South Dravidian (also called "South Dravidian I") is one of the four major branches of the Dravidian languages family. It includes the literary languages Tamil , Kannada , Malayalam and Tulu , as well as several non-literary languages such as Badaga , Irula , Kota , Kurumba , Toda and Kodava .
50-545: Kannada, Tamil and Malayalam are recognized among the official languages of India and are spoken mainly in South India . All three are officially recognized as classical languages by the Government of India, along with Sanskrit , Telugu , and Odia . Standard Tamil and Malayalam have both retroflex lateral /ɭ/ and retroflex approximant /ɻ/ sounds, whereas most of the remaining like Kannada have merged
100-667: A "subsidiary official language", but is also required to prepare and execute a program to progressively increase its use of Hindi. The exact extent to which, and the areas in which, the Union government uses Hindi and English, respectively, is determined by the provisions of the Constitution, the Official Languages Act, 1963, the Official Languages Rules, 1976, and statutory instruments made by
150-1127: A medium to answer the paper. Official language of Assam Official language of West Bengal , Tripura and the Barak Valley region of Assam, additional official in Jharkhand Official language of Bodoland , Assam. Official language of Jammu and Kashmir Official language in Gujarat and additional official language of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Official language in Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Bihar , Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, Chhattisgarh , Delhi , Gujarat, Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Ladakh , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , Uttar Pradesh , Uttarakhand . An additional official language in West Bengal Major spoken language in Northern India, and one of
200-697: A period not exceeding 15 years. Article 344(1) defined a set of 14 regional languages which were represented in the Official Languages Commission . The commission was to suggest steps to be taken to progressively promote the use of Hindi as the official language of the country. The Official Languages Act, 1963 which came into effect on 26 January 1965, made provision for the continuation of English as an official language alongside Hindi. The official languages of British India before independence were English, Standard Urdu and later Modern Standard Hindi , with English being used for purposes at
250-552: A result, the proposal was dropped, and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English would not be ended until a resolution to that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament. The position was thus that the Union government continues to use English in addition to Hindi for its official purposes as
300-516: A set of centralized vowel around retroflexes and alveolars with Irula having /ɨ, ʉ, ə, ɵ/ + length. Kurumba languages have nasalized vowels, eg. Jenu Kuruba ã·we , Kannada āme, āve, ēve, ēme, Tamil yāmai, āmai. Most Malayalamoid languages including Malayalam lost the pronounial endings of verbs. Kannada lost clusivity. Old Tamil retained the PD like tense system of past vs non past but none currently do, all have past, present, future. Common plural marker
350-579: A substantial proportion of the State's population desires its use. Similarly, States and local authorities are required to endeavour to provide primary education in the mother tongue for all linguistic minorities, regardless of whether their language is official in that State, and the President has the power to issue directions he deems necessary to ensure that they are provided these facilities. States have significantly less freedom in relation to determining
400-581: A transitional period, which the legislature can extend if it so chooses) English, and members who cannot use any of these have the same rights to their mother tongue with the Speaker's permission. The authoritative text of all laws must be in English unless Parliament passes a law permitting a state to use another language, and if the original text of a law is in a different language, an authoritative English translation of all laws must be prepared. The state has
450-538: A translation into the other language must be provided if required. Communications within offices of the same department, however, must be in Hindi if the offices are in Hindi-speaking states, and in either Hindi or English otherwise with Hindi being used in proportion to the percentage of staff in the receiving office who have a working knowledge of Hindi. Notes and memos in files may be in English and Hindi (though
500-440: A trill in other Dravidian languages, e.g. Tamil oṉṟu, āṟu, nāṟu, nāṟṟam, muṟi, kīṟu; Tulu oñji, āji, nāduni, nāta, {mudipuni, muyipuni}, {kīruni, gīcuni}. The retroflex approximant mostly became a /ɾ/ and also /ɭ, ɖ/ , e.g. Tamil ēẓu, puẓu, Tulu {ēḷŭ, ēlŭ, ēḍŭ}, puru. The vowels have mostly remained the same with the 5 /a, e, i, o, u/ + length; Malayalam and Tulu have an extra /ə̆/ and /ɯ/. The Nilagiri languages developed
550-780: Is -kaḷ(u) in Tamil-Kannada while Tulu uses -ḷŭ, -kuḷŭ, certain Malayalamoid languages use other methods like -ya in Ravula and having kuṟe before the word in Eranadan. Most languages outside Kannadoid have plural pronouns as singular form suffixed with the plural marker, eg, Kannada nīvu (PD * nīm ), Malayalam niṅṅaḷ, (nīn-kaḷ), Tulu nikuḷu . The Dravidian languages form a close-knit family. Four subgroups are generally accepted: South Dravidian, South-Central Dravidian, Central Dravidian and North Dravidian. Most scholars agree that
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#1732783339547600-708: Is initial /h/ where other Dravidian languages, and Old Kannada, have an initial /p/ , a process which began around the 13th century. Badaga has five vowel qualities, /i e a o u/ , where each of them may be long or short, and until the 1930s they were contrastively half and fully retroflexed , for a total of 30 vowel phonemes . Current speakers only distinguish retroflection of a few vowels. Note on transcription: rhoticity ⟨ ◌˞ ⟩ indicates half-retroflexion; doubled ⟨ ◌˞˞ ⟩ it indicates full retroflexion. Several attempts have been made at constructing an orthography based on English , Kannada and Tamil . The earliest printed book using Kannada script
650-528: The Kannada language with heavy influence from Tamil language. Of all the tribal languages spoken in Nilgiris (Badaga, Toda language , Kota language (India) ), Badaga is the most spoken language. Badaga, like modern Kannada , likely originates from Old Kannada . This is suggested by the fact that Badaga shares many common features with modern Kannada . One such feature shared by both Badaga and Kannada
700-634: The Eighth Schedule , and several states have adopted official languages which are not so listed. Examples include Kokborok in Tripura and Mizo in Mizoram . The constitutional provisions in relation to use of the official language in legislation at the State level largely mirror those relating to the official language at the central level, with minor variations. State legislatures may conduct their business in their official language, Hindi or (for
750-1169: The Gorkhaland region of West Bengal. Official language of Odisha ; additional official language in Jharkhand, West Bengal The spelling Oriya was replaced by Odia by 96th Constitutional Amendment Act. Official language of Punjab ; additional official language of Delhi, Haryana, West Bengal Classical and scriptural language of India, but not widely spoken, nor the language of any modern Indian community. Additional official language of Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Official language of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry . Official language in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana . An additional official language in Puducherry and West Bengal. An official language of Jammu and Kashmir; an additional official language in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Jharkhand, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal. The Indian constitution distinguishes
800-521: The Ministry of Home Affairs , there are demands for inclusion of 38 more languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution . These are: In addition to official languages, a few states also designate official scripts. Punjabi should be written in Gurmukhi. The language of communications between different states or between the union government and a state or a person in a state, is regulated by
850-553: The Official Languages Act, 1963 , which provided for the continued use of English for official purposes along with Hindi, even after 1965. In late 1964, an attempt was made to expressly provide for an end to the use of English, but it was met with protests from states and territories, including Maharashtra , Tamil Nadu , Punjab , West Bengal , Karnataka , Puducherry , Nagaland , Mizoram and Andhra Pradesh . Some of these protests also turned violent. As
900-575: The Official Languages Commission , and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi and English, the official languages of the Union. The list has since, however, acquired further significance. The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages, such that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge." In addition, candidates sitting for an examination conducted for public service are entitled to use any of these languages as
950-641: The Department of Official Language under these laws. Department of Official Language was set up in June 1975 as an independent Department of the Ministry of Home Affairs . The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India lists the official languages of the Republic of India. At the time when the Constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on
1000-612: The English text remains authoritative), with the Government having a duty to provide a translation into the other language if required. Besides, every person submitting a petition for the redress of a grievance to a government officer or authority has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in India. Various steps have been taken by the Indian government to implement the use and familiarisation of Hindi extensively. Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha headquartered at Chennai
1050-596: The English text remains authoritative. The Official Languages Act, 1963 provides that the authoritative text of central acts, rules, regulations, etc., are published in Hindi as well in the official gazette by President of India. The constitution provides, and the Supreme Court of India has reiterated, that all proceedings in the Supreme Court and the High Courts shall be in English. Parliament has
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#17327833395471100-556: The Governor a similar power, subject to similar conditions, in relation to the language in which the High Court's judgements will be delivered. Four states— Bihar , Uttar Pradesh , Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan — have been granted the right to conduct proceedings in their High Courts in their official language, which, for all of them, was Hindi. However, the only non-Hindi state to seek a similar power— Tamil Nadu , which sought
1150-411: The Official Languages Act and, except for communications involving Tamil Nadu , which are governed by the Official Languages Rules. Communication between states which have Hindi as an official language must be in Hindi, whereas communication between a state where Hindi is an official language and one where it is not Hindi and must be in English, or, in Hindi with an accompanying English translation (unless
1200-654: The South Dravidian and South-Central Dravidian branches (called "Tamil-Tulu" and "Telugu-Kui" in Zvelebil 1990 :56) are more closely related to each other than to the other branches of the Dravidian languages. For this reason, Krishnamurti suggested the alternative terms South Dravidian I for the former branch and South Dravidian II for the latter. South Dravidian is classified internally into two subbranches: Tamil–Kannada and Tulu. The languages that constitute
1250-586: The Tamil–Kannada branch are Tamil , Kannada , Malayalam , Irula , Toda , Kota , Kodava , and Badaga and the languages that constitute the Tulu branch are Tulu , Koraga , Kudiya , Bellari . According to R. C. Hiremath , Director of International School of Dravidian Linguistics in Trivandrum, the separation of Tamil and Kannada into independent languages from the Tamil–Kannada inner branch started with
1300-505: The central approximant with the lateral. Evidence shows that both retroflex approximant and the retroflex laterals were once (before the 10th century) also present in Kannada. However, all the retroflex approximants changed into retroflex laterals in Kannada later. In Kannada, the bilabial voiceless plosive ( /p/ ) at the beginning of many words has disappeared to produce a glottal fricative ( /h/ ) or has disappeared completely. This change
1350-486: The central level. The origins of official Hindi usage traces back to the late 19th century. In 1881, Hindi replaced Urdu as the official language of Bihar; and in 1900, MacDonnell issued an order, which allowed the “permissive — but not exclusive — use” of Devanagari for Hindustani language in the courts of North-Western Provinces . Following independence, the Constituent Assembly remained divided on
1400-457: The constitution grants the central government, acting through the President , the power to issue certain directives to the government of a state in relation to the use of minority languages for official purposes. The President may direct a State to officially recognise a language spoken in its territory for specified purposes and in specified regions if its speakers demand it and satisfy him that
1450-689: The constitution permits a person who is unable to express themself in either Hindi or English to, with the permission of the Speaker of the relevant House, address the House in their mother tongue. In contrast, the constitution requires the authoritative text of all laws, including Parliamentary enactments and statutory instruments , to be in English, until Parliament decides otherwise. Parliament has not exercised its power to so decide, instead merely requiring that all such laws and instruments, and all bills brought before it, also be translated into Hindi, though
1500-672: The continued use of English even thereafter. Plans to make Hindi the sole official language of the Republic were met with resistance in many parts of the country, especially in Tamil Nadu , which had a history of opposing imposition of the Hindi language dating back to 1937, when the Justice Party opposed the then Congress led Madras Government's decision to make Hindi compulsory in secondary schools. The Indian constitution, in 1950, declared Hindi in Devanagari script to be
1550-487: The government (including government companies). The Official Languages Rules, in contrast, provide for a higher degree of use of Hindi in communications between offices of the central government (other than offices in Tamil Nadu , to which the rules do not apply). Communications between different departments within the central government may be in English and Hindi (though the English text remains authoritative), although
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1600-491: The government announced plans to promote Hindi in government offices in Southern and Northeast India . The Indian constitution does not specify the official languages to be used by the states for the conduct of their official functions and leaves each state free to, through its legislature, adopt Hindi or any language used in its territory as its official language or languages. The language need not be one of those listed in
1650-511: The language in which judicial proceedings in their respective High Courts will be conducted. The constitution gives the power to authorise the use of Hindi, or the state's official language in proceedings of the High Court to the Governor , rather than the state legislature and requires the Governor to obtain the consent of the President of India , who in these matters acts on the advice of the Government of India. The Official Languages Act gives
1700-647: The language issue, with some like R. V. Dulekar and Seth Govind Das favouring declaring Hindi written in Devanagari the national language of India immediately, while within the camp favouring Hindi there were divisions over whether the script of the language should be Devanagari or Roman, whether Hindustani with both Devanagari and Urdu scripts be retained, and whether the numerals should be international or Devanagari. Meanwhile, some like Frank Anthony , T A Ramalingam Chettiar , and Naziruddin Ahmad wanted to continue
1750-474: The language to be used in Parliamentary proceedings, and the language in which laws are to be made. Parliamentary business, according to the Constitution, may be conducted in either Hindi or English. The use of English in parliamentary proceedings was to be phased out at the end of fifteen years unless Parliament chose to extend its use, which Parliament did through the Official Languages Act, 1963. Also,
1800-427: The official language of the union. Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of English for official purposes was to cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, that is, on 26 January 1965. The prospect of the changeover, however, led to much alarm in the non-Hindi-speaking areas of India, especially Dravidian -speaking states whose languages were not related to Hindi at all. As a result, Parliament enacted
1850-623: The official languages of the Government of India along with English . Official language of Karnataka Official language of Jammu and Kashmir Official language of Goa Additional official language in the Mithila region of Jharkhand Official language of Kerala ; additional official language in Puducherry Official language of Manipur Official language of Maharashtra ; additional official language of Goa. Official language of Sikkim . Additional official language in
1900-430: The power to alter this by law but has not done so. However, in many high courts, there is, with consent from the president, allowance of the optional use of Hindi. Such proposals have been successful in the states of Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Uttar Pradesh , and Bihar . The Official Language Act provides that the Union government shall use both Hindi and English in most administrative documents that are intended for
1950-625: The progress in the use of Hindi and submits a report to the President. The governmental body which makes policy decisions and established guidelines for the promotion of Hindi is the Kendriya Hindi Samiti (est. 1967). In every city that has more than ten central Government offices, a Town Official Language Implementation Committee is established and cash awards are given to government employees who write books in Hindi. All Central government offices and PSUs are to establish Hindi Cells for implementation of Hindi in their offices. In 2016,
2000-552: The public, though the Union government is required by law to promote the use of Hindi. names, among others, resolutions, general orders, rules, notifications, administrative or other reports or press communiques issued by a government department , agency or corporation ; administrative and other reports and official papers laid before a House or the Houses of Parliament ; and contracts and agreements executed, and licences, permits, notices and forms of tender issued by or on behalf of
2050-587: The receiving state agrees to dispense with the translation). Communication between the union and states which use Hindi as their official language (classified by the Official Language Rules as "the states in Region A"), and with persons who live in those states, is generally in Hindi, except in certain cases. Communication with a second category of states "Region B", which do not have Hindi as an official language but have elected to communicate with
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2100-749: The right to conduct proceedings in Tamil in the Madras High Court —had its application rejected by the central government earlier, which said it was advised to do so by the Supreme Court. In 2006, the law ministry said that it would not object to Tamil Nadu state's desire to conduct Madras High Court proceedings in Tamil. In 2010, the Chief Justice of the Madras High Court allowed lawyers to argue cases in Tamil. At present, as per
2150-435: The right to regulate the use of its official language in public administration, and in general, neither the constitution nor any central enactment imposes any restriction on this right. However, every person submitting a petition for the redress of a grievance to any officer or authority of the state government has a constitutional right to submit it in any language used in that state, regardless of its official status. Besides,
2200-473: The separation of Tulu in about 1500 BCE and completed in about 300 BCE. Official languages of India As of 2024 , 22 languages have been classified as recognised languages under the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India . There is no designated national language of India. While the constitution was adopted in 1950, article 343 declared that Hindi would be the official language and English would serve as an additional official language for
2250-518: The union in Hindi is usually in Hindi, while communications sent to an individual in those states may be in Hindi and English. Communication with all other states "Region C", and with people living in them, is in English. Badaga language Badaga is a southern Dravidian language spoken by the Badaga people of the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu . The language is closely related to
2300-465: The usage of English, while Nehru, although supporting the dropping of English as an official language in favour of Hindi/Hindustani, cautioned against forcefully doing so in face of opposition in the South. The Indian constitution , adopted in 1950, as a compromise envisaged that English would be phased out in favour of Hindi over a fifteen-year period, but gave Parliament the power to, by law, provide for
2350-431: The velar plosives are retained as such or with minimum changes in the corresponding words, eg. Tamil/Malayalam cey , Irula cē(y)- , Toda kïy- , Kannada key/gey , Badaga gī- , Telugu cēyu , Gondi kīānā . Tulu is characterized by its r/l and s/c/t alternation, for e.g. sarɛ, tarɛ across Tulu dialects compare with Kannada tale . The alveolar ṯ, ṯṯ, nṯ became post alveolar or dental, the singular ones usually becomes
2400-473: Was a Christian work, "Anga Kartagibba Yesu Kristana Olleya Suddiya Pustaka" by Basel Mission Press of Mangaluru in 1890. Badaga can also be written in the Kannada script and Tamil script . Badaga has been studied and documented by linguists. Several Badaga-English Dictionaries have been produced since the latter part of the nineteenth century. A collection of proverbs and other traditional sayings of
2450-687: Was formed to spread Hindi in South Indian states . Regional Hindi implementation offices at Bangalore , Thiruvananthapuram , Mumbai , Kolkata , Guwahati , Bhopal , Delhi and Ghaziabad have been established to monitor the implementation of Hindi in Central government offices and PSUs. Annual targets are set by the Department of Official Language regarding the amount of correspondence being carried out in Hindi. A Parliament Committee on Official Language constituted in 1976 periodically reviews
2500-501: Was later taken to other Kannadoid languages and Tuluoid languages like Bellari and Koraga, eg. Tamil peyar , Kannada hesaru , Bellari/Koraga hudari ; Tamil puṟṟu , Jenu Kuruba uṯṯu , Ka. puttu, huttu, uttu. Tamil-Malayalam and Telugu show the conversion of Voiceless velar plosive ( /k/ ) into Voiceless palatal plosive ( /c/ ) at the beginning of the words (refer to comparative method for details). Kannada and other languages, however, are totally inert to this change and hence
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