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54-521: Tōfuku-ji was founded in 1236 by the imperial chancellor Kujō Michiie . He appointed the monk Enni as founding priest, who had studied Rinzai Zen Buddhism in China under the monk Wuzhun Shifan and who founded Jōten-ji temple in Hakata upon his return to his homeland. Tōfuku-ji temple burned down but was rebuilt in the 15th century according to original plans. It was because of this fire damage that

108-441: A university's chancellor . The chancellor is the principal record-keeper of a diocese or eparchy , or their equivalent. The chancellor is a notary, so that he may certify official documents, and often has other duties at the discretion of the bishop of the diocese: he may be in charge of some aspect of finances or of managing the personnel connected with diocesan offices, although his delegated authority cannot extend to vicars of

162-521: A Chancellor ( Kantsler ) directs the work of a ministry and coordinates institutions subject to the ministry, comparably to a Permanent Secretary in Great Britain. A ministry can also have one or several Vice-Chancellors ( Asekantsler ), who fulfill the duties of the Chancellor, when they are absent. The Chancellor of Justice ( Õiguskantsler , currently Ülle Madise ) supervises

216-418: A breach in his relations with his son ( Chungseon , r.   1298, r.  1308–1313 ). Repeated misfortunes occurred during the reign of King Chungseok ( r.  1313–1330 , r.  1332–1339 ) and after, slowly depleting the country until the reign of King Gongmin ( r.  1351–1374 ). Then, with the false kings, the country's very foundation fell into the utmost danger. At that hour,

270-458: A consultative vote and prepares the reports on policy and activities of the council to parliament (assembly). The chancellery is responsible for the publication of all federal laws. In most Swiss cantons there is a State Chancellor who heads the central administrative unit of the cantonal government. In the Canton of Geneva , the first documents attesting to the existence of a Chancellor go back to

324-412: A few instances, the term chancellor applies to a student or faculty member in a high school or an institution of higher learning who is either appointed or elected as chancellor to preside on the highest ranking judicial board or tribunal . They handle non-academic matters such as violations of behavior. In Germany many heads of university administration carry the title Kanzler (Chancellor) while

378-418: A game of go ( baduk ) or chess ( janggi ). Savage foreign enemies invaded repeatedly, cutting the people down like grass. In this hard time, it fell to King Wonjong ( r.  1259–1274 ) to quell a large rebellion, preserving, albeit barely, the great calling of our ancestors. King Chungnyol ( r.  1274–1308 ) then frittered his time away playing games and banqueting with his sycophants, causing

432-594: A merchant ship was sent to Yuan China to replace damaged artifacts and to obtain special construction materials. The ship, however that later became known as the Shinan ship sank on her return journey close to Korean shores. Tōfuku-ji temple was regarded as a remarkable replica of the Chinese public monasteries in Zhejiang Province , which Japanese monks frequently visited in the thirteenth century. Tofuku-ji

486-411: A negative light. Despite the biases, Goryeosa is generally considered truthful to the original historical sources, and its writing maintains a matter-of-fact tone without embellishments. King Sejong in particular made efforts to shield Goryeosa from political biases. For example, he instructed the historians not to omit or alter historical facts to promote Confucian ideals or to please the new dynasty. As

540-461: A result, King U and King Chang were taken out of the annals of kings ( sega ), put in as biographies ( yeoljeon ), and were treated as false kings with dubious lineage. According to Goryeosa, King U and King Chang were descended, not from the royal Wang family, but from Buddhist monk Shindon . The narrative of Goryeosa depicts early Goryeo as an era of good governance followed by turmoils toward late Goryeo and thus deserving of its overthrow to stabilize

594-487: Is a National Treasure of Japan. It is two stories high and five bays wide. The central three bays are doors. Currently, the Tōfuku-ji complex includes 24 sub-temples, though in the past the number has been as high as 53. The complex includes Japan's oldest communal toilet, which was built in the first half of the muromachi period . In October 2022, a car crashed through and damaged the wooden doors and supporting pillars at

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648-521: Is prone to duplicate recording of the same event. The entire Goryeosa, in its original and in modern Korean translation, is currently available online by courtesy of the National Institute of Korean History . Immediately after the founding of Joseon, the compilation of Goryeo history began, a process that spanned 60 years until its completion in 1451. The first historiographical attempt at Goryeo history, Goryeoguksa ( 고려국사 ; 高麗國史 ),

702-637: Is the head of the Government of Austria. Since 2021, the Chancellor of Austria is Karl Nehammer . The Chancellor of Germany ( Bundeskanzler ) is the head of government in Germany. In German politics , the Bundeskanzler is equivalent to a prime minister and is elected by the Bundestag ("Federal Diet", the directly elected federal parliament) every four years on the beginning of

756-480: The cancellarii of Roman courts of justice—ushers, who sat at the cancelli (lattice work screens) of a basilica (court hall), which separated the judge and counsel from the audience. A chancellor's office is called a chancellery or chancery . The word is now used in the titles of many various officers in various settings (government, education, religion ). Nowadays the term is most often used to describe: The Chancellor of Austria ( Bundeskanzler ),

810-681: The District of Columbia Public Schools , who run the municipally-operated public schools in those jurisdictions, carry the title of Chancellor. New York State also has a Chancellor of the University of the State of New York , the body that licenses and regulates all educational and research institutions in the state and many professions (not to be confused with the State University of New York , an actual institution of higher learning). In

864-770: The Finnish Council of State . In Sweden the Chancellor of Justice or Justitiekanslern acts as the Solicitor General for the Swedish Government . The office was introduced by Charles XII of Sweden in 1713. Historically there was also a Lord High Chancellor or Rikskansler as the most senior member of the Privy Council of Sweden . There is in addition to this a University Chancellor or Universitetskansler , who leads

918-512: The Goryeo dynasty, compiled by the officials of Goryeo 's successor state, Joseon . Its compilation started during the reign of Taejo (the founding monarch of Joseon), was completed under Munjong , and was first printed under Danjong . Goryeosa consists of 139 volumes and stylistically follows Chinese historiography ( 기전체 ; 紀傳體 ) ( cf. chronicle, 편년체 ; 編年體 ) where sections are organized by their purpose. The section compiling

972-723: The Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany had the equivalent position of Reichskanzler as the head of the executive. Between 1871 and 1918, the Chancellor was appointed by the German Emperor . During the Weimar Republic (1919-1933), the Chancellor was chosen by the President and stood under his authority. This continued (formally) during the first year of the Nazi regime until the death of President Paul von Hindenburg in 1934. Between 1934 and 1945, Adolf Hitler combined

1026-480: The 12th century, and until 1660 it was the title of the leader of the state administration (a kind of a "Home Office" but often with foreign political duties). Often he appeared to be the real leader of the government. From 1660 until 1848, the title continued as "Grand Chancellor" or "President of the Danish Chancellery", and was replaced in 1730 by the title "Minister of Domestic Affairs". In Estonia,

1080-707: The 12th century. In the 16th century the Chancery is officially described as the permanent secretariat of the executive and legislature. The first of these functions still constitutes an important part of its activities in Geneva and other cantons. In the canton of Bern , the Chancellor is elected by the Grand Council (i.e. Parliament) and has the task of supporting the Grand Council and the Executive Council in carrying out their tasks. The Chancellor directs

1134-714: The 1613 edition as tangible cultural heritage ( 유형문화유산 ). Another surviving partial edition, housed in the Baeknyeon Buddhist Temple in Nam-gu, Busan , was designated as a cultural heritage material ( 문화유산자료 ) in 2014. Several other editions have survived and are dispersed worldwide, including the one held in Collège de France and another in Cambridge University Library . The modern Korean translation of Goryeosa began in 2001 under

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1188-633: The Annual Conference usually hires outside professional counsel in matters that require legal representation, that hiring and representation is done under the supervision, and with the consent, of the Conference Chancellor. A chancellor is the leader, either ceremonial or executive, of many public and private universities and related institutions. The heads of the New York City Department of Education and

1242-521: The German foreign service, the term Kanzler (chancellor) refers to the administrative head of a diplomatic mission. In Finland the Chancellor of Justice ( Oikeuskansleri , Justitiekanslern ) supervises the legality of actions taken by the government and monitors the implementation of basic civil liberties. In this special function the chancellor also sits in the Finnish Cabinet ,

1296-530: The Goryeo dynasty. Meanwhile, historians were split over whether to preserve the imperial language used in the Kingdom of Goryeo or to revise it, aligning with Confucian principles, to that of a tributary state. Sejong was in favor of being truthful to historical facts and ordered the historians not to alter Goryeo lexicon (i.e., 이실직서 ; 以實直書 ). Goryeosajeonmun ( 고려사전문 ; 高麗史全文 ), completed in 1442,

1350-628: The Joseon Dynasty . Goryeosa was first printed in 1454, the second year of Danjong 's reign, and widely distributed, but this initial edition did not survive. A remarkably well-preserved complete edition, currently housed in the Seokdang Museum of Dong-a University , is a woodblock-printed replica dating to 1613. It is based on an earlier edition estimated to have been printed in 1482, using 42 metal movable type blocks known as Eulhae-ja ( 을해자 ; 乙亥字 ). In 2010, Busan designated

1404-472: The Korean annals Goryeosa , drifted ashore sound and safe. We can also find records of this unfavorable but overall lucky incident in the personal notes of zen monk-poet Daichi Zenji (大智禅師) who happened to be one of the repatriated passengers. Chancellor Chancellor ( Latin : cancellarius ) is a title of various official positions in the governments of many countries. The original chancellors were

1458-554: The National Agency for Higher Education . In the legal system of the United Kingdom, the term can refer to these officials: Some U.S. states , like Delaware , Tennessee , and Mississippi , still maintain a separate Court of Chancery with jurisdiction over equity cases. Judges who sit on those courts are called chancellors. In Denmark, the office of chancellor (or royal chancellor) seems to have appeared in

1512-687: The Swiss Federal Government. He is elected by the Swiss Federal Assembly (German: Bundesversammlung , French: Assemblée fédérale , Italian: Assemblea federale ) to head the Federal Chancellery (German: Bundeskanzlei ) — the general staff of the seven-member executive Federal Council , the Swiss federal government. The Chancellor participates in the meetings of the seven Federal Councilors with

1566-504: The academical heads carry the title Rektor (Rector). In order to avoid any misunderstanding, the head of the German Federal Government is therefore usually called by the official title Bundeskanzler ( Federal Chancellor). Goryeosa Goryeosa ( Korean :  고려사 ; Hanja :  高麗史 ; MR :  Koryŏsa ), or History of Goryeo , is an extensive historical record of

1620-427: The annals of the kings, sega ( 세가 ; 世家 ) narrates the history of Goryeo kings. The monograph section, ji ( 지 ; 志 ), contains "accounts of the politics, economics, personnel (civil and military), geography, astronomy, and other topics related to Goryeo society." The biographies section, yeoljeon ( 열전 ; 列傳 ), describes notable officials. The chronology section, yeonpyo ( 연표 ; 年表 ) lists

1674-679: The auspices of the National Research Foundation of Korea by the Seokdang Academy of Dong-a University. In 2009, the National Institute of Korean History began providing the gujeom (verbatim) edition ( 구점본 ; 句點本 ), making it accessible online with original images from Kyujanggak . The website expanded in 2010 to include the pyojeom (annotated) edition ( 표점본 ; 標點本 ), which incorporates sentence punctuation, index tags (personal names, place names, titles, official positions), and article titles. During

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1728-405: The chronicle, especially about his political rival, Chŏng Mong-ju , and suggested the chronicle was not even worth preserving. In 1418, the year of Sejong's coronation, Sejong ordered the revision of Goryeoguksa . He believed that the chronicles of Goryeo history from Taejo's reign had errors and omissions, especially regarding the details and accounts of the periods around the rise and fall of

1782-486: The diocesan bishop, such as vicars general , episcopal vicars or judicial vicars. His office is within the " chancery ". Vice-chancellors may be appointed to assist the chancellor in busy chanceries. Normally, the chancellor is a priest or deacon, although in some circumstances a layperson may be appointed to the post. In the eparchial curia a chancellor is to be appointed who is to be a presbyter (priest) or deacon and whose principal obligation, unless otherwise established by

1836-561: The electoral period after general elections. Between general elections, the Chancellor (together with the whole cabinet) can only be removed from office by a konstruktives Misstrauensvotum ( constructive vote of no confidence ), which consists of the Bundestag electing a successor. Since 2021, the Chancellor of Germany is Olaf Scholz of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) The former German Empire ,

1890-487: The entrance to the toilet. Tōfuku-ji's large nehan-zu painting depicts Buddha on his death bed. This massive image (7 x 14 meters) is the second largest in Japan. The image at nearby Sennyū-ji is the largest of its kind in Japan, measuring 8 x 16 meters. Both images are rarely displayed, most recently in 2003 for three days only. A 1238 portrait painting of Wuzhun Shifan along with an inscription by an anonymous author

1944-549: The fate of Goryeo passed to its true ruler. Despite the self-serving narrative, particularly regarding late Goryeo society, it provides insight into early Joseon's official stance on the Goryeo dynasty. Another source of bias was neo-Confucianism that started dominating Joseon literati society, although Buddhism continued to have influence in Joseon society well into the mid-1400s. Joseon society's views on family relationships differed from those of Goryeo society. For example, incest

1998-413: The final phase between 2014 and 2015, the website began offering a modern Korean translation of Goryeosa. Because Goryeosa was written by the scholar-officials of Goryeo's successor state, Joseon, whose founding monarch deposed King U and assassinated both King U and King Chang , the historians who authored Goryeosa worked intently on creating a narrative arc that legitimized the founding of Joseon. As

2052-484: The founding of the Joseon dynasty. Sejong died a year before the completion of Goryeosa. Since Sejong did not see the completed Goryeosa, it is unknown whether he would have been content with the work; nevertheless, the compilation project ended in 1451, the year of Munjong 's coronation. None of Goryeosa's predecessors are available today, except their forewords that are recorded in the Veritable Records of

2106-693: The legality of actions taken by the government and monitors the implementation of basic civil liberties. In the United States, the only "chancellor" established by the federal government is the Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution , a largely ceremonial office held by the Chief Justice of the United States . As the Smithsonian is a research and museum system, its use of the title is perhaps best thought of as akin to

2160-501: The main hall and the Hattō were rebuilt in 1917, and a new statue of Sakyamuni Buddha was later relocated to the temple in 1934. In 1486 Ryōan Keigo became the 171st abbot of Tōfuku-ji. At the end of the 16th century Ankokuji Ekei was appointed abbot. From 1980 to 2009 Tōfuku-ji has been led by head abbot Keidō Fukushima . Tōfuku-ji's main gate is the oldest sanmon in Japan . It

2214-565: The names of kings and their reigns. The listing section, mongnok ( 목록 ; 目錄 ), is the table of contents of the entire compilation. In 1452, a year after the completion of Goryeosa compilation, Kim Jong-seo and 27 other historians authored a 35-volume complementary summary of Goryeosa, Goryeosajeolyo (Essentials of Goryeo History). Goryeosajeolyo is written in chronological order, deviating from Chinese historiography that divides sections into important subjects (e.g., kings, traitors, notable officials, chronology, and monographs) and thus

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2268-665: The particular law, is to see that the acts of the curia are gathered and arranged as well as preserved in the archives of the eparchial curia. In England, the Consistory courts of the Church of England are each presided over by a Chancellor of the Diocese. In the United Methodist Church , each Annual Conference has a Conference Chancellor, who is the Annual Conference's legal adviser and representative. While

2322-834: The post of foreign minister . It is often used as a synonym to the full titles of the ministers of foreign affairs . Likewise, the ministry of foreign affairs in Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas is referred to as the Cancillería or in Portuguese-speaking Brazil as Chancelaria . However, in Spain the term canciller refers to a civil servant in the Spanish diplomatic service responsible for technical issues relating to foreign affairs. As to

2376-470: The roles of head of state, head of government and leader of the ruling party, being officially titled " Führer und Reichskanzler " (literally "Leader and Chancellor"). In Switzerland , the Chancellor (German: Bundeskanzler , French: Chancelier fédéral , Italian: Cancelliere della Confederazione ) is not the political head of government, but rather its chief administrator as the Chief of Staff of

2430-488: The society, as shown in the foreword of Goryeosa: But later kings lost their way and powerful subjects did as they pleased, raising their own armies to lust after the throne. This began during the reign of King Injong ( r.  1122–1146 ), when the ruler's power was first contested, and it worsened in the reign of King Uijong ( r.  1146–1170 ). After that, heinous traitors cloaked as subjects rose one after another to feign kingship and were removed like pieces in

2484-628: The staff of the Executive Council, supports the President of the Government and the Executive Council in the performance of their duties, and usually participates as an advisor to the President of the Grand Council in Grand Council sessions. In most countries of Latin America , the equivalents to "chancellor" ( Canciller in Spanish and Chanceler in Portuguese ) are commonly used to refer to

2538-495: The summer and autumn of 1939. The moss garden in particular has been emblematic of the renewal of Japanese gardening principles in the 20th Century. The temple features a large number of Japanese maple trees, and is most crowded during the autumn season when people flock to see the autumn foliage. It is a tradition to view the leaves from the Tsūten-kyō bridge. As mentioned in the “History” section of this article, Tōfuku-ji temple

2592-494: Was brought to the temple by Enni in the 1240s and remains there today. Plaques of Wuzhun's calligraphy are also kept at Tōfuku-ji. In 1933 the Nihonga painter Inshō Dōmoto painted the large and vivid "Blue Dragon" ceiling painting for one of the halls, which he painted in 17 days. There are a number of gardens in the various precincts of Tōfuku-ji. The current gardens were designed by landscape architect Mirei Shigemori in

2646-431: Was commonplace, and even preferred, among Goryeo's royal family, because marrying non-royals was seen as damaging to the bloodline. Additionally, while both Goryeo and Joseon practiced polygyny, Goryeo's polygyny involved multiple wives of equal status, whereas Joseon's consisted of one wife and many concubines. As a result, Goryeosa portrays certain Goryeo kings who did not fit into Joseon literati's neo-Confucian values in

2700-524: Was led by Chŏng To-jŏn and completed in 1396. However, following Chŏng 's death during the First Strife of the Princes , Jeong's chronicle, Goryeoguksa , faced criticism and controversy for its alleged misrepresentation of Goryeo history. This led to several rounds of revision, years into Sejong 's reign. Sejong in particular criticized Goryeoguksa that Chŏng To-jŏn introduced personal biases into

2754-588: Was never completed though as the ship with its 200 tons of cargo was caught in a storm and sank close to Korean shores. This became apparent only after the wreckage was found almost seven hundred years later in 1975 close to the Shinan Islands. On many of the “wooden tablets” or “wooden tags”(木間) that were used customarily to identify the cargo, the Chinese calligraphy characters of Tōfuku-ji(東福寺) temple could be clearly read. Miraculously her passengers, some (or many) of them Japanese Buddhist monks, as recorded by

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2808-787: Was one of the five temples of the Five Mountain System . The temple was greatly reduced in size from 70 buildings to 25 during the Meiji era after the Shinbutsu bunri decree. In 1881, a fire burned down many major buildings such as the Main Hall, the Hōjo , the Hattō and the statue of Sakyamuni Buddha. During the Russo-Japanese War , the temple area was requisitioned and became a prisoner-of-war camp for Russians. Both

2862-422: Was severely damaged and partly destroyed by fires during the second and third decades of the 14th century. It was specifically in response to a fire damage in 1319 that a merchant ship was sent to Yuan China in 1323 to replace damaged artifacts and to obtain special construction materials for the reconstruction. The ship that now is known as Shinan ship , sailed from Ningbo to Hakata. The early 14th century journey

2916-524: Was the first to result from Sejong's order; however, it became known that Gwon Je, the chief scholar-official responsible for the revision, had tampered with records of his ancestors, especially those of Gwon Su-pyeong. Sejong ordered a revision and required that the revised edition be in the format established by Sima Qian 's Records of the Grand Historian . Sejong also believed the historians portrayed Goryeo unfairly in order to further legitimize

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