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86-677: The Takatō Domain was based at Takatō Castle in Shinano Province , in the modern city of Ina , located in the Chūbu region of the island of Honshu . The Takatō Domain was ruled by the fudai daimyō of the Hoshina clan from 1600 to 1636, the Torii clan from 1636 to 1689, and the Naitō clan from 1691 to 1871, with a Kokudaka value of 33,000 koku . The Takatō Domain was dissolved in

172-585: A Russian sailor was cut to pieces in the streets of Yokohama. In early 1860, two Dutch captains were slaughtered, also in Yokohama. Chinese and native servants of foreigners were also killed. Several missions were sent abroad by the Bakufu, in order to revise the commercial treaties. However, these efforts remained largely unsuccessful. A Japanese Embassy to the United States was sent in 1860, on board

258-684: A bad thing for Japan. In fact, one could even say it was appealing. However, among the senior officials of the Shogunate, there was a trauma from the Nagasaki Harbour Incident . They probably adopted a hardline stance as a result of assuming that Americans were no different from the British." The years 1854–1855 saw a dramatic series of earthquakes, known as the Ansei great earthquakes , with 120 major and minor tremors recorded over

344-664: A base for supply or at least a place where shipwrecks could receive assistance. The incident in Nagasaki Harbour where the Royal Navy frigate HMS Phaeton demanded supplies from the harbour chief in 1808 shocked the Tokugawa government, who ordered the ports to be even more tightly guarded. In 1825, the Edict to expel foreigners at all cost ( 異国船無二念打払令 , Ikokusen Muninen Uchiharairei , "Don't think twice" policy)

430-412: A ceasefire due to the death of the previous shōgun , but the prestige of the shogunate was nevertheless seriously affected. This reversal encouraged the Bakufu to take drastic steps towards modernization. During the last years of the bakufu , or bakumatsu , the bakufu took strong measures to try to reassert its dominance, although its involvement with modernization and foreign powers was to make it

516-514: A daughter of Matsudaira Yasutoyo of Hamada Domain , but his son died in childhood and the domain was inherited by his adopted son on his retirement in 1776. He died in 1780, and his grave is at the temple of Taizō-ji in Shinjuku, Tokyo. Naitō Yoritaka ( 内藤頼尚 , April 11, 1752 – December 5, 1776) was the 4th Naitō daimyō of Takatō and 9th hereditary chieftain of the Takatō-Naitō clan. Yoritaka

602-532: A less than two-year period including the 8.4 magnitude 1854 Tōkai earthquake on 23 December 1854, the 8.4 magnitude 1854 Nankai earthquake occurring the following day, and the 6.9 magnitude 1855 Edo earthquake , which struck what is today modern Tokyo, on 11 November 1855. Shimoda on the Izu Peninsula was struck by the Tōkai earthquake and a subsequent tsunami, and because the port had just been designated as

688-433: A new set of 17 laws governing the domain and another set of 11 rules and regulations for his household. Although his domain had a nominal kokudaka of 39,000 koku , some 6000 koku was actually tenryō lands with revenues owed to the shogunate and there was little room for the development of new rice lands. His appointment to the post of Osaka kaban in 1694 and 1707 and as sōshaban from 1695 to 1697 also required

774-677: A retainer of Tokugawa Ieyasu , following the defeat and subsequent destruction of the Takeda clan following the second Siege of Takatō in 1582. Following the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, and the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1603, Hoshina Masamitsu , the grandson of Masatoshi, became the first Edo period daimyō of Takatō, and the domain was officially ranked at a kokudaka of 25,000 koku . Masamitsu raised an illegitimate son of shōgun Tokugawa Hidetada as his own, under

860-600: A scandal at Edo in 1689, leaving the clan's succession in the hands of the shogunate. Tadanori's successor in the family, Torii Tadahide , was demoted to a 10,000 koku holding, Shimomura Domain in Noto Province . As a result, Takatō briefly became tenryō administered directly by the shogunate until 1691, when Naitō Kiyokazu was reassigned from Tondabayashi Domain in Settsu Province to Takatō. The domain began to have financial troubles beginning under

946-519: A target of anti-Western sentiment throughout the country. Naval students were sent to study in Western naval schools for several years, starting a tradition of foreign-educated future leaders, such as Admiral Enomoto Takeaki . The French naval engineer Léonce Verny was hired to build naval arsenals, such as Yokosuka and Nagasaki . By the end of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868, the Japanese navy of

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1032-460: Is a Japanese castle located in the city of Ina , southern Nagano Prefecture , Japan . At the end of the Edo period , Takatō Castle was home to a cadet branch of the Naitō clan , daimyō of Takatō Domain . The castle was also known as Kabuto Castle ( 兜山城 , Kabuto-jō ) . Built sometime in the 16th century, it is now largely ruins. Takato Castle is located on a hill in former Takatō Town on

1118-466: Is at the temple of Taizō-ji in Shinjuku, Tokyo. Naitō Yoriyasu ( 内藤頼寧 , March 23, 1800 – November 23, 1862) was the 7th Naitō daimyō of Takatō and 12th hereditary chieftain of the Takatō-Naitō clan. Naitō Yorinao ( 内藤頼直 , November 20, 1840 – August 17, 1879) was the 8th (and final) Naitō daimyō of Takatō and 13th hereditary chieftain of the Takatō-Naitō clan. List of Han Takat%C5%8D Castle Takatō Castle ( 高遠城 , Takatō-jō )

1204-453: The bakufu ' ) were the final years of the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate ended . Between 1853 and 1867, under foreign diplomatic and military pressure, Japan ended its isolationist foreign policy known as sakoku and changed from a feudal Tokugawa shogunate to the modern empire of the Meiji government . The major ideological-political divide during this period

1290-429: The tozama daimyō (or outside lords), and second, growing anti-Western sentiment following the arrival of Matthew C. Perry . The first related to those lords whose predecessors had fought against Tokugawa forces at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, after which they had been permanently excluded from all powerful positions within the shogunate. The second was to be expressed in the phrase sonnō jōi , or "revere

1376-759: The Kanrin Maru and the USS Powhattan . A First Japanese Embassy to Europe was sent in 1862. A Second Japanese Embassy to Europe would be sent in December 1863, with the mission to obtain European support to reinstate Japan's former closure to foreign trade, and especially stop foreign access to the harbor of Yokohama . The Embassy ended in total failure as European powers did not see any advantages in yielding to its demands. Belligerent opposition to Western influence further erupted into open conflict when

1462-660: The Ansei Reform (1854–1856), Abe then tried to strengthen the regime by ordering Dutch warships and armaments from the Netherlands and building new port defenses. In 1855, with Dutch assistance, the shogunate acquired its first steam warship, the Kankō Maru , which was used for training, and opened the Nagasaki Naval Training Center with Dutch instructors, while a Western-style military school

1548-521: The Eejanaika . From 1859, the ports of Nagasaki , Hakodate and Yokohama became open to foreign traders as a consequence of the Treaties. Foreigners arrived in Yokohama and Kanagawa in great numbers, giving rise to trouble with the samurai. Violence increased against the foreigners and those who dealt with them. Murders of foreigners and collaborating Japanese soon followed. On 26 August 1859,

1634-500: The Emperor Kōmei , breaking with centuries of imperial tradition, began to take an active role in matters of state and issued, on March 11 and April 11, 1863, his " Order to expel barbarians " ( 攘夷実行の勅命 , jōi jikkō no chokumei ) . The Mōri clan of Chōshū , under Lord Mōri Takachika , followed on the order, and began to take actions to expel all foreigners from the date fixed as a deadline (May 10, Lunar calendar). Openly defying

1720-662: The Meiji Period . Takatō Castle was listed as one of the 100 Fine Castles of Japan by the Japan Castle Foundation in 2006. Takatō Castle Ruins Park is regarded one of the three best locations to see cherry blossoms , together with Hirosaki Castle and Mount Yoshino . There is very little of the castle remaining in situ aside from part of the moats and stone ramparts. Several of the original castle gates have survived, but remain in private hands in other locations. One yagura has been reconstructed, and

1806-508: The Meiji restoration . Following the establishment of the Meiji government and the abolition of the han system , the remaining structures of the castle were dismantled, and its surviving gates donated to nearby temples or were sold off to private owners. The castle site became the Takato Castle Ruins Park ( 高遠城址公園 , Takatōjōshi Kōen ) , noted for its sakura blossoms in spring. The cherry blossoms were planted in

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1892-570: The Namamugi incident and the murder of the English trader Richardson. The Royal Navy bombarded Kagoshima and sunk several ships. Satsuma however later negotiated and paid 25,000 pounds, but did not remit Richardson's killers, and in exchange obtained an agreement by Great Britain to supply steam warships to Satsuma. The conflict actually became the starting point of a close relationship between Satsuma and Great Britain, which became major allies in

1978-548: The Suwa-kuruwa ( 諏訪曲輪 ) [A], Sasa-kuruwa ( 笹曲輪 ) [B], Minami-kuruwa ( 南曲輪 ) [C] and Hōdōji-kuruwa ( 法幢寺曲輪 ) [D]. Most of the gates were box-shaped gates, which added to the defenses. In the Edo period , front gate of the castle was changed from east side to west side, which directly faced the jōkamachi . The han school , built in 1860, was located in the Third Bailey. A few samurai residences have survived in

2064-505: The Treaty of Amity and Commerce was signed in 1858 and put into application from mid-1859. During the negotiations, Harris had convinced the Japanese negotiators to sign the treaty on the basis it was the best possible terms a Western power would offer. The most important points of the Treaty were: Japan was also forced to apply any further conditions granted to other foreign nations in

2150-527: The Treaty of Peace and Amity (or Treaty of Kanagawa) maintained the prohibition on trade but opened the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American whaling ships seeking provisions, guaranteed good treatment to shipwrecked American sailors, and allowed a United States consul to take up residence in Shimoda , a seaport on the Izu Peninsula , southwest of Edo. In February 1855, the Russians followed suit with

2236-407: The Treaty of Shimoda . The resulting damage to the shogunate was significant. Debate over government policy was unusual and had engendered public criticism of the shogunate. In the hope of enlisting the support of new allies, Abe, to the consternation of the fudai daimyō , had consulted with the shinpan and tozama daimyō , further undermining the already weakened bakufu . In

2322-717: The Wyoming suffered extensive damage with fourteen crew dead or wounded. On the heels of McDougal's engagement, two weeks later a French landing force of two warships, the Tancrède and the Dupleix , and 250 men under Captain Benjamin Jaurès swept into Shimonoseki and destroyed a small town, together with at least one artillery emplacement. In August 1863, the Bombardment of Kagoshima took place, in retaliation for

2408-531: The abolition of the han system in 1871 by the Meiji government and its territory was absorbed into Nagano Prefecture . The territory around Takatō was ruled during the Sengoku period by Takatō Yoritsugu (d. 1552). After his castle fell to Takeda Shingen in the Siege of Takatō in 1545, it was given over to one of Shingen's sons, Nishina Morinobu . Takatō then came under the control of Hoshina Masatoshi ,

2494-559: The barbarians with their own methods". After 1839, however, traditionalists tended to prevail. Students of Western sciences were accused of treason ( Bansha no goku ), put under house arrest ( Takashima Shūhan ), forced to commit ritual suicide ( Watanabe Kazan , Takano Chōei ), or even assassinated as in the case of Sakuma Shōzan . When Commodore Matthew C. Perry 's four-ship squadron appeared in Edo Bay (Tokyo Bay) in July 1853,

2580-620: The han system , Takatō Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned kokudaka , based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. Naitō Kiyokazu ( 内藤清枚 , September 25, 1645 – May 29, 1714) was a daimyō in the early Edo period Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. He was the 2nd Naitō daimyō of Tondabayashi Domain in Kawachi Province , 'and 1st Naitō daimyō of Takatō Domain in Shinano Province. Kiyokazu

2666-515: The 12 year old Tokugawa Iemochi as shōgun whom it was perceived Tairō Ii Naosuke would have influence over, ultimately placing Nariaki and Yoshinobu under house arrest, and executing Yoshida Shōin (1830–1859, a leading sonnō-jōi intellectual who had opposed the American treaty and plotted a revolution against the bakufu) known as the Ansei Purge . Tairō Ii Naosuke , who had signed

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2752-604: The Emperor, expel the barbarians". The turning point of the Bakumatsu was during the Boshin War and the Battle of Toba–Fushimi when pro-shogunate forces were defeated. Frictions with foreign shipping led Japan to take defensive actions from the beginning of the 19th century. Western ships were increasing their presence around Japan due to whaling activities and the trade with China . They were hoping for Japan to become

2838-764: The Harris Treaty and tried to eliminate opposition to Westernization with the Ansei Purge , was himself murdered in March 1860 in the Sakuradamon incident . A servant of the French Minister was attacked at the end of 1860. On 14 January 1861, Henry Heusken , Secretary to the American mission, was attacked and murdered. On 5 July 1861, a group of samurai attacked the British Legation, resulting in two deaths. During this period, about one foreigner

2924-590: The Netherlands and the United States, planned an armed reaction against Japanese acts of violence against the citizens with the Bombardment of Shimonoseki. The Allied intervention occurred in September 1864, combining the naval forces of the four nations, against the powerful daimyō Mōri Takachika of the Chōshū Domain based in Shimonoseki , Japan. This conflict proved inopportune for America, which in 1864,

3010-692: The Satsuma Domain. The Shōhei Maru was built from 1853 to 1854 at Sakurajima in what is now Kagoshima Prefecture in accordance with a Dutch blueprint. Furthermore, fortifications were established at Odaiba in Tokyo Bay in order to protect Edo from an American incursion. Industrial developments also commenced soon afterwards in order to build modern cannons. A reverbatory furnace was established by Egawa Hidetatsu in Nirayama to cast cannons. The American fleet returned in 1854. The chairman of

3096-428: The Takatō-Naitō clan. Yorimochi was born the posthumous fifth son of Itakura Katsunori of Fukushima Domain , and was posthumously adopted as heir to the childless Naitō Nagayoshi in 1791. In 1792, he was received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Ienari . he served as a sōshaban from 1808 to 1819. He retired in 1820 and died in 1856. He was married to a daughter of Inaba Masayoshi of Yodo Domain . His grave

3182-652: The Tokugawa government. A national debate was already taking place about how to better avoid foreign incursions. Some such as Egawa claimed that it was necessary to use the foreigners' techniques to repel them. Others, such as Torii Yōzō  [ jp ] argued that only traditional Japanese methods should be employed and reinforced. Egawa argued that just as Confucianism and Buddhism had been introduced from abroad, it made sense to introduce useful Western techniques. A theoretical synthesis of "Western knowledge" and "Eastern morality" would later be accomplished by Sakuma Shōzan and Yokoi Shōnan , in view of "controlling

3268-514: The United Kingdom ( Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce ) on August 26, and France ( Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan ) on October 9). Trading houses were quickly set up in the open ports. The opening of Japan to uncontrolled foreign trade brought massive economic instability. While some prospered, many others went bankrupt. Unemployment rose, as well as inflation . Coincidentally, major famines also increased

3354-422: The administration of the domain, but spent his time hunting, organizing firework displays and on parties. He died without male heir in 1791 at the age of 23. He was married to a daughter of Kutsuki Totsuna of Fukuchiyama Domain . His grave is at the temple of Taizō-ji in Shinjuku, Tokyo. Naitō Yorimochi ( 内藤頼以 , June 8, 1776 – March 18, 1856) was the 6th Naitō daimyō of Takatō and 11th hereditary chieftain of

3440-465: The castle to launch his invasion of Mino Province , which brought him into conflict with Oda Nobunaga , and it was also from Takatō Castle that he started his final campaign in 1572 towards Kyoto . After Shingen's death, the castle was entrusted to Nishina Morinobu , Takeda Katsuyori's younger brother. The castle fell to Oda Nobutada , the son of Oda Nobunaga during the Battle of Temmokuzan in 1582, with 50,000 troops as opposed to 3000 defenders on

3526-539: The castle was seized by Takeda forces. Takatō Yoritsugu relied on support from his allies, Ogasawara Nagatoki and Tozawa Yorichika, however, they failed to come to his aid. Under the Takeda clan, the castle was completely rebuilt in accordance with contemporary military design practices, with a layout developed by his military strategist, Yamamoto Kansuke , and Shingen awarded the castle to his retainer, Akiyama Nobutomo and later to his son, Takeda Katsuyori . Shingen used

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3612-641: The confluence of the Mibugawa River and the Fujisawa River, which forms part of its natural defenses. Deep trenches, earthen ramparts and stone walls in concentric rings form the defensive structures in a style typical of construction under Takeda Shingen . The Central Bailey ( Hon-maru ) [1] was protected to the northwest and northeast by the Second Bailey ( Ni-no-maru ) [2] and Third Bailey ( San-no-maru ) [3] along with four enclosures:

3698-443: The crises by debasing the gold content of its coins by two thirds, so as to match foreign gold-silver exchange ratios. Foreigners also brought cholera to Japan, leading to hundreds of thousands of deaths. Hotta lost the support of key Daimyōs, and when Tokugawa Nariaki opposed the new treaty, Hotta sought imperial sanction. The court officials, perceiving the weakness of the bakufu , rejected Hotta's request which resulted in

3784-545: The domain, educational institutions and land intensification projects. These changes, however, brought numerous peasant revolts , and instability to the realm. Towards the Bakumatsu period , the final daimyō , Naitō Yorinao , established a han school and took part in the campaigns by the shogunate against Chōshū Domain . During the 1868 Boshin War , however, Takatō sided with the newly founded Meiji government army against

3870-588: The eastern edge of central Ina Valley in southern Nagano Prefecture. The location was a crossroads on the Akiba Kaidō, a highway connecting Tōtōmi province with the Suwa region of Shinano and Kai Province and a road which led to the western portion of the Ina valley and Mino Province . When viewed from the standpoint of Kai Province, the area was a key point in the control of southern Shinano. The castle site overlooks

3956-526: The effect that the ports are to be closed and the foreigners driven out, because the people of the country do not desire intercourse with foreign countries. Edward Neale , the head of the British Legation, responded on very strong terms, equating the move with a declaration of war: It is, in fact, a declaration of war by Japan itself against the whole of the Treaty Powers, and the consequences of which, if not at once arrested, it will have to expiate by

4042-568: The ensuing Boshin War . From the start, the Satsuma Province had generally been in favour of the opening and modernization of Japan. Although the Namamugi Incident was seen as unfortunate, it was taken not to be characteristic of Satsuma's policy, and was instead branded as an example of anti-foreign sonnō jōi sentiment, as a justification to a strong Western show of force. Naval forces from Great Britain , France ,

4128-432: The following lord, Naitō Yorinori , who made efforts at reforms and innovations to solve the problems. The Ejima-Ikushima affair occurred around the same time, resulting in the shogunal consort named Ejima, banished from Edo, being left in the custody of Takatō. The seventh Naitō lord of Takatō, Naitō Yoriyasu , oversaw numerous development projects, including a trading market, a mulberry plantation operated directly by

4214-496: The future to the United States, under the "most favoured nation" provision. Several foreign nations soon followed suit and obtained treaties with Japan (the Ansei Five-Power Treaties , with the United States ( Harris Treaty ) on July 29, 1858, the Netherlands ( Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan ) on August 18, Russia ( Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan ) August 19,

4300-485: The harbor. The ships of Perry were equipped with new Paixhans shell guns , capable of destroying buildings by delivering explosive shells at high velocity. In response to the Perry Expedition and increasing incursions of foreign warships into Japanese territorial waters, several modern sailing frigates, including Shōhei Maru and Asahi Maru , were constructed on orders of the Tokugawa shogunate by

4386-515: The harbour of Hyōgo in November 1865. Other displays of force were made by foreign forces, until the Emperor finally agreed to change his total opposition to the Treaties, by formally allowing the shōgun to handle negotiations with foreign powers. An agreements providing for the tariff revision was signed in June 1866. These conflicts led to the realization that head-on conflict with Western nations

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4472-542: The head of the dissident faction was Tokugawa Nariaki , who had long embraced a militant loyalty to the emperor along with anti-foreign sentiments, and who had been put in charge of national defense in 1854. The Mito school —based on neo-Confucian and Shinto principles—had as its goal the restoration of the imperial institution, and the turning back of the West. Japanese historian Motohiko Izawa stated in his book, "The United States simply aimed to conduct business, which wasn't

4558-404: The intervention at Shimonoseki, foreign nations agreed to reduce the amount in exchange for a ratification of the Harris Treaty by the Emperor, a lowering of customs tariffs to a uniform 5%, and the opening of the harbours of Hyōgo (modern Kōbe ) and Osaka to foreign trade. In order to press their demands more forcefully, a squadron of four British, one Dutch and three French warships were sent to

4644-614: The intrusion of an American warship in 1837 in Kagoshima Bay , and from Saga Domain and Chōshū Domain , all southern domains mostly exposed to Western intrusions. These domains also studied the manufacture of Western weapons. By 1852 Satsuma and Saga had reverberatory furnaces to produce the iron necessary for firearms. Following the Morrison incident involving the Morrison under Charles W. King in 1837, Egawa Hidetatsu

4730-480: The last supporters of the shogunate and sent forces to fight in the Battle of Hokuetsu and the Battle of Aizu { Naitō Yorinao remained governor of Takatō when the lands were formally handed over to the Emperor . In 1871, the domains were abolished, and Takatō became "Takatō Prefecture", only to be subsumed into Tsukama Prefecture and, eventually, into Nagano Prefecture, which remains today. As with most domains in

4816-433: The morning of July 16, 1863, under sanction by Minister Pruyn, in an apparent swift response to the attack on the Pembroke , the U.S. frigate USS Wyoming under Captain McDougal sailed into the strait and single-handedly engaged the U.S.-built but poorly manned fleet. For almost two hours before withdrawing, McDougal sank one Japanese vessel and severely damaged the other two, along with some forty Japanese casualties, while

4902-460: The name Hoshina Masayuki , and was rewarded with a 5,000 koku increase for his domain in 1618. Following Hidetada's death in 1632, Masayuki was transferred to Yamagata Domain in Dewa Province in 1636, with an income of 200,000 koku . Torii Tadaharu , the third son of Torii Tadamasa of Yamagata Domain, replaced him as lord of Takatō, with an income of 32,000 koku . The next lord, Torii Tadanori , however, died while under house arrest due to

4988-425: The outlay of capital, and from the start the domain was in a precarious financial situation. In 1696, he changed his name from Kiyonaga (清長) to Kiyokazu (清枚). He died in 1714 at the age of 70 and his grave is at the temple of Taizō-ji in Shinjuku , Tokyo. The post station of Naitō Shinjuku was built on the site of Naitō Kiyakazu's nakayashiki residence in Edo . Naitō Yorinori ( 内藤頼卿 , 1697– March 21, 1735)

5074-424: The price of food drastically. Incidents occurred between brash foreigners and the Japanese. Japan's monetary system, based on Tokugawa coinage , also broke down. Traditionally, Japan's exchange rate between gold and silver was 1:5, whereas international rates were of the order of 1:15. This led to massive purchases of gold by foreigners, and ultimately forced the Japanese authorities to devalue their currency. There

5160-407: The prospective location for a US consulate, some construed the natural disasters as demonstration of the displeasure of the gods. As the earthquakes were blamed by many Japanese on a giant catfish ( Namazu ) thrashing about, Ukiyo-e prints depicting namazu became very popular during this time. Following the nomination of Townsend Harris as the U.S. Consul in 1856 and two years of negotiation,

5246-416: The resignation of himself, and thus suddenly embroiled Kyoto and the emperor in Japan's internal politics for the first time in many centuries. When the shōgun died without an heir , Nariaki appealed to the court for support of his own son, Tokugawa Yoshinobu (or Keiki), for shōgun , a reformist candidate favored by the shinpan and tozama daimyōs . The fudai won the power struggle, however, installing

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5332-455: The revolt, which ended with the surrender of the rebels on 14 January 1865. In the Kinmon Incident on 20 August 1864, troops from Chōshū Domain attempted to take control of Kyoto and the Imperial Palace in order to pursue the objective of Sonnō Jōi . This also led to a punitive expedition by the Tokugawa government, the First Chōshū expedition . As the Bakufu proved incapable to pay the $ 3,000,000 indemnity demanded by foreign nations for

5418-534: The senior councillors, Abe Masahiro , was responsible for dealing with the Americans. Having no precedent to manage this threat to national security , Abe tried to balance the desires of the senior councillors, who wanted to compromise with the foreigners, of the emperor, who wanted to keep the foreigners out, and of the feudal daimyō rulers, who wanted to go to war. Lacking consensus, Abe compromised by accepting Perry's demands for opening Japan to foreign trade while also making military preparations. In March 1854,

5504-500: The severest and most merited chastisement American influence, which had been of high importance in the beginning, waned after 1861 due to the advent of the American Civil War (1861–1865) that monopolized all available U.S. resources. This influence would be replaced by that of the British, the Dutch and the French. The two ringleaders of the opposition to the bakufu were from the Satsuma (present day Kagoshima prefecture) and Chōshū (present-day Yamaguchi prefecture) provinces, two of

5590-424: The shogunate was thrown into turmoil. Commodore Perry was fully prepared for hostilities if his negotiations with the Japanese failed, and threatened to open fire if the Japanese refused to negotiate. He gave them two white flags, telling them to hoist the flags when they wished a bombardment from his fleet to cease and to surrender. To demonstrate his weapons, Perry ordered his ships to attack several buildings around

5676-402: The shogunate, Mōri ordered his forces to fire without warning on all foreign ships traversing Shimonoseki Strait . Under pressure from the Emperor, the Shogun was also forced to issue a declaration promulgating the end of relations with foreigners. The order was forwarded to foreign legations by Ogasawara Zusho no Kami on June 24, 1863: The orders of the Tycoon , received from Kyoto , are to

5762-455: The side of the Takeda clan, with Nishina Morinobu resisting to the end. After the Takeda clan was destroyed, the castle was awarded to Mori Hideyori, one of Nobunaga’s generals. However, after the assassination of Nobunaga in the Honnō-ji incident , the area came under the control of Tokugawa Ieyasu , who assigned it to Hoshina Masanao . However, after the Tokugawa clan was reassigned to the Kantō region by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1590, Takatō

5848-508: The strongest tozama anti-shogunate domains in Edo-period Japan. Satsuma military leaders Saigō Takamori and Okubo Toshimichi were brought together with Katsura Kogoro of Chōshū, notably through the efforts of Sakamoto Ryōma . As the former happened to be directly involved in the murder of Richardson, and the latter in the attacks on foreign shipping in Shimonoseki, and as the bakufu declared itself unable to placate them, Allied forces decided to mount direct military expeditions. In

5934-454: The town. The original date of construction of Takatō Castle is unknown, however before its construction, there was originally another fortification on the same site, controlled by the Takatō clan, retainers of the Suwa clan , who had dominated the area since the Kamakura period . Suwa Yorishige had an alliance with the Takeda clan , but this was broken by Takeda Shingen in 1545 during his campaign to conquer southern Shinano Province and

6020-403: The Ōtemon (Main gate) of the castle, which had been moved to be used as the gate for a high school north of town, was relocated back to its original location in 1984. On the site of the castle, the oldest remaining building is the former han school , the Shintokukan ( 進徳館 ) , built by the last daimyō of Takatō, Naitō Yorinao . Bakumatsu period Bakumatsu ( 幕末 , ' End of

6106-448: Was a massive outflow of gold from Japan, as foreigners rushed to exchange their silver for "token" silver Japanese coinage and again exchange these against gold, giving a 200% profit to the transaction. In 1860, about 4 million ryōs thus left Japan, that is about 70 tons of gold. This effectively destroyed Japan's gold standard system, and forced it to return to weight-based system with International rates. The Bakufu instead responded to

6192-546: Was already torn by its own civil war . Following these successes against the imperial movement in Japan, the shogunate was able to reassert a certain level of primacy at the end of 1864. The traditional policy of sankin-kōtai was reinstated, and remnants of the rebellions of 1863–64 as well as the Shishi movement were brutally suppressed throughout the land. The military interventions by foreign powers also proved that Japan

6278-410: Was between the pro-imperial nationalists called ishin shishi and the shogunate forces, which included the elite shinsengumi swordsmen. Although these two groups were the most visible powers, many other factions attempted to use the chaos of bakumatsu to seize personal power. Furthermore, there were two other main driving forces for dissent: first, growing resentment on the part of

6364-470: Was born as the third son of Naitō Nobuoki of Murakami Domain , and was adopted as heir to Naitō Yoriyuki in 1772, became daimyō on Yoriyuki's retirement in 1776. However, he died without male heir only eight months later at the age of 25. He was married to a daughter of Ota Suketoshi of Kakegawa Domain by whom he had three daughters. His grave is at the temple of Taizō-ji in Shinjuku, Tokyo. Naitō Nagayoshi ( 内藤長好 , May 5, 1771 – November 30, 1791)

6450-403: Was born in Edo as the second son of hatamoto and Ōmetsuke Mizuno Morimasa. He married a daughter of Naitō Shigeyori , the daimyō of Tondabashayshi Domain and was named heir in 1681. He became daimyō on the death of his adopted father in 1690. The following year, he was transferred by the shogunate to Takatō Domain in Shinano Province. He entered his holdings the same year, proclaiming

6536-510: Was established at Edo. In 1857, it acquired its first screw-driven steam warship, the Kanrin Maru . Scientific knowledge grew swiftly from the existing foundation of Western learning ( rangaku ("Dutch learning") ). Opposition to Abe increased within fudai circles, which opposed opening shogunate councils to the tozama daimyō , and he was replaced in 1855 as chairman of the senior councilors by Hotta Masayoshi (1810–1864). At

6622-508: Was given to one of Hideyoshi’s generals, Ogasawara Sadayoshi. Tokugawa Ieyasu recovered the castle following the Battle of Sekigahara in 1603, and with the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate , Takatō become the center of Takatō Domain , a 30,000 koku holding under the Hoshina clan. The Hoshina were replaced by the Torii clan from 1636-1689, until the assignment of the domain to Naitō Kiyokazu , whose descendants continued to rule to

6708-694: Was issued by the shogunate, prohibiting any contacts with foreigners; it remained in place until 1842. Meanwhile, Japan endeavoured to learn about foreign sciences through rangaku ("Western studies"). To reinforce Japan's capability to carry on the orders to repel Westerners, some such as the Nagasaki -based Takashima Shūhan managed to obtain weapons through the Dutch at Dejima , such as field guns, mortars and firearms . Domains sent students to learn from Takashima in Nagasaki, from Satsuma Domain after

6794-517: Was killed every month. The Richardson Affair occurred in September 1862, forcing foreign nations to take decisive action in order to protect foreigners and guarantee the implementation of Treaty provisions. In May 1863, the US legation in Edo was torched. During the 1860s, peasant uprisings and urban disturbances multiplied. A "World renewal" movement appeared, as well as religious festivals and protests such as

6880-532: Was no military match against the Allies. The sonnō jōi movement thus lost its initial impetus. The structural weaknesses of the Bakufu however remained an issue, and the focus of opposition would then shift to creating a strong government under a single authority. On 2 May 1864, the Mito rebellion erupted against the power of the shogunate in the name of the sonnō jōi . The Shogunate managed to send an army to quell

6966-506: Was not a solution for Japan. As the Bakufu continued its modernization efforts, Western daimyōs (especially from Satsuma and Chōshū) also continued to modernize intensively in order to build a stronger Japan and to establish a more legitimate government under Imperial power. The shogunate led a second punitive expedition against Chōshū from June 1866, but the shogunate was defeated by the more modern and better organized troops of Chōshū. The new shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu managed to negotiate

7052-436: Was of weak health, and was unable to carry out the fiscal reforms the domain badly needed. He served as a sōshaban from 1724-1728, and in numerous other minor offices within the shogunate. He was married to a daughter of Matsudaira Chikayoshi of Funai Domain , but had no male heir. He died in 1735 at the age of 39 and his grave is at the temple of Taizō-ji in Shinjuku, Tokyo. Naitō Yoriyuki ( 内藤頼由 , 1708 – June 30, 1780)

7138-469: Was put in charge of establishing the defense of Tokyo Bay against Western intrusions in 1839. After the humiliating defeat suffered by Qing China in the First and Second Opium Wars , many Japanese officials realized that their traditional methods would be no match for western powers. To deal with Western powers on equal terms, Western guns were studied and demonstrations made in 1841 by Takashima Shūhan to

7224-427: Was the 2nd Naitō daimyō of Takatō and 7th hereditary chieftain of the Takatō-Naitō clan. Yorinori was born in Edo and was the eldest son of Nagai Naohiro of Iiyama Domain . As Kiyokazu was already over 50 years old when Yornori was born, he had previously selected two adopted sons from other houses; however, these adopted sons were set aside, and Yorinori became daimyō on the death of his father in 1714. However, he

7310-413: Was the 3rd Naitō daimyō of Takatō and 8th hereditary chieftain of the Takatō-Naitō clan. Yorinori was born as the sixth son of Naitō Kiyokazu , and was adopted as posthumous heir to Naitō Yorinori shortly after the latter's death in 1735. In 1739, he was appointed Osaka kaban and from 1746 to 1775 served as a sōshaban . Problems with domain finances continued throughout his tenure. He was married to

7396-409: Was the 5th Naitō daimyō of Takatō and 10th hereditary chieftain of the Takatō-Naitō clan. Nagayoshi was born in Edo as the son of Naitō Yorita, a son of Tokugawa Munekatsu of Owari Domain who was the adopted son of Naitō Yoriyuki . In 1771, he was adopted as heir to Naitō Yoritaka and became daimyō on the latter's death in 1776. However, he proved to be a poor choice, as he cared nothing for

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