76-520: Portages in New Zealand , known in Māori as Tō or Tōanga Waka , are locations where waka (canoes) could easily be transported overland. Portages were extremely important for early Māori , especially along the narrow Tāmaki isthmus of modern-day Auckland , as they served as crucial transportation and trade links between the east and west coasts. Portages can be found across New Zealand, especially in
152-409: A waka taua with unusually high freeboard . A noticeable feature of a loaded waka taua was its very low freeboard of 400–500 mm, which made the vessel unseaworthy in all but good weather, despite the presence of one or two young men on board dedicated to bailing. The normal timber used, totara , is a lightweight native podocarp , which retains its natural oils even when cut down. This prevented
228-595: A canal at the site of Te Tō Waka (the Ōtāhuhu portage), with the Māngere Bridge acting as a canal lock . Taylor also proposed a second canal at Te Pai o Kaiwaka, to connect to the Waikato River . Taylor's petition was unsuccessful. The canal continued to be mooted as an idea, and in 1924 the Waiuku Canal League is formed as a body to promote the concept. In addition to Te Pai o Kaiwaka at Waiuku,
304-549: A canoe in New Zealand were found near the Anaweka estuary in a remote part of the Tasman District and radiocarbon-dated to about 1400. The canoe was constructed in New Zealand, but was a sophisticated canoe, compatible with the style of other Polynesian voyaging canoes at that time. Since the 1970s, about eight large double-hulled canoes of about 20 metres have been constructed for oceanic voyaging to other parts of
380-431: A combination, was set about one-third back from the bow. The raupō sail was much lighter. The mast and yard spars were small diameter, with the yard being thinner, about 5 metres (16 ft) high, long, and permanently attached to the sail so the rig was raised as a single unit. Loops were woven into both the luff and the leech of the sail for attachment to the spars. Tanekaha ( celery pine ) branches were favoured, as it
456-429: A main hull formed from a single hollowed-out log, along with a carved upright head and tailboard. The gunwale is raised in some by a continuous plank, which gives increased freeboard and prevents distortion of the main hull components when used in a rough seas. Sometimes the hull is further strengthened, as in the case of Te Winika , a 200-year-old design, by a batten or stringer running lengthwise both inside and outside
532-707: A number of other portages existed, bridging the rivers of the Waikato region. The Mangawara portage connected the Waikato River to the Piako River , via the Mangawara Stream and an overland route at Tahuna . A portage also existed between the Whanganui River and the Waikato River , via Lake Rotoaira , Tongariro River and Lake Taupo . Te Ara-o-Hinehopu, also known as Hongi's Track, is
608-674: A population of 84 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 60 people (250.0%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 63 people (300.0%) since the 2006 census . There were no households. There were 60 males and 21 females, giving a sex ratio of 2.86 males per female. The median age was 25.5 years, with no people aged under 15 years, 54 (64.3%) aged 15 to 29, 21 (25.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 9 (10.7%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 50.0% European/Pākehā, 10.7% Māori, 3.6% Pacific peoples, 39.3% Asian, and no other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities). The proportion of people born overseas
684-516: A sail that Tasman referred to as a Tingang sail —a small triangular sail often temporarily hoisted. Later, early Europeans from the 1830s onwards gave detailed descriptions of the use, appearance and materials used in Māori sails. Although there were regional variations within New Zealand, most sails were temporary and could be hoisted or struck in a few minutes. The roughly triangular sail, usually made from either flax, tī leaves or raupō ( bulrushes ) or
760-429: A stream or river, using multiple ropes made from raupō . Some men pulled the waka forward while others restrained it on downhill slopes. Accidents at this stage were apparently common. Saplings were used as skids and rollers over uneven ground. The final shaping was done closer to the papakainga to be nearer to food. A waka could take a year to make if the construction went smoothly, but it could be abandoned if there
836-871: A tributary ran from Milford into the Shoal Bay stream. This valley provided the harbour with a second entrance when sea levels rose, until the Lake Pupuke volcano plugged this gap. Approximately 17,000 years ago during the Last Glacial Period when sea levels were significantly lower, the river flowed north-east along the Rangitoto Channel , meeting the Mahurangi River to the east of Kawau Island . The resulting river flowed further north-east between modern day Little Barrier Island and Great Barrier Island , eventually emptying into
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#1732781091457912-866: A walking track and portage between Lake Rotoiti and Lake Rotoehu . The track was named for Hinehopu, and ancestress who used it to travel between her two homes. The name Hongi's Track recalls an incident during the Musket Wars , when Hongi Hika and a Ngāpuhi taua used the track as a waka portage to reach the Te Arawa settlement on Mokoia Island in Lake Rotorua . Waka (canoe) Waka ( Māori: [ˈwaka] ) are Māori watercraft, usually canoes ranging in size from small, unornamented canoes ( waka tīwai ) used for fishing and river travel to large, decorated war canoes ( waka taua ) up to 40 metres (130 ft) long. The earliest remains of
988-417: Is a car's gearbox. Waka can be used to refer transport in general, such as in "Te Manatū Waka" ( Ministry of Transport ) and "Waka Kotahi" ( NZ Transport Agency ). Waka may also refer to a kinship group descended from the crew of a canoe which migrated to New Zealand and occupying a set territory. A waka in this sense may comprise several iwi (tribes). Waitemat%C4%81 Harbour Waitematā Harbour
1064-426: Is a hollowed and carved vessel used for storing of taonga (treasures) such as the prized tail feathers of the now extinct huia ( Heteralocha acutirostris ) that are worn as ornaments in the hair. In current Māori language usage, waka is used to refer to cars, (along with the transliterated term motokā ), waka-rere-rangi for aircraft and a waka hari hinu is an oil tanker – a waka niho (gear container)
1140-524: Is an arm of the Hauraki Gulf, extending west for eighteen kilometres from the end of the Rangitoto Channel . Its entrance is between North Head and Bastion Point in the south. The westernmost ends of the harbour extend past Whenuapai in the northwest, and to Te Atatū Peninsula in the west, as well as forming the estuarial arm known as the Whau River in the southwest. The northern shore of
1216-570: Is identical to that used in the Marquesan Islands. Although there are references to the use of the Society Island–type crescent-shaped sail in New Zealand, these appear to have been rare and no examples exist. From the arrival of James Cook in 1769 and especially Marion Du Fresne's longer stay in New Zealand in 1772, Māori were able to obtain iron and steel, which did not exist in pre-contact Māori culture. Māori quickly learned
1292-553: Is still visible. The Whau portage was one of the most important in the Auckland region, and Te Whau pā , adjacent to the Manukau Harbour entrance to the route, controlled the waka traffic along the route. A kāinga existed at the end of the portage at Green Bay, known as Motu Karaka as a grove of sacred karaka trees grew nearby. The Whau river and portage serves as a rohe (boundary) point between Te Kawerau ā Maki and
1368-671: Is the main access by sea to Auckland , New Zealand. The harbour forms the northern and eastern coasts of the Auckland isthmus and is crossed by the Auckland Harbour Bridge . It is matched on the southern side of the city by the shallower waters of the Manukau Harbour . With an area of 70 square miles (180 km ), it connects the city's main port and the Auckland waterfront to the Hauraki Gulf and
1444-572: Is the southernmost of the three portages connecting the Manukau Harbour to the Tāmaki River. The portage connected the Waokauri and Pūkaki creeks to the Tāmaki River via Papatoetoe and Middlemore . A road named Portage Road traces the overland passage this portage took. The Papakura portage connected the Manukau Harbour at Papakura in the west to the Wairoa River in the east, likely along
1520-636: The Matahourua of Kupe , the Aotea , the Mātaatua and the Tokomaru all have traditional stories associated with the crossing of this portage. The area was a settling place for Ngāi Tahuhu, an early Tāmaki Māori iwi, whose rohe (lands) extended to either side of the portage. The iwi had a defensive pā on Ōtāhuhu / Mount Richmond, known as Te Pā o Tahuhu, which was used to watch over traffic that used
1596-469: The Auckland waterfront , within a few decades of the city's European founding. Taking the idea of the several Māori portage paths over the isthmus one step further, the creation of a canal that would link the Waitematā and Manukau harbours was considered in the early 1900s. Legislation (the Auckland and Manukau Canal Act 1908) was passed that would allow authorities to take privately owned land where it
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#17327810914571672-646: The Hauraki Gulf . Some sources describe the portage as linking Lucas Creek to Browns Bay . Te Tōangaroa, also known as the Ngongitepata or Riverhead portage, is the portage linking the Kaipara Harbour with the Waitematā Harbour via the Kaipara River and Kumeū River . The portage could be travelled to across either Rangitōpuni ( Riverhead ) in the north, or at Pitoitoi (Brigham Creek) in
1748-941: The Kaipara Harbour , the Oruawharo River and the Tauhoa River , separated by the Okahukura Peninsula, at the site of the modern-day Ātiu Creek Regional Park . The Aotoetoe and Weiti portages connected the Kaipara Harbour in the west to Whangaparāoa and the Hibiscus Coast in the east. The Weiti Portage crossed overland between the Kaukapakapa River and the Weiti River , while the Aotoetoe portage travelled north between
1824-926: The Land Wars : When the Waikato campaign started in 1863, the government forces made a point of sinking all the waka they could find on the Waikato River and its tributaries to slow rebel communication. Later, some fine examples of these were placed in the Auckland War Memorial Museum. Ocean-going waka, whatever their size, could be paddled, but achieved their best speeds when propelled by sail. The Polynesian settlers of New Zealand migrated to New Zealand in large waka; according to legend, some of these were possibly waka hourua , double-hulled vessels. The names and stories associated with those waka were passed on in oral history ( kōrero o mua ), but dates, names, times, and routes were frequently muddled as
1900-662: The Māngere Inlet to Karetu, south of the Panmure Basin , approximately one kilometre south of Mutukaroa / Hamlins Hill Regional Park . Compared to the shorter Te Tō Waka, the Karetu portage had less elevation. Te Tō Waka, also known as Te Toangakiōtāhuhu, the Ōtāhuhu portage, Tauoma portage or the Tāmaki portage, is the shortest portage connecting the east and west coasts of New Zealand, located at Ōtāhuhu . The portage connected
1976-495: The Pacific . They are made of a blend of modern and traditional materials, incorporating features from ancient Melanesia , as well as Polynesia . Waka taua (in Māori , waka means "canoe" and taua means "army" or "war party") are large canoes manned by up to 80 paddlers and are up to 40 metres (130 ft) in length. Large waka, such as Ngā Toki Matawhaorua which are usually elaborately carved and decorated, consist of
2052-494: The Pacific Ocean . It is sheltered from Pacific storms by Auckland's North Shore , Rangitoto Island , and Waiheke Island . The oldest Māori name of the harbour was Te Whanga-nui o Toi (The Big Bay of Toi), named after Toi , an early Māori explorer. The name Waitematā means "Te Mata Waters", which according to some traditions refers to a mauri stone (a stone of Māori religious significance) called Te Mata, which
2128-703: The Public Works Department mooted the idea again, while also noting that the canal would need a lock to compensate for the different tides on the east and west coasts. Between the 1890s and his death in 1924, John Edward Taylor of the Auckland Harbour Board promoted the idea of a canal with locks at the Māngere and Panmure bridges. On 30 September 1911, Taylor formally petitioned the New Zealand Government to create
2204-524: The Waiohua confederation. The Waitematā Harbour was traditionally used as a fishery used by Tāmaki Māori for sharks and snapper . In the late 18th century and early 19th century, the waters were fished together by Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei and Ngāti Pāoa . In traditional legend, the Waitematā Harbour is protected by a taniwha named Ureia, who takes the form of a whale. The harbour has long been
2280-759: The Wairoa River , overland through Tangiteroria to Maungakaramea , reaching the Whangārei Harbour along the Mangapai River . Bishop Samuel Marsden reported Hongi Hika using this portage during the Musket Wars in 1820. The Ōtamatea portage connected the Kaipara Harbour in the west to the Mangawhai Harbour in the east, via the Otamatea River , Hakaru River and the Kaiwaka River . Portages formed important links between
2356-554: The Waitemata Group . Recent volcanism in the Auckland volcanic field has also shaped the coast, most obviously at Devonport and the Meola Reef (a lava flow which almost spans the harbour), but also in the explosion craters of Orakei Basin and in western Shoal Bay . Over the last two million years, the harbour has cycled between periods of being a forested river valley and a flooded harbour. In periods of low sea level,
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2432-425: The Waitematā Harbour to the Manukau Harbour in the west. After these portages were used, a second portage, Te Pai o Kaiwaka at Waiuku , could be used to access the Waikato River in the south. Another major link was Te Tōangaroa, which bridged the gap between the Waitematā Harbour and the Kaipara River / Kumeū River system, which connected to the Kaipara Harbour in the north. The Opou portage linked two arms of
2508-403: The toki was tied to the crossmember of the upper framework so that it could pivot back and forth, like a swing. Heavy rocks were tied to each side of the long axis at its lowest point to give momentum. The toki was pulled back and released so that the cutting edge bit into the wood that was weakened by fire. It could take two to three weeks to cut down a large tree in this manner. Once felled,
2584-463: The 1980s and 1990s, using high-tech canoes of Hawaiian or Tahitian design and with the ingenious support of work schemes , has become an increasingly popular sport among Māori, often performed as part of cultural festivals held in summer. Some waka, particularly in the Chatham Islands , were not conventional canoes, but were constructed from raupō ( bulrushes ) or flax stalks. In 2009,
2660-536: The German scientist Johann Reinhold Forster , who sailed with Cook in 1773, described waka fitted with outriggers (ama, amatiatia or korewa)". Already rare in Cook's time, waka ama had largely faded from memory by the early 19th century. However, the term waka ama occurs in old stories, such as the story of Māui published by Grey in 1854 and in a few old waiata ; Tregear also mentions the waka ama as "a possession of
2736-838: The Kaukapakapa River and the Orewa River . The Waiau portage bisects the Whangaparāoa Peninsula between Tindalls Beach and Matakatia . It is likely that another portage existed on the peninsula to the west, connecting Red Beach to the Weiti River. The Albany portage was a path that connected the Lucas Creek , an arm of the Upper Waitematā Harbour , to the Okura River and Long Bay on
2812-574: The Māngere Inlet of the Manukau Harbour south of Ōtāhuhu / Mount Richmond to the Tāmaki River, using the approximate route taken by the modern Portage Road . Due to its short length and easy gradient, it was one of the most important portages in Aotearoa, and one of the main communication links between Northland and the central North Island. Te Tō Waka was used from the earliest times of Māori settlement in Aotearoa. The portage features prominently in
2888-546: The Māori", adding that "It was beneath the outrigger of such a canoe that the famous Maui crushed his wife's brother Irawaru before turning him into a dog. Both the double canoe and the outrigger have entirely disappeared from among the Māoris, and it is doubtful if any native now alive has seen either of them in New Zealand". Two outrigger floats were found in swamps along the Horowhenua coast of Cook Strait , and another float
2964-686: The Okeanos Foundation for the Sea and Salthouse Boatbuilders built a fleet of vaka moana / waka hourua with fibreglass hulls. One of these, the Haunui , was gifted to the Te Toki Voyaging Trust in New Zealand. In April 2011 Te Puni Kokiri, The Māori Development Agency, announced a joint venture with an Auckland tribe to build a PVC plastic pavilion in the shape of a waka as a promotion for local Māori. The "Tupper waka", as it
3040-691: The Pacific Ocean north of Great Barrier Island. The current shore is strongly influenced by tidal rivers, particularly in the west and north of the harbour. Mudflats covered by mangroves flourish in these conditions, and salt marshes are also typical. Prior to European settlement, the harbour was the site of many Tāmaki Māori pā and kāinga , including Kauri Point in Chatswood , Okā at Point Erin, Te Tō at Freemans Bay , Te Ngahuwera, Te Rerenga-oraiti at Point Britomart , and Ōrākei . Herald Island and Watchman Island were both settled by
3116-483: The Waitematā Harbour with St Leonards Bay. A natural tidal portage known as Kukuwaka linked Ngatarina Bay and Narrow Neck Beach, at the location of the reclaimed land where the Waitemata Golf Club currently exists. The name Kukuwaka literally refers to scratched/damaged waka. The Whau portage, traditionally known as Te Tōanga Waka and Te Tōanga Waka ki Motukaraka, linked the west coast Manukau Harbour to
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3192-548: The accompanying Kauri Point Armament Depot at Birkenhead , and the Chelsea Sugar Refinery wharf, all capable of taking ships over 500 gross register tons (GRT). Smaller wharves at Birkenhead, Beach Haven, Northcote, Devonport and West Harbour offer commuter ferry services to the Auckland CBD . The harbour is a drowned valley system that was carved through Miocene marine sediments of
3268-478: The attack on the ship's boat of Abel Tasman in Golden Bay in 1642 when a Māori catamaran rammed a cock boat and four Dutch sailors were killed. During the classic period (about 1500 to 1770) a hapū would select a tōtara tree and prepare it years ahead for felling. Tōtara is a lightweight wood with a high natural oil content that helps prevent rot. This would include the removal of bark from one side of
3344-691: The canal, and a second at Te Pai o Kaiwaka ( Waiuku township), to connect to the Waikato River . Taylor's petition was unsuccessful. The idea was investigated again in the 1960s by the Ministry of Works. Beginning in February 1992, Māngere resident James Papali'i of the Portage Crossing Canoe Club began organising annual waka ama events tracing the route the Tainui waka took when crossing Te Tō Waka. The Waokauri / Pūkaki portage
3420-717: The descendants of the settlers multiplied and separated into iwi (tribes) and hapū (sub-tribes). Consequently, the word waka is used to denote a confederation of iwi descended from the people of one migratory canoe. In 1992, Hekenukumai Busby built Te Aurere , a waka hourua , using traditional methods and materials. It has since voyaged across the Pacific, to Hawaii , Tahiti , the Marquesas , New Caledonia and Norfolk Island , as well as repeatedly circumnavigating Te Ika-a-Māui using Polynesian navigation methods. Early European explorers saw Māori using waka ama ( outrigger canoes ). " Sydney Parkinson , an artist on Captain James Cook's first voyage to New Zealand in 1769, and
3496-416: The early 19th century, Te Pai o Kaiwaka was used by Hongi Hika and Ngāpuhi taua in order to reach the Waikato Tainui tribes of the central Waikato area. The canal continued to be used in the early colonial era by Māori, in order to transport produce from the Waikato to be sold at Onehunga . On 30 September 1911, J E Taylor of the Auckland Harbour Board petitioned the New Zealand Government to create
3572-424: The east and west coasts of the Auckland region. Some of the most frequently used portages were those on either side of the Auckland isthmus : the Te Tō Waka portage at Ōtāhuhu (the shortest portage between the east and west coasts), alongside the Karetu and Waokauri / Pūkaki portages, connected the estuarial Tāmaki River to the Manukau Harbour in the west, while Te Toanga Waka, the Whau River portage, connected
3648-409: The east coast Waitematā Harbour via a north-south route, following the Whau River , the Avondale Stream (Wai Tahurangi); which in modern times is marked by Portage Road. Most of the portage was easily traversable, with waka able to be paddled to Kotuitanga ( Ken Maunder Park ) and relatively easily moved along the Avondale Stream. The main exception was the steep hill above Green Bay , where terracing
3724-403: The general public, according to the media briefing. The waka taua Te Tuhono in the National Museum of Scotland was restored and partially reconstructed by the Māori craftsman George Nuku, using carved poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to recreate missing sections. The word "waka" is also used in broader senses that can be translated as "vessel", "container", or "vehicle". A waka huia
3800-416: The harbour consists of North Shore . North Shore suburbs located closest to the shoreline include Birkenhead , Northcote and Devonport (west to east). On the southern side of the harbour is Auckland CBD and the Auckland waterfront , and coastal suburbs such as Mission Bay , Parnell , Herne Bay and Point Chevalier (east to west), the latter of which lies on a short triangular peninsula jutting into
3876-519: The harbour has numerous beaches popular for swimming, the older-style "combined sewers" in several surrounding western suburbs dump contaminated wastewater overflows into the harbour on approximately 52 heavy-rain days a year, leading to regular health warnings at popular swimming beaches, until the outfalls have dispersed again. A major new project, the Central Interceptor , starting 2019, is to reduce these outfalls by about 80% once completed around 2024. The statistical area of Inlet Waitemata Harbour had
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#17327810914573952-423: The harbour. The harbour is crossed at its narrowest point by the Auckland Harbour Bridge . To the east of the bridge's southern end lie the marinas of Westhaven and the suburbs of Freemans Bay and the Viaduct Basin . Further east from these, and close to the harbour's entrance, lies the Port of Auckland . There are other wharves and ports within the harbour, notable among them the Devonport Naval Base , and
4028-412: The head of the tree and branches were removed, then the hull was roughly shaped in situ , using fire and hand adzes, under the guidance of the chief designer. A stone adze was used by relatively gentle, but regular and repeated blows. The head was soaked in water to make the binding swell and hold the stone blade more firmly. Once the shaping was complete, the log of 3–4 tonnes was pulled by teams of men to
4104-523: The hull just above the loaded waterline. The resurgence of Māori culture has seen an increase in the numbers of waka taua built, generally on behalf of a tribal group, for use on ceremonial occasions. Traditionally the war canoe was highly tapu (sacred). No cooked food was allowed in the craft and the waka had to be entered over the gunwales, not the bow or stern, which were highly decorated with powerful symbols. Canoes were often painted with black or white with black representing death. The main colour
4180-439: The main anchorage and port area for the Auckland region. Well-sheltered not only by the Hauraki Gulf itself but also by Rangitoto Island, the harbour offered good protection in almost all winds, and lacked dangerous shoals or major sand bars (like on the Manukau Harbour ) that would have made entry difficult. The harbour also proved a fertile area for encroaching development, with major land reclamation undertaken, especially along
4256-486: The making of a Maori canoe - records the 18 month long construction of a waka taua - the Taahere Tikitiki. The waka was commissioned by the Māori Queen, Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu , and constructed at Tūrangawaewae Marae by master carver Piri Poutapu . The film, directed by David Sims , is a visual insight into the building of this cultural taonga. Tasman noted that two of the waka which attacked his ships in Golden Bay in today's Tasman District in December 1642, had
4332-429: The narrow Northland and Auckland regions, and the rivers of the Waikato Region . A number of historic portages were considered for potential sites for canals during the colonial era and the early 1900s. Since the early 1990s, portage crossing events have been held on the Ōtāhuhu portage. The Mangapai portage connected the Kaipara Harbour in the west to the Whangārei Harbour in the east. The portage extended from
4408-413: The path of the Old Wairoa Road. The Pokorua linked the Tasman Sea to the Manukau Harbour via Lake Pokorua on the Āwhitu Peninsula and the Waiuku River . The portage was used because of the dangerous Manukau Harbour heads. Te Pai o Kaiwaka, also known as the Awaroa or Waiuku portage, connected the Manukau Harbour to the Waikato River in the south, via the Awaroa Stream. During the Musket Wars in
4484-406: The portage. Te Ākitai Waiohua were based at the Ōtāhuhu portage during the early 1800s. Later in the 1820s century during the Musket Wars , Te Tō Waka was frequently used by Ngāpuhi and other northern iwi. The existence of the portage and its frequent use by war taua was one of the major reasons why much of the region was deserted during the Musket Wars. The European township of Ōtāhuhu , which
4560-432: The sail angle led from the top of the yard directly to the sheet handler, although early British sailors were critical of the sheet being tied off. The sail was only used downwind, as the waka lacked a keel or centre-board to prevent leeway, therefore preventing windward sailing. Rarely, two sails of the same size, were used in larger waka. Due to its slim hull the waka could sail at considerable speed down wind. When struck,
4636-424: The sail was wrapped around the two spars and laid along the centre of the waka thwarts, between the paddlers. Sometimes a pattern was woven into the sail, using a different material. The only known example of a traditional waka sail is in the British Museum. Capsizes were not unknown, with the hull being tipped to get rid of water, then bailed out. This type of triangular sail, with straight mast and high angled sprit,
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#17327810914574712-438: The south. During the colonial era of New Zealand, Te Tōangaroa became a coach route for early labourers. A canal was proposed to bridge the gap between the two rivers, however this was found to be too expensive. Instead, the Kumeu–Riverhead Railway was constructed, operating between 1875 and 1881 when the North Auckland Line was opened between Helensville and Auckland. A portage at Takapuna linked Oneoneroa / Shoal Bay in
4788-406: The stories of the Tainui migratory waka, as the crew used the portage to cross westwards to the Manukau Harbour. This event is memorialised in the name Te Tapotu o Tainui, also used for the portage, and Ngarango Otainui Island , the island of the Māngere Inlet where the wooden skids used to haul the waka were left after the trip was made. In addition to the Tainui , other migratory waka including
4864-603: The superiority of this material, especially for carving. Māori learnt to ask sailors to sharpen 8-inch-long (20 cm) ships' nails to a chisel point on a ship's wheel in exchange for fish. This period between 1779 and 1820 has been called the golden age of Māori wood carving. Much of the carving was confined to waka taua . During the middle 19th century, from 1835, the arrival of large numbers of European settlers and ships meant that ship's boats were far more commonly available and were increasingly used by Māori in preference to waka. In 1839 100 ships visited The Bay of Islands. This
4940-467: The timber opening up and splitting. Angela Ballara noted that they only put to sea when it was fine. One voyage across the stormy Cook Strait was delayed for a week while the travellers waited for fine weather. The missionary William Williams, son of Henry Williams, noted that the voyage of a waka taua was a leisurely affair due to the requirements of foraging for food and waiting for fine weather. The 1974 National Film Unit documentary - Taahere Tikitiki -
5016-446: The tribes of the Auckland isthmus : Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei and in earlier times the Waiohua . In the latter 19th century, a canal was proposed along the Whau Portage, however this was abandoned after the North Island Main Trunk railway connected Auckland and Wellington in the 1910s. The Karetu was the northernmost of three portages connecting the Manukau Harbour and the Tāmaki River . It connected Anns Creek (the north-east stream of
5092-429: The trunk and the clearing of the ground and the planting of food crops for workers. After chants and prayers, the tree would be felled by a combination of fires around the base and chopping with hand adzes . On an especially large tree with aerial roots a stage about 3 m high was built of wood. On this was built a framework on which was suspended a giant upside-down toki (axe), about 2.5 m long. The long axis of
5168-452: Was a trend that the missionaries such as Marsden and Williams had noted had begun in the 1830s. The beamier, lighter, ship's boat was a better load carrier with more stability and was sometimes equipped with sails for windward sailing. Use of ship's boats became common, as many Māori worked on a wide variety of sealing, whaling and trading sailing vessels, both in New Zealand and in the Pacific. Few waka were used for movement of warriors during
5244-514: Was an accident or a death of an important person. Such abandoned, uncompleted waka have been found in post-contact times. Most large waka were built in several main interlocking sections and stitched together with flax rope. Small pegs were put into the holes, which swelled and sealed when wet. Tree gum could also seal the holes. A large finished waka weighed about three tonnes and could remain in use for many decades. All large waka had names and were objects of pride and admiration. The image above shows
5320-421: Was called in the media, was a small conference facility for well-off visitors during the world rugby competition held in New Zealand in September 2011. Most of the $ 2 million funding came from the government, but the tribe was contributing $ 100,000 and would retain ownership after the event. The graphic on television showed that it is largely a promotional device with seating, tables and a bar. It will not be open to
5396-437: Was common, as far south as Nelson. It was a straight, strong and flexible wood. An added advantage may have been that the wood bled red tannin, a colour strongly favoured by Māori. The head of the triangle sail was the shortest—about 2 metres (6.6 ft)—and often decorated with tufts of feathers that may have served as wind indicators. The mast was held in place by a forestay, a backstay and two side stays. The sheet to control
5472-638: Was deemed required for a canal. However, no serious work (or land take) was undertaken. The act was repealed on 1 November 2010. In 1982, a group that included leaders of the Anglican and Catholic proposed the construction of the Christ of the Ships, a 12 m (39 ft) bronze statue of Jesus be constructed on a reef in the Waitematā Harbour. The project was cancelled after facing significant opposition by Christian leaders from other denominations. While
5548-590: Was established in 1847 as a fencible settlement, flourished due to its strategic location at Te Tō Waka, linking to both the Manukau Harbour and the Tāmaki River. Royal engineer Thomas R Moule first recommended the construction of a canal along Te Tō Waka in the 1860s, referring to it as the Tamaki Canal Scheme. Due to this, the suggested pathway of the canal became the Canal Reserve, and was protected from major developments. In 1886, WN Blair of
5624-539: Was found in Moncks Cave near Christchurch. All three floats were short, suggesting that Māori outriggers were small and used only in sheltered waters. The Māori words for the parts of the outrigger, such as ama and kiato , recorded in the early years of European settlement, suggest that Māori outrigger canoes were similar in form to those known from central Polynesia . Since the 1990s, waka ama racing, introduced from Pacific nations into New Zealand during
5700-451: Was placed on Boat Rock (in the harbour south-west of Chatswood ) by Te Arawa chief Kahumatamomoe. A popular translation of Waitematā is "The Obsidian Waters", referring to obsidian rock ( matā ). Another popular translation, derived from this, is "The Sparkling Waters", as the harbour waters were said to glint like the volcanic glass obsidian. However, this is incorrect, as grammatically Waitematā could not mean this. The harbour
5776-559: Was red which stood for tapu. Sometimes a waka would be placed upright as a marker for a dead chief with the curved bottom of the hull carved. Māori told missionaries during the Musket Wars that battles between waka took place at sea with the aim being to ram an enemy's waka amidships at high speed. The ramming vessel would ride up over the gunwale and either force it under water or cause it to roll over. The enemies were either killed, left to drown or captured to be used in cannibal feasts or as slaves if they were female. This description matches
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