71-712: Te Waiohua or Te Wai-o-Hua is a Māori iwi (tribe) confederation that thrived in the early 17th century. The rohe (tribal area) was primarily the central Tāmaki Makaurau area (the Auckland isthmus ) and they had pā (fortified settlements) at Te Tātua a Riukiuta (Three Kings), Puketāpapa (Mt Roskill), Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura (Mt Albert), Maungakiekie (One Tree Hill), Maungawhau (Mt Eden), Tītīkōpuke (Mt St John), Ōhinerau (Mt Hobson), Rangitotoiti (Upland Reserve), Taurarua (Judges Bay), Rarotonga (Mt Smart), Ōtāhuhu, Te Pane o Mataaoho (Māngere Mountain), Ihumātao, Matukutūreia (McLaughlin's Mountain) and Matukutūruru (Wiri Mountain), until
142-407: A Riukiuta, Te Ahi-kā-a-Rakataura, Titikōpuke, Ōhinerau and Maungataketake near Ihumātao . By this period, Ngāi Tāhuhu and Te Kawerau ā Maki were considered allies to Waiohua, or hapū who were a part of the union. Around the 1730s and 1740s, Waiohua fought battles against Ngāti Pāoa to the south (based in the western Hauraki Plains Ngāti Pāoa ) and Te Taoū of Ngāti Whātua (then located around
213-628: A Treaty of Waitangi claim. This group of radio stations formed various networks, becoming Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori . Papakura Papakura is a suburb of South Auckland , in northern New Zealand . It is located on the shores of the Pahurehure Inlet , approximately 32 kilometres (20 mi) south of the Auckland City Centre . It is under the authority of the Auckland Council . The area
284-465: A general geographic region, or merely gave a waka name. Initiatives like the Iwi Helpline are trying to make it easier for people to identify their iwi , and the proportion who "don't know" dropped relative to previous censuses. Some established pan-tribal organisations may exert influence across iwi divisions. The Rātana Church, for example, operates across iwi divisions, and
355-414: A generally recognised territory ( rohe ), but many of these overlap, sometimes completely. This has added a layer of complication to the long-running discussions and court cases about how to resolve historical Treaty claims. The length of coastline emerged as one factor in the final (2004) legislation to allocate fishing-rights in settlement of claims relating to commercial fisheries. Iwi can become
426-748: A group), Ngāti Poneke (Māori who have migrated to the Wellington region), and Ngāti Rānana (Māori living in London). Ngāti Tūmatauenga ("Tribe of Tūmatauenga ", the god of war) is the official Māori-language name of the New Zealand Army , and Ngā Opango ("Black Tribe") is a Māori-language name for the All Blacks . In the southern dialect of Māori, Ngāti and Ngāi become Kāti and Kāi , terms found in such iwi as Kāti Māmoe and Kāi Tahu (also known as Ngai Tahu). Each iwi has
497-649: A major increase in kauri gum diggers visiting Papakura and Takanini, many of whom were Māori and Dalmatian immigrants. Papakura township was adjacent to the large Ardmore Gumfield (also known as the Papakura Gumfield), which stretched from Manurewa to Clevedon . By the 1900s, the gumfields started being converted into farmland and orchards. In 1911, the first controlled powered flight in New Zealand took place in Papakura. The flight took place inside
568-612: A part of the Waiohua confederation. The Papakura area was home to the kāinga of Kirikiri, Te Aparangi and Ōpaheke, which were protected by the fortified pā at Pukekiwiriki, and by Te Maketū pā to the south. Tāmaki Māori of the Papakura area thrived by utilising the resources of the Manukau Harbour, forests of the Hunua Ranges and by creating large-scale gardens, primarily on the slopes of Pukekiwiriki. Over time,
639-496: A part of the urban sprawl of Auckland. Many people drawn to Papakura due to the Papakura cattle stockyards, which were established in 1955. The Auckland Southern Motorway was developed gradually in sections, with the motorway over the Pahurehure Inlet at Papakura opening in 1965. By the mid-20th century horse breeding became common, and as the motorway was being constructed, industrial businesses were established in
710-449: A particular hapu may have belonged to different iwi at different times, the tension caused by the social and economic power moving from the iwi down rather than from the hapu up, and the fact that many iwi do not recognise spouses and adoptees who do not have kinship links. In the 2006 census, 16 per cent of the 643,977 people who claimed Māori ancestry did not know their iwi . Another 11 per cent did not state their iwi , or stated only
781-450: A population density of 2,459 people per km . Before the 2023 census, Papakura had a smaller boundary, covering 10.34 km (3.99 sq mi). Using that boundary, Papakura had a population of 22,500 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 3,276 people (17.0%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 4,833 people (27.4%) since the 2006 census . There were 6,636 households, comprising 11,085 males and 11,412 females, giving
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#1732797742841852-652: A presence at Kirikiri, a kāinga on the western slopes of Pukekiwiriki. Modern-day iwi and hapū who associate with the Papakura area include Te Ākitai Waiohua, Ngāti Tamaoho, Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua, Ngāi Tai ki Tāmaki and Waikato Tainui hapū Ngāti Pou. In January 1842, the Crown purchased the Papakura block from Ngāti Taihaua, a hapū with ties to Ngāi Tai and Te Ākitai Waiohua, that included rangatira Īhaka Takaanini . The area had not been surveyed before purchase, and its estimated size ranges from 9,000 acres (3,600 ha) to 30,000 acres (12,000 ha). The crown created
923-438: A prospective vehicle for ideas and ideals of self-determination and/or tino rangatiratanga . Thus does Te Pāti Māori mention in the preamble of its constitution "the dreams and aspirations of tangata whenua to achieve self-determination for whānau , hapū and iwi within their own land". Some Tūhoe envisage self-determination in specifically iwi -oriented terms. Increasing urbanisation of Māori has led to
994-466: A reserve for Te Ākitai Waiohua to the south of Papakura. The first European settler mentioned in newspapers is George Rich, who is described as farming and hunting wild boars at Papakura in 1844. The first permanent European residents of Papakura were the McLennan, Cole and Willis families, who arrived between 1846 and 1848 to establish farms at Papakura. Welsh immigrant George Cole became known as
1065-510: A rohe spanning from Papakura to Ōtāhuhu , and Ngā Iwi, who settled from Ōtāhuhu to the North Shore. The confederation took the name Waiohua after the death of Te Hua-o-Kaiwaka, sometime between 1575 and the 1620s. Ngā Oho, Ngā Riki and Ngā Iwi continued to have distinct identities while being a part of Waiohua as a whole. Around the year 1675, Ngāti Maru of the Marutūāhu collective sacked
1136-480: A sex ratio of 0.97 males per female, with 5,745 people (25.5%) aged under 15 years, 5,238 (23.3%) aged 15 to 29, 9,279 (41.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 2,232 (9.9%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 46.3% European/ Pākehā , 34.2% Māori , 21.6% Pacific peoples , 16.9% Asian , and 2.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas was 25.7, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer
1207-507: A single paddock within the racecourse of the now-defunct Papakura Racing Club. The flight was piloted by Vivian Walsh and was carried out in a Howard Wright 1910 Biplane , the parts for which were imported from England in 1910 and assembled by members of the Auckland Aeroplane Syndicate. Papakura struggled to grow as a community between 1900 and 1919, due to repeated fires breaking out in the community, as well as
1278-480: A situation where a significant percentage do not identify with any particular iwi . The following extract from a 2000 High Court of New Zealand judgment discussing the process of settling fishing rights illustrates some of the issues: ... 81 per cent of Maori now live in urban areas, at least one-third live outside their tribal influence, more than one-quarter do not know their iwi or for some reason do not choose to affiliate with it, at least 70 per cent live outside
1349-464: A town district. Large town districts were able to form boroughs, which had their own councils and a greater lending power. On 17 August 1882, Papakura became a town district within the Manukau County. On 1 April 1938, Papakura had grown in population enough that the town became independent from the Manukau County, becoming Papakura Borough. In the early 1960s, a movement began to amalgamate
1420-527: Is a Māori language word typically translated to mean "Red Earth" or "Red Flats". While kura is usually interpreted to be a reference to the red soil of the area, ethnographer George Graham offers an alternative translation of Papakura, "Flat of the Moa". Graham believed that kura was a reference to the North Island giant moa ( kuranui ), known for its red plumage, that could come down from
1491-654: Is called McLennan Housing Development next to McLennan Park, home of Papakura Football Club. McLennan being the name of the farming brothers that first settled in the area from Scotland. State Highway 1 and the North Island Main Trunk railway run through the Papakura District. State Highway 1 ran down Great South Road through central Papakura until 1965, when it was bypassed by the Auckland Southern Motorway . In 2021,
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#17327977428411562-575: Is often translated as " tribe ", or "a confederation of tribes". The word is both singular and plural in the Māori language, and is typically pluralised as such in English. Iwi groups trace their ancestry to the original Polynesian migrants who, according to tradition, arrived from Hawaiki . Some iwi cluster into larger groupings that are based on whakapapa (genealogical tradition) and known as waka (literally ' canoes ' , with reference to
1633-635: The Auckland Region were merged with the surrounding areas of Auckland to form a single local government area, managed by the Auckland Council as a unitary authority. The Papakura Local Board was established as a part of these reforms, which administers the Papakura local board area, an area with similar boundaries as the former Papakura District. Papakura is a part of the Manurewa-Papakura ward , an area that elects two councillors to
1704-437: The Auckland isthmus . Around the year 1740, a conflict between Ngāti Whātua and Waiohua led to the death of paramount chief Kiwi Tāmaki . Many Waiohua of the isthmus and South Auckland area sought refuge with their Waikato Tainui relatives to the south. Waiohua gradually returned to the southern Manukau Harbour, including Papakura, living in disbursed villages based on seasonally available resources. During this time,
1775-566: The Hunua Ranges , a regional park in the Auckland and Waikato regions. Before the arrival of humans, northern Papakura and Takanini were predominantly wetlands and peat bogs, while southern Papakura and Drury was home to a dense kauri -dominated forest. Kirks Bush in Papakura is a remnant of this forest. The Auckland Region has been settled by Māori since around the 13th or 14th centuries. Many Māori migration canoes visited
1846-553: The Kaipara Harbour ). Te Taoū sacked Waiohua settlements such as Maungakiekie and Māngere. Around 1741, the paramount chief of Te Waiohua, Kiwi Tāmaki , was killed in battle at Paruroa (Great Muddy Creek in Titirangi ) by Te Taoū/Ngāti Whātua chief Te Waha-akiaki, in response to Kiwi Tāmaki killing several members of Te Taoū treacherously. Ngāti Whātua became the major influential force on the Auckland isthmus from then until
1917-728: The Māori King Movement , though principally congregated around Waikato / Tainui , aims to transcend some iwi functions in a wider grouping. Many iwi operate or are affiliated with media organisations. Most of these belong to Te Whakaruruhau o Nga Reo Irirangi Māori (the National Māori Radio Network), a group of radio stations which receive contestable Government funding from Te Māngai Pāho (the Māori Broadcast Funding Agency) to operate on behalf of iwi and hapū . Under their funding agreement,
1988-610: The Southern Path , a cycling and walking path linking Takanini to Karaka adjacent to the Southern Motorway was opened. Public transport is provided by train and bus services, with frequent trains on the Southern Line between Papakura and the Auckland City Centre ( Waitematā ). Recent investment has focused on upgrading and refurbishing the region's trains and suburban railway stations, most recently with
2059-607: The mountaineer . Papakura Central School, Kelvin Road School and Cosgrove School are contributing primary schools (years 1–6) with rolls of 426, 494 and 578 students, respectively. Papakura Central traces its origins back to 1876. Kelvin Road opened in 1968. Cosgrove opened in 1959. All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of August 2024. Road boards were the first local government in South Auckland in
2130-496: The original migration voyages ). These super-groupings are generally symbolic rather than logistical. In pre-European times, most Māori were allied to relatively small groups in the form of hapū ( ' sub-tribes ' ) and whānau ( ' family ' ). Each iwi contains a number of hapū ; among the hapū of the Ngāti Whātua iwi, for example, are Te Uri-o-Hau , Te Roroa , Te Taoū , and Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei . Māori use
2201-493: The "father of Papakura" in later years, and is remembered by the name of a street in Papakura, Coles Crescent. The tract of land that was initially purchased was subdivided in 1853, with the street layout that was built initially remaining largely in place today. Cole established an inn for travellers in the Papakura area. In 1861, Governor George Grey ordered the construction of the Great South Road further into
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2272-776: The 1740s, when the paramount Waiohua chief, Kiwi Tāmaki , was defeated by the Ngāti Whātua hapū , Te Taoū . The descendants of the Waiohua confederation today include, Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua and Te Ākitai Waiohua . Waiohua was a confederation of tribes of the Tāmaki Makaurau region, who were united as a single unit by Huakaiwaka (from which the name of the tribe, The Waters of Hua , can be traced). Huakaiwaka lived and died at Maungawhau / Mount Eden . The three main groups who Huakaiwaka merged were known as Ngā Oho , based in Papakura , Ngā Riki, based in South Auckland with
2343-560: The 1840s, Waiohua descendant tribes returned to their papakāinga (settlements) at Ihumātao , Pūkaki, Papahinu and Waimahia, while Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei moved their main settlement from Māngere / Onehunga to Ōrākei on the Waitematā Harbour . In 1863 due to fears of the Māori King Movement and invasion, Governor George Grey ordered the eviction of all Māori in the Manukau harbour and South Auckland area who did not swear an oath to
2414-715: The 1860s, which were established across the Auckland Province due to a lack of central government funding for road improvements. The Hunua Highway Board was established in 1867, and in 1886 Papakura became a part of the Opaheke North Road Board. In 1876, the Manukau County was established as the local government for South Auckland. In 1881, the Town District Act allowed communities of more than 50 households to amalgamate into
2485-740: The Auckland Council. Papakura has had 10 people serve as mayor between 1938 and 2010, variously as the Mayor of Papakura Borough, Mayor of Papakura City and Mayor of Papakura District. In addition to the Local Council Chambers, Papakura is served by a large police station (one of Auckland's busiest), a District Court, and a WINZ office. In the Pitcairn sexual assault trial of 2004 , the Papakura Courthouse
2556-516: The Manukau Harbour, who lived seasonally in the Papakura area. The first permanent European residents moved to Papakura in 1846. The town developed significantly during the construction of the Great South Road , and was a military outpost during the Invasion of the Waikato . During the latter 19th century, Papakura became a centre for the kauri gum trade, logging and later dairy farming. In 1938,
2627-655: The Pahurehure Inlet, connecting to the Waikato in the south. Pukekiwiriki has been occupied since the arrival of migratory waka, and is associated with the Tainui ancestress Mārama, who was the second wife of Hoturoa , captain of the Tainui waka. She settled permanently at the pā after quarrelling with Hoturoa. The site became a home for the Tāmaki Māori people who descended from her, known as Ngā Mārama, who later became
2698-605: The Papakura Hills to feed in the Papakura lowlands. A name associated with the location of the modern township of Papakura is Wharekawa , while the Coles Crescent area adjacent to the Pahurehure Inlet was known as Waipapa . Papakura is located on the shores of the Pahurehure Inlet , a southeastern inlet of the Manukau Harbour . It is located between the suburb of Takanini to the north, and
2769-483: The Papakura Hotel and Globe Hotel had become prominent structures in the town. In 1875, Papakura railway station opened, linking the town to Auckland to the north and Hamilton to the south. The opening of the railway station helped grow the profitability of dairy farming , which became a major industry in Papakura in the 1880s. By 1882, Papakura had grown enough to become a town district. The 1890s saw
2840-407: The Papakura area felt they had no choice due to their strong ties to Tainui and Pōtatau Te Wherowhero, and were forced to flee to the Waikato in the south. While fleeing, Te Ākitai Waiohua rangatira Ihaka Takanini and his family were captured by his former neighbour, Lieutenant-Colonel Marmaduke Nixon , and taken prisoner on Rakino Island , where Ihaka Takanini died. By 1864, the battlefront of
2911-550: The Queen and give up arms. Many Waiohua-descendant tribes felt that there was no choice but to leave for the Waikato, due to their shared ties with the Waikato Tainui tribes. While leaving for the Waikato, Te Ākitai Waiohua rangatira Ihaka Takaanini was arrested alongside his family by his former neighbour Marmaduke Nixon , and accused of being a rebel. While taken hostage at Rakino Island , Ihaka Takaanini died. Days after
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2982-591: The Takanini and Papakura areas. In 1965 a Cadbury chocolate factory opened on Hunua Road in Papakura, which later became the Griffin's biscuit factory. The Roselands shopping centre opened in Papakura in 1968. Due to significant growth, the Borough of Papakura became Papakura City in 1975. Papakura covers 12.91 km (4.98 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 31,750 as of June 2024, with
3053-417: The Waikato, due to fears of potential invasion of Waikato Tainui and concerns about the Māori King Movement . The road preceded despite objections from Te Ākitai Waiohua to having the road constructed through their lands. The construction of Great South Road led to a population boom in Papakura, which became a military outpost staging point for the war. Many soldiers lived in Papakura village or camped in
3124-405: The Waiohua pā located at Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill , Maungawhau and Maungarei / Mount Wellington . Around 1680, Ngāti Whātua warrior chief Kāwharu led war parties to attack and sack two Waiohua pā located at Matukutūreia (McLaughlins Mountain) and Matukutūruru (Wiri Mountain), in the western part of Wiri , South Auckland . Te Ikamaupoho, son of Te Huakaiwaka, begun to lead Te Waiohua in
3195-509: The announcement, the Crown began the Invasion of the Waikato . After the invasion, much of the Waiohua tribes' land was confiscated, subdivided and sold to British immigrants. Many iwi and hapū trace their lineage back to Waiohua, including: Iwi Iwi ( Māori pronunciation: [ˈiwi] ) are the largest social units in New Zealand Māori society . In Māori , iwi roughly means ' people ' or ' nation ' , and
3266-565: The bones" — literally to the burial-areas of the ancestors . Māori author Keri Hulme 's novel The Bone People (1985) has a title linked directly to the dual meaning of bone and "tribal people". Many iwi names begin with Ngāti or with Ngāi (from ngā āti and ngā ai respectively, both meaning roughly ' the offspring of ' ). Ngāti has become a productive morpheme in New Zealand English to refer to groups of people: examples are Ngāti Pākehā ( Pākehā as
3337-482: The census's question about religious affiliation, 40.9% had no religion, 37.6% were Christian , 3.3% had Māori religious beliefs , 5.0% were Hindu , 1.4% were Muslim , 0.9% were Buddhist and 4.1% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 2,346 (14.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 3,885 (23.2%) people had no formal qualifications. 1,857 people (11.1%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
3408-491: The early 1800s. In the 1750s, many remaining members of Waiohua settled among Waikato Tainui to the south, in locations such as Drury , Pōkeno and Papakura , while others intermarried with Ngāti Whātua. In around 1765, the Waikato-based refugees of Waiohua returned to Manukau, and are now known as Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua and Te Ākitai Waiohua . Members of Waiohua (Ngāti Te Ata) who intermarried with Te Taoū re-adopted
3479-489: The effects of World War I and the 1918–1920 flu pandemic . By 1914, the town had grown to have a population of 700. After the war, the Papakura Town District unveiled a memorial statue in 1921. The town flourished in the 1920s. By 1936 the population had grown to 1,793, and in 1938, the area had grown enough that Papakura became an independent borough. The Papakura Military Camp was established on
3550-506: The growing New Zealand Māori population tried to keep a connection to their culture, family history, spirituality, community, language and iwi . The Victoria University of Wellington Te Reo Māori Society campaigned for Māori radio, helping to set up Te Reo o Poneke, the first Māori-owned radio operation, using airtime on Wellington student-radio station Radio Active in 1983. Twenty-one iwi radio stations were set up between 1989 and 1994, receiving Government funding in accordance with
3621-478: The late 17th century, and by early 1700s the confederation was the main influential force on the Auckland isthmus. The pā at Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill had become the tribal centre for Waiohua. It was the residence of most high chiefs in the confederation, and the location where many traditional rituals were undertaken. By the 1720s, the major settlements of Waiohua included Maungawhau, Maungakiekie, Māngere Mountain ("Te Pane o Mataoho"), Ōtāhuhu, Puketāpapa, Te Tātua
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#17327977428413692-569: The name Ngā Oho, and today are a hapū of Ngāti Whātua Ōrākei . Te Ākitai Waiohua began to resettle the southern rohe of Waiohua up to Ōtāhuhu. By the 1790s, Ngāti Whātua and Waiohua allied forces against Ngāti Pāoa who were settling along the Tāmaki River . In the 1820s during the Musket Wars , Ngāti Whatua, Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua and Te Ākitai Waiohua relocated to the Waikato under the protection of Pōtatau Te Wherowhero , returning in 1835. During
3763-442: The opening of a modern station facility at the town centre. Papakura is the final stop for most southbound public transport in Auckland , and Papakura is the third busiest station on the rail network. Drawn by frequent services into and out of the city, rail commuters come from Papakura itself, Franklin and the northern Waikato. Though the motorway and Great South Road flow relatively freely at peak times, road commuters are affected by
3834-596: The outskirts of the town in 1939 and remains an important base for the New Zealand Army , being the home of the New Zealand Special Air Service . The camp was initially built by the Stevenson family construction business. In the years after World War II, South Auckland saw significant housing and industrial developments. By 1964, Manurewa , Takanini and Papakura had grown into a single contiguous urban area, and by 1987 Papakura had become
3905-642: The roll and Pacific Islands students were 29%. Papakura Intermediate is an intermediate school (years 7–8) with a roll of 294. The school opened in 1962. From 2000 to 2017 it was called Mansell Senior School. In 2018, Māori students were 74% of the roll and Pacific Islands students were 22%. Papakura Normal School and Edmund Hillary School are full primary schools (years 1–8) with rolls of 774 and 208 students, respectively. Papakura Normal opened as Papakura North School in 1953, and changed to its current name when it affiliated to Ardmore Teachers College in 1958. Edmund Hillary opened in 1963. Its name pays tribute to
3976-461: The rural settlements of Drury to the south and Karaka to the west. Papakura is surrounded by Pahurehure , Rosehill , Ōpaheke and Red Hill , variously considered independent suburbs or as areas within Papakura. To the east of Papakura is Pukekiwiriki , a basalt volcano within the South Auckland volcanic field that erupted an estimated 1,000,000 years ago. Lava flows from the eruption flowed west towards Papakura. Further east of Papakura are
4047-483: The stations must produce programmes in the local Māori language and actively promote local Māori culture. A two-year Massey University survey of 30,000 people published in 2003 indicated 50 per cent of Māori in National Māori Radio Network broadcast areas listened to an iwi station. An Auckland University of Technology study in 2009 suggested the audience of iwi radio stations would increase as
4118-667: The surrounding area, and businesses made profit by serving the soldiers. On 9 July 1863, due to fears of the Māori King Movement, Governor Grey proclaimed that all Māori living in the South Auckland area needed to swear loyalty to the Queen and give up their weapons. Most people refused due to strong links to Tainui, leaving for the south before the Government's Invasion of the Waikato . Small numbers of people remained, in order to tend to their farms and for ahi kā (land rights through continued occupation). Most Māori occupants of
4189-429: The town had grown enough to become the Borough of Papakura, independent from the surrounding Manukau County . From the 1950s, Papakura and the surrounding areas urbanised, in part due to the construction of the Auckland Southern Motorway . By 1987, Papakura had become a part of the greater urban sprawl of Auckland. In 1975, Papakura became a city , but lost this status in 1989 due to local government reforms. Papakura
4260-408: The traditional tribal territory and these will have difficulties, which in many cases will be severe, in both relating to their tribal heritage and in accessing benefits from the settlement. It is also said that many Maori reject tribal affiliation because of a working-class unemployed attitude, defiance and frustration. Related but less important factors, are that a hapu may belong to more than one iwi,
4331-431: The tribal identities of Te Ākitai Waiohua , Ngāti Tamaoho and Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua developed. In the 1820s, the threat of Ngāpuhi war parties from the north during the Musket Wars caused the Papakura area to become deserted. Waiohua descendant tribes relocated to the Waikato under the protection of Pōtatau Te Wherowhero , returning gradually during the early 1830s. By 1835, Te Ākitai Waiohua had reestablished
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#17327977428414402-399: The tribal identities of Ngā Iwi and Ngā Riki emerged, primarily for those who descended from the Tainui and Arawa waka. In the 17th century, three major tribes of Tāmaki Makaurau, Ngā Iwi, Ngā Oho and Ngā Riki, joined to form Waiohua , led by the rangatira Huakaiwaka. The union lasted for three generations, and was centred around the pā of Maungawhau and later Maungakiekie on
4473-591: The tribe has collective assets under management of $ 1.85 billion. Iwi affairs can have a real impact on New Zealand politics and society. A 2004 attempt by some iwi to test in court their ownership of the seabed and foreshore areas polarised public opinion (see New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy ). In Māori and in many other Polynesian languages , iwi literally means ' bone ' derived from Proto-Oceanic * suRi ₁ meaning ' thorn, splinter, fish bone ' . Māori may refer to returning home after travelling or living elsewhere as "going back to
4544-487: The various town and borough councils in South Auckland into a single city, which became known as the Manukau City . Papakura did not become a part of this amalgamation. On 1 January 1975, growth in the area led the Borough of Papakura to become Papakura City . With the local government reforms in 1989, Papakura City was dissolved, becoming Papakura District . On 1 November 2010, the local government authorities of
4615-547: The war had moved south of Papakura. The military barracks and stables in the town were disbanded, and local residents struggled, no longer able to supply the soldiers. After the war, the Crown confiscated 1.2 million acres of Māori land around the Waikato , including Waiohua land at Papakura. The former residents of the Manukau Harbour began returning to the area in 1866, with the Native Compensation Court returning small portions of land in 1867. Most land
4686-618: The wider area, including the Matahourua , Aotea , Mātaatua , Tainui , Tākitimu , Tokomaru , Te Wakatūwhenua and Moekākara . Papakura was the location of the Papakura portage , which allowed people to haul waka between the southeastern Manukau Harbour at Papakura in the west to the Wairoa River in the east, likely along the path of the Old Wairoa Road. Other inland ara ("trails") existed between
4757-546: The word rohe to describe the territory or boundaries of iwi. In modern-day New Zealand , iwi can exercise significant political power in the management of land and of other assets. For example, the 1997 Treaty of Waitangi settlement between the New Zealand Government and Ngāi Tahu , compensated that iwi for various losses of the rights guaranteed under the Treaty of Waitangi of 1840. As of 2019
4828-478: Was kept by the crown as reserves, or sold on to British immigrant farmers. This included land in Papakura that was promoted to European farming families, who arrived in the mid-1860s. The village of Papakura grew in the 1860s and 1870s, with early industries including logging, farming, kauri gum digging, farming, and providing services for travellers along the Great South Road. By the early 1870s,
4899-405: Was settled by Tāmaki Māori in the 13th or 14th centuries, who utilised the resources of the Hunua Ranges and Manukau Harbour . A defensive pā was constructed on Pukekiwiriki , and the surrounding area developed into gardens. By the latter 18th century, the tribal identities of Te Ākitai Waiohua , Ngāti Tamaoho and Ngāti Te Ata Waiohua began developing, among Waiohua descendant iwi of
4970-417: Was that 8,463 (50.5%) people were employed full-time, 1,833 (10.9%) were part-time, and 1,119 (6.7%) were unemployed. Most of Papakura is residential, with a commercial area on the western side. The area southeast of Papakura is almost entirely industrial. Papakura High School is a secondary school (years 9–13) with a roll of 1063. The school was established in 1954. In 2020, Māori students were 59% of
5041-530: Was where the Pitcairn Supreme Court sat to hear the case. Papakura once served a large military population, but now only the SAS special forces are based at Papakura. Nearby houses were originally Army Homes, but are now in private hands. The army base was made much smaller in the 2010s and become a residential area for a large number of modern houses, both detached and terraced. The subdivision
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