468-627: The Khmer Rouge's general repression of the Buddhist hierarchy in Cambodia. Between 1981 and 1991, the Dhammayuttika Nikaya was combined with the Cambodian Mohanikay in a unified sangha system established under Vietnamese domination. In 1991, King Norodom Sihanouk returned from exile and appointed the first new Dhammayuttika Sangharaja in ten years, effectively ending the policy of official unification. The Dhammayuttika continues to exist in Cambodia, though its bhikkhus constitute

507-462: The Nikaya can be distinguished by the traditions such as using palm leaf umbrellas and alms bowls and covering both shoulders while traveling. "Ramanna nikaya had its own distinctive style. They used begging bowls instead of plates. Instead of umbrellas, they used folded palmyrah leaves, in the form of “bogava”. The bogava introduced by Ven. Ambagahawatte Thero was made usable by CB Nugawela, chairman of

546-627: The Thai Thammayut ( sic ) order." It is one of 9 legally sanctioned monastic orders (nikaya) in Myanmar (Burma), under the 1990 Law Concerning Sangha Organizations. Ordained Buddhist monks by monastic order in Myanmar (2016). According to 2016 statistics published by the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee , 823 monks belonged to this monastic order, representing 0.15% of all monks in the country, making it

585-530: The Thai areas that were lumped together as the "Maha Nikāya". In Cambodia , a similar situation exists. The Dhammayuttika Nikāya was supposedly imported from Thailand in 1855, and those monks remaining outside the Dhammayuttika order were recognized as being members of the Maha Nikāya ( Khmer : មហានិកាយ Mohanikay ). A separate supreme patriarch for the Dhammayuttika Nikāya was appointed by King Norodom . The previous national supreme patriarch then became

624-544: The Thai government in 1902, with any Thai Theravada bhikkhus not within the order being referred to as part of the Maha Nikaya order. The Dhammayuttika Nikaya plays a significant political role in Thailand. The order has historically been favored by the Thai government and monarchy, with the order holding the majority of all royal monastic titles in Thailand and most of the Supreme Patriarchs (the head of

663-481: The Thai monastic community) since its founding having come from the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, despite the order making up less than ten percent of all bhikkhus in Thailand. Dhammayuttika Nikaya (Thai: Thammayut ) began in 1833 as a reform movement led by Mongkut (later King Rama IV), son of King Rama II of Siam . It remained a reform movement until passage of the Sangha Act of 1902, which formally recognized it as

702-463: The Thammayut order to the present day. Soon after, Mongkut had other bhikkhus who were close to him reordain in this lineage of Mon bhikkhus . Among these were Mongkut's son Vajirañāṇavarorasa and Somdet Phra Wannarat "Thap", a grade nine Pali scholar. According to anthropologist Jim Taylor, Vajirañāṇavarorasa's autobiography tells how "Thap had differences with the somewhat more "worldly" bhikkhus at Wat Bowornniwet, which led to dissension and

741-608: The Theravada monastic code by which a bhikkhu is "defeated" - he is no longer a bhikkhu even if he continues to wear robes and is treated as one. Every ordination ceremony in Theravada Buddhism is performed by ten bhikkhus to guard against the possibility of the ordination being rendered invalid by having a "defeated bhikkhu " as preceptor. Despite this, Mongkut was concerned that the area's lineages of regional traditions were broken. He made every effort to commission

780-551: The Up country Sabha for the Protection of Nikaya. They wore robes that were dyed according to the traditional rules." Many of the well known 'Forest Meditation Masters' and 'Forest Monasteries' are said to be in the former Rāmañña Nikāya. Most ven. Puwakdandawe Paññānanda Maha Thera was the pioneer of forest dwellers of Rāmañña Nikāya. Most ven. Kadavedduve Jinavamsa Maha Thera was a well-known founder of Śrī Kalyāṇī Yogāśrama Saṃsthā

819-404: The administrative Thammayut hierarchy would begin to form a cohesive vision. Officially Pusso Saa was the sangharaja ; however, he was only a figurehead. Thanissaro, a Thai-ordained forest bhikkhu , notes though that in the early-20th century, Ajahn Mun's kammaṭṭhāna lineage formed a distinct camp within the Thammayut order which was at odds with Vajirañāṇavarorasa's reforms. While

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858-562: The beginning, the Majority of monasteries of Rāmañña Nikāya were forest monasteries. Although many village temples have been emerged in modern days, the forest tradition is still being continued by Śrī Kalyāṇī Yogāśrama Saṃsthā of Rāmañña Nikāya which is the most strictest forest tradition in Sri Lanka. Though it has been impossible to resist completely, many old and simple traditions have been still survived in Rāmañña Nikāya. The monks of

897-471: The junta to withdraw his nomination. Wat Paknam was later cleared of all charges two days after Somdet Chuang's nomination was officially withdrawn. On 7 February 2017, Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha confirmed the appointment of Somdet Phra Maha Muniwong as the 20th Supreme Patriarch of Thailand in a televised address. He was the abbott of Wat Ratchabophit and a leading member of the Dhammayuttika Nikaya order. The prime minister stated: "I submitted

936-437: The lesser of Thailand's two Theravada denominations, the other being Maha Nikaya . Prince Mongkut was a bhikkhu ( religious name : Vajirañāṇo) for 27 years (1824–1851) before becoming King of Thailand (1851–1868). The then 20 year-old prince entered monastic life in 1824. Over the course of his early meditation training, Mongkut was frustrated that his teachers could not relate the meditation techniques they were teaching to

975-636: The major forest sect of Rāmañña Nikāya. Most ven. Matara Sri Gnanarama Maha Thera , Most ven. Matale Silarakkhita Maha Thera. Most ven. Madawala dhammatilaka and Most Venerable Nauyane Ariyadhamma Mahāthēra were well-known meditation masters of Rāmañña Nikāya Forest Tradition. The following is a list of Mahanayaka theros of Sri Lanka Ramanna Nikaya. [REDACTED] Sri Lanka portal Thammayut Nikaya Dhammayuttika Nikāya ( Pali ; Thai : ธรรมยุติกนิกาย ; RTGS :  Thammayuttika Nikai ; Khmer : ធម្មយុត្តិកនិកាយ , Thômmôyŭttĕkâ Nĭkay ), or Dhammayut Order ( Thai : คณะธรรมยุต ),

1014-484: The military junta persecuted Phra Phimontham for his political views and disseminated the false charges in the media in order to arrest him and limit his influence, and to consolidate its power over the Sangha. More recently, news analysts have described the actions of the 2014 military junta against Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Wat Paknam Bhasichareon as also being about the politics of these two Nikayas. From 2013-2017

1053-411: The monarchy and has historically played a key role in ensuring public support for the palace. Journalist Paul Handley writes that: Although the doctrinal differences between the schools had become less significant, putting Thammayut [ sic ] on top ensured that the sangha remained closely allied with the palace. This favoritism by Thai elites for the Dhammayuttika order is most apparent in

1092-428: The monks. The alleged corruption within the Sangha from these investigations were cited as the reason for the change. In 1855, King Norodom of Cambodia invited Preah Saukonn Pan, also referred to as Maha Pan, a Khmer bhikkhu educated in the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, to establish a branch of the Dhammayuttika order in Cambodia. Maha Pan became the first Sangharaja of the Dhammayuttika lineage, residing at Wat Botum ,

1131-407: The movement's eventual division into four primary competing factions (monastic lines or "stems")." In the mid-19th century these branches became so estranged that each one developed its own style of chanting, interpretation, and translation of Pali texts, and differed on issues related to the monastic code. It wasn't until Vajirañāṇavarorasa took control of a new phase of sangha reforms in 1892 that

1170-441: The names of five qualified monks for His Majesty to consider. On Monday night, I was informed His Majesty chose Somdet Phra Maha Muniwong." During the 2017–18 Thai temple fraud investigations , Anthropologist Jim Taylor described the arrests made during the investigations as the "ruling palace regime" trying to consolidate traditional, central royalist power by eliminating several high-ranking Maha Nikaya bhikkhus and members of

1209-419: The original teachings of the Buddha. Also, he described what he saw as serious discrepancies between the vinaya (monastic rules) and the actual practices of Thai bhikkhus . Mongkut, concerned that the ordination lines in Thailand were broken by a lack of adherence to this monastic code, sought out a different lineage of bhikkhus with practice that is more in line with the vinaya . There are several rules in

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1248-413: The persecution of some high ranking Maha Nikaya bhikkhus who were seen as a threat to the Dhammayuttika hierarchy or the Thai government. The most famous case was the case of Phra Phimontham , a high ranking Maha Nikaya bhikkhu known for his pro-democracy views and opposition to Dhammayuttika elitism, who was likely to become the next Supreme Patriarch of Thailand at the time. In 1962, Phra Phimontham

1287-416: The proportion of monastic titles given to senior bhikkhus . While taking up only about six percent of the bhikkhus in Thailand, over half of Thailand's monastic titles and privileges have gone to Dhammayuttika bhikkhus , and nine of the past thirteen Supreme Patriarchs of Thailand have belonged to the Dhammayuttika order. The preference by the Thai government and palace for Dhammayuttika has even led to

1326-594: The second smallest legally-sanctioned monastic order. With respect to geographic representation, the majority of Mahayin monks are based in Mon State (76.91%), followed by neighboring Kayin State (13.61%). On October 23, 1976, Saṅgha Theravāda Indonesia ( Indonesian Theravāda Saṅgha ) was formed at the Mahā Dhammaloka Vihāra (now Tanah Putih Vihāra), Semarang , Central Java. The Indonesian Theravāda Saṅgha

1365-540: The titular head of the Cambodian Maha Nikāya. In Thailand, a single supreme patriarch is recognized as having authority over both the Maha Nikāya and the Dhammayuttika Nikāya. In recent years some Maha Nikāya monks have campaigned for the creation of a separate Maha Nikāya patriarch, as almost all recent Thai supreme patriarchs have invariably been drawn from the royalty-supported Dhammayuttika Nikāya, despite Dhammayuttika Nikāya monks making up only six percent of

1404-483: The years had become part of Thai Buddhism. He emphasized the use of the Pali Canon as the primary authority as the basis for monastic practices. Additionally, Thammayut bhikkhus are expected to eat only one meal a day (not two) and the meal was to be gathered during a traditional alms round. In 1836, Mongkut became the first abbot of the new Wat Bowonniwet Vihara , and it would become the administrative center of

1443-675: Was formed by monks who were not members of the Sangha that already existed in Indonesia at that time. The sangha organization was founded by five Indonesian monks who came from the ordination line of the Thai Dhammayuttika Nikāya order, Bhikkhu Aggabalo, Bhikkhu Khemasarano, Bhikkhu Sudhammo, Bhikkhu Khemiyo, and Bhikkhu Ñaṇavutto. The historic event was also witnessed by two Thai Dhammadutas, namely Bhante Suvirayan (now Phra Dhamchetiyachan) and Bhante Sombat Pavitto (now Phra Vidhurdhammabhorn) who were ordained at Wat Bowonniwet , that

1482-465: Was frustrated because he could not find monks who understood the original teachings of the Buddha and truly adhered to the rules of the monks . This happened because of the syncretism of Buddhism with Thai folk religion . Consequently, King Mongkut emphasized the use of the Pali Canon as the primary authority for monastic practices, and sought to eliminate all of the syncretic elements. The movement became formally recognized as its own monastic order by

1521-499: Was imprisoned and defrocked by Thailand's then military junta and widely defamed in the Thai media over several criminal charges. The scandal allowed the military junta to pass a Sangha reform act that further centralized the Thai Sangha's administration under Dhammayuttika control. Following a change in government, the various criminal charges against Phra Phimontham were later determined to have been false all along. In reality,

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