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46-513: The area was part of Poland after the creation of the state in the 10th century. Later on, as a result of the fragmentation of Poland into smaller provincial duchies, Sława initially formed part of Greater Poland before it passed to Silesia , and then to the Duchy of Głogów , where it remained ruled by the Piast dynasty until 1468. The town was mentioned in a document from 1312. Between 1871 and 1945

92-574: A rebellion at Kraków instigated by Lesser Polish magnates led by his younger brother Casimir II the Just with the support of Mieszko's own son Odon fearing for his heritage. Casimir assumed the high ducal title, while in 1179 Odon even expelled his father from the Greater Polish lands. Mieszko fled to the Duchy of Pomerania at the court of Duke Bogislaw I , husband of his daughter Anastasia . With support by Pomeranian forces, Mieszko in 1181

138-555: A son, Arthur of Brittany . When Richard was mortally wounded during a castle siege, on his deathbed he named his brother John , Henry II's fourth and youngest son, as his heir. However, the inheritance was questioned by the young Arthur of Brittany (then 12 years old). Arthur argued that as the son of John's older brother Geoffrey, he was the rightful heir of Richard and Henry II according to the laws of agnatic primogeniture which were followed in England and Normandy. John countered that as

184-418: A variant of agnatic seniority known as the rota system gradually evolved over the course of several generations. According to Janet Martin (1995), each new generation of princes fought wars of succession or princely rebellions , resulting in the establishment of a new rule that the next generation accepted. By the end of the 11th century, there was a comprehensive succession system that almost every member of

230-468: Is regarded just as a spare, eligible to succeed only after all those males whose fathers were regnant)—senior branches will with high likelihood sooner or later lose their places in succession. Agnatic seniority tends to favor boys who are born to fathers in their old age. Succession within one family based on seniority was often a device to control an elective monarchy . Those two forms of monarchy (agnatic seniority and elective monarchy) were mostly used in

276-592: The Angevin Empire , this resulted in some question over what inheritance laws would affect their children, as Henry II's father was the count of Anjou, and he inherited England and Normandy through his mother. Henry II's eldest son, the Young Henry, died before him, so the throne passed to his next oldest son, Richard I of England . Henry II's third son, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany died three years before his father, but his pregnant wife later gave birth to

322-480: The Poznań Voivodship and Kalisz Voivodship . Agnatic seniority Agnatic seniority is a patrilineal principle of inheritance where the order of succession to the throne prefers the monarch's younger brother over the monarch's own sons. A monarch's children (the next generation) succeed only after the males of the elder generation have all been exhausted. Agnatic seniority excludes females of

368-671: The Seniorate Province of Kraków for the eldest Władysław II , designated high duke of whole Poland. As one of these provinces, Greater Poland was given to Mieszko III the Old , the third son of late Duke Bolesław. Duke Mieszko III the Old at first ruled over the western part of the Greater Polish lands at Poznań. His dominion bordered on the Polish Duchy of Silesia in the south, on the Seniorate Province in

414-518: The Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth enacted in 1138 with the establishment of a Seniorate Province at Kraków led to a centuries-long period of fragmentation of the country among his descendants. The principle is currently used by the House of Saud , the royal family of Saudi Arabia ; so far, all successors to Ibn Saud as King of Saudi Arabia have been one of his 45 sons . In 2007, however,

460-418: The dynasty and their descendants from the succession. Contrast agnatic primogeniture , where the king's sons stand higher in succession than his brothers. In hereditary monarchies , particularly in more ancient times, seniority was a much-used principle of order of succession. The Ottoman Empire evolved from an elective succession (following the principle of agnatic seniority) to a succession inherited by

506-534: The testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth . In 1177, the state broke had separated into the duchies of Poznań , Gniezno and Kalisz , and united again in 1279, lasting in that form until 1320, when it was incorporated back into the Kingdom of Poland. Its capital was Poznań . Upon the death of Polish Piast duke Bolesław III Wrymouth in 1138, his country was divided by his will into 4-5 hereditary provinces distributed among his sons. The late duke had also established

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552-626: The Brandenburg margraves John I and Otto III , who had acquired Lubusz Land at the western border of his duchy from the Silesian duke Bolesław II Rogatka in 1248. When he died in 1257, his brother Bolesław became sole ruler over all Greater Poland. In 1264 Bolesław the Pious passed the Statute of Kalisz which extended Jewish rights in his duchy. Greater Poland was once again re-united under

598-605: The Elbow-high , who had to deal with his rivaling Silesian relative Duke Henry III of Głogów due to the fact that Przemysl II made a succession agreement with both of them, while the Brandenburgers finally conquered the strategically important fortress of Santok on the Warta River. In 1300 both Piasts had to renounce in favour of mighty King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia . Upon the death of King Wenceslaus in 1305,

644-507: The Empire with revolts, or to dispute the succession of an heir apparent. Over time, Emperors were more frequently selected by a council of the senior officials of the realm, both secular and religious. The Ethiopian experience is a particularly good example of the instability which can result from the application of the principle of agnatic seniority. In Kievan Rus' during the Rurik dynasty ,

690-652: The Obra river to his only surviving son Władysław III Spindleshanks . By 1194 Mieszko the Old had outlived his brothers. However, Casimir's son Leszek I the White , like his father, would not acknowledge his rule at Kraków. Upon Mieszko's death in 1202, his son Władysław soon was confronted with the rivaling claims raised by his cousin. In 1206 Władysław Spindleshanks finally lost the high ducal title to Leszek and furthermore had to deal with his rebellious nephew Władysław Odonic , son of his late brother Odon. Władysław Odonic claimed

736-690: The Rurikid house respected. While some scholars have supposed that Yaroslav the Wise invented the system all on his own, Martin rejected this idea in favour of every generation contributing a new rule. It was sometimes used in Morocco by the Alaouite dynasty until it was definitely abolished by King Mohammed V (1957–1961) who introduced agnatic primogeniture . In the Piast Kingdom of Poland ,

782-605: The Younger proved to be a failure: Casimir soon regained the Polish throne and Mieszko the Younger fled to his father, who installed him as a duke at Kalisz. When Mieszko the Younger died in 1193, his father reconciled with his eldest son Odon and gave the Duchy of Kalisz to him. Upon the death of Odon in the following year, all Greater Polish lands were re-united under the rule of Mieszko the Old; he ceded late Odon's territories south of

828-407: The assault, retired to the Duchy of Masovia , where he forged another alliance with Duke Konrad I. With both Pomerelian and Masovian support he was enabled to take the whole Duchy of Greater Poland from Władysław Spindleshanks in 1229. Władysław Spindleshanks fled to Silesia and died without issue two years later, whereafter his nephew became the sole heir of the Greater Polish line. Nevertheless, he

874-672: The court of Duke Swietopelk II of Pomerelia . However, even with the help of the Pomerelian duke, Władysław Odonic only was able to conquer the Greater Polish lands of Ujście in 1223. In 1227 Swietopelk raided a ducal assembly ( wiec ) at Gąsawa , whereby High Duke Leszek was killed and Duke Henry the Bearded seriously wounded. Władysław Spindleshanks did not attend the meeting, which probably saved his life. Furthermore, he got rid of his long-time rival Leszek, whom he now could succeed as high duke. Władysław Odonic, accused of involvement in

920-517: The death of Henry IV Probus but soon sold it to the king of Bohemia Wenceslaus II , he also inherited the Pomerelian lands due to a succession agreement with the previous duke Mestwin II and even was crowned King of whole Poland in 1295. However, the Greater Polish line finally became extinct when he was abducted and killed in the following year. His succession was claimed by his Kuyavian cousin Władysław I

966-824: The east and on the Pomeranian lands in the north. In the west the Greater Polish lands stretched up to Lubusz Land on the western Polish border, where in 1157 the Ascanian count Albert the Bear established the Imperial Margraviate of Brandenburg . After the death of his Mieszko's brother Bolesław IV the Curly in 1173, he also became High Duke of Poland according to the principle of agnatic seniority as laid down in Bolesław's testament. However, he soon had to face

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1012-434: The east, which had been ruled by his deceased nephew Duke Leszek of Masovia . He gave Kuyavia to his son Bolesław , nevertheless after Bolesław's death in 1195, the lands were again separated from Greater Poland, when Mieszko had to cede Kuyavia to Casimir's son Duke Konrad of Masovia in 1199. In 1191 Mieszko had finally reconquered Kraków, nevertheless his decision to entrust the rule over Lesser Poland to his son Mieszko

1058-464: The eligible branches of dynasty became extinct in the male line (no surviving sons), in which situation the limit was problematic. Sons of princes who did not live long enough to succeed to the throne were unsatisfied with such limits. This led to interpretation problems: What if a claimant's father was a rightful monarch, but not recognized by everyone, or by no one (did not rule at all)? The cases were further complicated by co-reigning monarchs, but this

1104-474: The interests of individual monarchs who favored close female relatives and their descendants over very distant male relatives. In the later Middle Ages, violence directly involving the monarch and his heirs became less of a factor, as they gradually decreased their personal participation in combat. Sons were much more likely to survive to adulthood and to marry than in previous centuries, when many noble families lost adolescent sons to constant warfare. In addition,

1150-600: The lands of Kalisz, which his father had held in 1193/94 and was able to gain the support by the Archbishop of Gniezno , nevertheless his attempts to depose his uncle failed. At least he received Kalisz, backed by the Silesian duke Henry I the Bearded and from 1216 also ruled over the Greater Polish lands south of the Obra, which his father had held until his death in 1994. In 1217 the conflict again erupted, when Władysław Spindleshanks reconciled with Leszek and Henry and received free rein to expel Władysław Odonic, who fled to

1196-404: The lands were formally divided, whereby the younger received the smaller district of Kalisz. The quarrels continued, as dissatisfied Bolesław also claimed the lands of Gniezno. Przemysł had him deposed and arrested in 1250, and not until 1253, by the agency of the Archbishop of Gniezno , was Bolesław re-installed as Duke of Kalisz and Gniezno. Przemysł had to deal with the expansionist policies of

1242-406: The last ones of the earlier generation die, plenty of dynasts , usually from more senior branches, will die before their turn on the throne. This tendency is one of the causes of disputed successions: some desire to succeed before they die, and plead the seniority or better blood of their branch. This is further exacerbated if a dynast is not allowed to succeed in case his father was not regnant (or

1288-460: The law of agnatic seniority. In succession based on rotation (close to seniority), all (male) members of the dynasty were entitled to the monarchy, in principle. However, this tends to lead to situations where there is no clear rule to determine who is the next monarch. Brothers succeeding each other as a system leads quickly, particularly in the following generations, to complex patterns and also to disputes between branches which have formed within

1334-466: The living conditions and nutrition of the nobility improved, leading to fewer miscarriages and decreased infant and childhood mortality. Daughters were therefore needed less and less to trace succession. In many cultures, surnames are agnatically determined. Agnatic seniority has been used in several historical monarchies. The County of Anjou followed inheritance by agnatic seniority. When Henry II of England married Eleanor of Aquitaine , creating

1380-444: The male line often became extinct and females were needed to trace the line of succession. During this period, male lines tended to become extinct relatively quickly, usually due to violent death. Therefore, "pure" agnatic succession was impossible to maintain, and frequent exceptions were made—eligibility being granted to the eldest sons of sisters or other female relatives of the monarch. The fully agnatic succession also did not serve

1426-570: The male-line heirs of the Counts of Anjou, the Angevin Empire followed the succession law of Anjou which was based on agnatic seniority. Thus, John claimed that as Richard's younger brother, he stood in line ahead of his nephew. Arthur continued to press his claim for the next four years, allying with the king of France against John, though Richard's deathbed declaration of John as his heir provided greater strength to his claim. Ultimately, Arthur

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1472-422: The monarchical house. Monarchs had collateral relatives, some of whom were rather distant cousins, who were often as entitled to succeed as the monarch himself. Either one branch obtained sufficient control over others (often by force), the rival branches arrived at a balance (such as the succession becoming rotational), or the inheritance was somehow partitioned. Succession based on agnatic seniority or rotation

1518-541: The rivalry continued and after a short period of rule by dukes from various branches of the Piast dynasty, the province finally fell to Władysław, who was crowned King of re-united Poland 1320. The duchy was turned into the Poznań Voivodship and Kalisz Voivodship under the united Polish Crown . Rulers of all Greater Poland Turned into the Greater Poland province of the united Kingdom of Poland , divided into

1564-458: The rule of Przemysł's son Przemysł II at Poznań in 1279. In the west, the Brandenburg margraves had made Lubusz Land the nucleus of the New March , where they established the town of Landsberg (present-day Gorzów Wielkopolski ) in 1257. Przemysł II was able to encounter the Brandenburg expansion by allying with their opponent Duke Bogislaw IV of Pomerania . He briefly controlled Cracov after

1610-402: The same centuries. Many kingdoms were officially elective long into historical times (though the election usually, or always, fell to family of the deceased monarch). The preference for males which exists in most systems of hereditary succession came mostly from the perceived nature of the role of the monarch: In earlier centuries, perhaps in every second or every third generation on average,

1656-554: The succession for the Emperor of Ethiopia , limitation to agnates was controlled until recent times. According to research by the historian Taddesse Tamrat, the order of succession during the Zagwe dynasty was that of brother succeeding brother as King of Ethiopia (i.e., agnatic seniority), which apparently was based on Agaw laws of inheritance . However, the principle of agnatic primogeniture later became dominant, although succession to

1702-521: The throne at the death of the monarch could be claimed by any male blood relative of the Emperor—sons, brothers, uncles or cousins. To avoid instability and civil war, an Emperor typically took care to designate his chosen heir, and to strengthen the heir's position against rivals. In addition, the Emperor would place the heir's rivals in a secure location, which drastically limited their ability to disrupt

1748-668: The town was part of Germany under the Germanized name Schlawa . In 1937 it was renamed Schlesiersee during the Nazi campaign of erasing placenames of Polish origin. During World War II , the Germans operated a women's subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp in the town. On 21 January 1945 the camp was dissolved and the surviving prisoners were sent on a death march towards Zielona Góra . The original Polish name Sława

1794-535: The turkey polędwica. Apart from meat products, the Sława butter ( Masło sławskie ) is also a designated traditional food. See twin towns of Gmina Sława . Duchy of Greater Poland The Duchy of Greater Poland was a district principality in Greater Poland that was a fiefdom of the Kingdom of Poland . It was formed in 1138 from the territories of the Kingdom of Poland, following its fragmentation started by

1840-518: Was able to return to his duchy and also to conquer the adjacent lands of Gniezno and Kalisz, formerly part of the Seniorate Province. Odon was forced to leave Poznań and only retained a small strip of land south of the Obra river. While Mieszko's subsequent attempts to regain the high ducal title failed, in 1186 he was able to further expand his duchy by the adjacent lands of Kuyavia up to the Vistula in

1886-756: Was captured in battle, imprisoned, and presumably killed by John. The matter was never definitively decided, as John lost all continental land possessions in France and had to relinquish any claim to rule of Anjou. It was practiced by the Shang dynasty and the enfeoffed Shang survivors who ruled the State of Song under the Zhou dynasty in China . In Moravia and Bohemia since 1055 to 1182 respective 1203, established by duke Bretislaus I in his seniority "constitution". In

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1932-400: Was confronted by claims raised by the Silesian duke Henry I the Bearded, also Polish high duke from 1232, who from 1234 onwards conquered most of his territories. When Henry I was succeeded by his son Henry II the Pious in 1238, Władysław Odonic was confined to the lands around Ujście. He died in the following year, whereafter High Duke Henry II ruled over all of Greater Poland until he himself

1978-474: Was killed at the 1241 Battle of Legnica . The Greater Polish line of the Piasts was continued by the sons of Władysław Odonic, Przemysł I and his minor brother Bolesław the Pious , who first had to reconquer their heritage from the Silesian successors of Henry the Pious. Soon after a conflict arose between the brothers: in 1247 Bolesław openly rebelled against his elder brother with the help of local nobles and

2024-420: Was often a practical solution to a controversial succession. Agnatic seniority tends in the long run to favor a sort of ultimogeniture , because princes born in a certain generation to the most junior lines tend to be more likely alive at the demise of the predecessor (the last of the immediately preceding generation). In a situation where representatives from any later generation are not allowed to succeed until

2070-487: Was often limited to those princes who were sons of an earlier reigning monarch. Thus, a son of a king had a higher claim than a son of a prince. In some cases, distinctions were even made based on whether the claimant was born to a monarch who reigned at the time of birth ( porphyrogeniture ). This limit was practical, as otherwise the number of rivals would be overwhelming. However, it usually left multiple rivals who too often waged civil war against each other. In other cases,

2116-617: Was restored after Nazi Germany 's defeat in the war, when the town once again became part of Poland. The Sława municipality is known for poultry farming and production. The officially protected traditional foods , as designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland , are the turkey kiełbasa myśliwska and kiełbasa sucha , and the pork and turkey kiełbasa sławska z indykiem , kiełbasa podsuszana sławska z indykiem , kiełbasa szynkowa sławska z indykiem and serdelki sławskie z indykiem , all types of kiełbasa , plus

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