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48-403: Yumurtalık has a large free economic zone housing the production units of up to thirty companies presently in operation or in phase of being built. Fields of activities include industries ranging from petrochemicals , synthetic fibers and steel industry , and there are also plans for establishing a major shipyard . The port has a long history, dating to at least 2000 BC. Hittite pottery of

96-527: A correspondent of Theodoret ; Julius was expelled from his see by Byzantine Emperor Justin I in 518 because of supporting Monophysitism ; Thomas was at a synod in Mopsuestia in 550; and Paschalius was at the Second Council of Constantinople in 553. As indicated in a 6th-century Notitiae Episcopatuum , the see itself was a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Anazarbus , the capital of

144-574: A key factor in local economy and quality tomatoes, watermelons and other fruits and vegetables are extensively produced in Yumurtalık. Just outside Yumurtalık is the Botaş oil and natural gas terminal. It is the end of the Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline running from Northern Iraq, which was opened in the 1970s. Refined oils are also imported through here by sea. Immediately to the southwest, there

192-643: A period of about 25 years. The final blow to the Beylik of Karaman was struck by Mehmed II , who conquered their lands and re-assured a homogeneous rule in Anatolia. The further steps towards a single rule by the Ottomans were taken by Selim I who conquered territories of the Beylik of Ramadan and the Beylik of Dulkadir in 1515 during his campaign against the Mamluk Sultanate , and his son Süleyman

240-461: A polygonal watchtower. The single curving wall that constitutes the surviving land castle closes the tip of a small peninsula and is surrounded by the old town. The now missing seaward wall, which once followed the shore to enclose the entire ward, was visible in the late 19th century. Three round towers and a polygonal bastion survive as well as several casemates with loopholes (shooting ports) and at least seven embrasured windows. The basic plan of

288-647: A specific type of special economic zone, for example LADOL . All "free ports" in the world were permitted by the respective states, save the Free Port of Trieste that with the signing of the 16th Resolution of the Security Council of the United Nations (10 January 1947) and the signing of the Treaty of Peace with Italy (10 February 1947, ratified 15 September 1947) was put territorially under

336-702: A territory under the jurisdiction of a bey , equivalent to a duchy or principality in other parts of Europe. Following the 1071 Seljuk victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert and the subsequent conquest of Anatolia, Oghuz Turkic clans began settling in present-day Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rum 's central power established in Konya was largely as a result of using these clans under appointed beys called uç bey or uj begi (especially in border areas to ensure safety against

384-598: A “city good for good trade,” adding that “all spices, silk, gold and wool from inland were carried to this town.” The Battle of Laiazzo in 1294, in which the navy of the Republic of Genoa overcame that of the Republic of Venice , is thought by some to be that in which Marco Polo later became a prisoner of the Genoese. Within the city a quarter and trading post belonging to another of the Italian maritime republics , Pisa ,

432-443: Is a holiday and weekend retreat for the people of Adana and of other cities in Çukurova region, who come to stay in seaside holiday flats generally built in compounds. There are also small hotels and guest houses for occasional visitor who can swim during the day and stroll along the beach or into the village in the evenings. The public beaches are not very well kept by the municipality, and they are sometimes covered with litter. But

480-478: Is located 1.5 kilometers west of the land castle, was built by Suleiman the Magnificent in the mid 16th century with spolia from the nearby late antique city. The lower two floors are covered with stone vaults. The loopholes in the walls of all three levels are identical in design to those in the nearby Ottoman fortress of Payas. The sea is clean and there is still a relaxed feel to this coast, so Yumurtalık

528-500: Is the oil terminal for crude oil pipeline from Baku, opened in 2006. Further in the same direction, there is the recently built İsken Sugözü coal-fired power station . There are 24 neighbourhoods in Yumurtalık District: Yumurtalık has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ), with hot, dry and muggy summers, and mild, rainy winters. There are also picnic areas, a beach and birdwatching facilities in

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576-562: The beys , who had until then been vassals to the Sultanate of Rum , to declare sovereignty over their dominions. With the fall of Seljuk centralized power in Konya, many beys joined forces with the atabegs (former Seljuk leaders), and other religious Muslim leaders, in addition to employing Ghazi warriors from Persia and Turkestan, who also fled the Mongols. The ghazis fought under

624-884: The Byzantines , the Genoese , the Knights Templar , as well as between each other. By 1300, the Turks had reached the Aegean coastline, held momentarily two centuries before. In the beginning, the most powerful states were the Karamanids and the Germiyanids in the central area. The Beylik of Osmanoğlu , who would later go on to become the Ottoman Empire , was situated in the northwest, around Söğüt , and

672-623: The Middle Ages , particularly in the 13th century, Aegeae grew to become an important Mediterranean port of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia . It was known locally as Ayas ( Armenian : Այաս ), which became Aiazzo or (incorporating the definite article) Laiazzo in Venetian and other European languages. The fall of Acre and the silting up of the harbour of Tarsus —together with the advantage of Ayas's good roads eastward—led to

720-637: The Roman Martyrology under 26 September. The martyr Zenobius is traditionally considered to be the first bishop of Aegeae. Tarcodimantus, an Arian , was bishop at the time of the First Council of Nicaea (325). Patrophilus was a correspondent of Basil the Great ; another unnamed bishop of Aegeae was an adversary of John Chrysostom ; Eustathius was at the Council of Chalcedon (351) and was

768-577: The Roman province of Cilicia , to which Aegeae belonged. No longer a residential bishopric, presumably faded under Islam, Aegeae is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see , the diocese having been nominally restored in the 18th century as a titular bishopric . It is vacant since decades, having had the following incumbents of the lowest (episcopal) rank ( except the first ) : This site has both land and sea castles as well as

816-660: The sovereignty of the United Nations itself. As cited on Annex VIII, Article 3, paragraph 2: "The establishment of special zones in the Free Port under the exclusive jurisdiction of any State is incompatible with the status of the Free Territory and of the Free Port" . For example, it was not possible to apply the "Italian Law on Ports" in the extraterritorial free zones of the UN Free Port of Trieste with

864-597: The 14th century, the Ottomans advanced further into Anatolia either through the acquisition of towns or by cementing marriage alliances. Meanwhile, wary of an increase in Ottoman regional power, the Karamanids repeatedly engaged in conflict with the Ottomans with the help of other beyliks, Mamluks , Aq Qoyunlu ("White Sheep Turkomans"), Byzantines , Pontics and Hungarians , failing and losing power every time. By

912-617: The 16th century and then became part of the Turkish Republic in the 20th century. In 1974, actor and film director Yılmaz Güney was arrested at Yumurtalık after a shooting incident that involved the murder of a Yumurtalık judge. Christianity came early to Aegeae, to judge by the numerous martyrs recorded in the Acta Sanctorum and the Greek menologia , of whom the most famous are Saints Cosmas and Damian , commemorated in

960-458: The 17th century BC has been found in the mound of Zeytinbeli Höyük. This Cilician port city is located on the Gulf of Issus , the modern Gulf of İskenderun . It was mentioned by Pausanias under the name Aegeae ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Αἰγέαι , Aigéai ), a name that appears also in its coinage. In Strabo's time it was a small city with a port. Tacitus mentions Aegeae in his account of

1008-652: The Anatolian mainland, the Anatolian beyliks spread the Turkic language and Islamic culture in Anatolia. Unlike the Seljuks, whose administrative language was Persian , the Anatolian beyliks adopted spoken Turkic as their formal literary language. The Turkish language thus achieved widespread use in these principalities and reached its highest sophistication during the Ottoman era. In spite of their limited sources and

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1056-509: The Beylik of Osman expanded at Byzantine expense westwards and southwards of the Sea of Marmara in the first decades of the 14th century. With their annexation of the neighboring Beylik of Karasi and their advance into Rumelia starting in 1354, they soon gained strength to emerge as the principal rivals of the Beylik of Karaman , who at the time were thought to be the strongest. Towards the end of

1104-648: The Byzantines); uç is a Turkish term that denotes a border or frontier territory equivalent to marches , with the similar term margrave used in other parts of Europe. These clans, led by beys , would receive military and financial support from the Seljuks in return for their fealty. However, Mongol invasions from the East saw a decline in Seljuk power which gradually deteriorated. The Ilkhanate commanders in Anatolia then gained strength and authority which encouraged

1152-512: The Magnificent who more or less completely united the present territories of Turkey (and much more) in his 1534 campaign. Many of the former Anatolian beyliks subsequently became the basis for the administrative subdivisions in the Ottoman Empire . In the list below, only the beyliks that were founded immediately after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, mostly situated towards eastern Anatolia, and who were vassals (or sometimes at war) of

1200-483: The Seljuks were still used, however with the influence of the pursuit for new spaces and its reflections in other arts as well. Some representative examples of the Anatolian beyliks' architecture are İlyas Bey Mosque at Balat (Milet) (1404), İsabey Mosque at Selçuk (1375), Ulucami Mosque at Birgi (1312) built by the Aydın beylik. The above mosques, although being successors of Seljuq architecture, differ greatly in

1248-606: The centralized power of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum based in Konya are listed. A second group beyliks emerged as a result of the weakening of this central state under the Mongol blow with the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, which had the indirect consequence of extending Turkic territory in Western Anatolia toward the end of the 13th century. Combined with the Seljuks and the migration of Turkic tribes into

1296-575: The city briefly becoming the principal centre of trade between West and East during the High Middle Ages . Numerous treaties were negotiated in which the Armenian kings granted various trade privileges to several Italian city-states. Between 1266 and 1322 raids by Mamluks and Turkmen in the area caused only minor disruptions in mercantile activities. Marco Polo disembarked here to begin his trip to China in 1271, he reportedly described it as

1344-452: The close of the century, the early Ottoman leaders had conquered large parts of land from Karamanids and other less prominent beyliks. These had a short respite when their territories were restored to them after the Ottoman defeat suffered against Tamerlane in 1402 in the Battle of Ankara . But the Ottoman state quickly collected itself under Mehmed I and his son Murad II , who reincorporated most of these beyliks into Ottoman territory in

1392-541: The commission cited Swiss authorities' 2016 seizure of cultural relics looted from the Middle East being stored in Geneva's free ports. The free port system has been accused of facilitating international art crime, allowing stolen artworks to remain undetected in storage for decades. Freeports' lax regulation enables criminals to operate in secrecy. Freeports may facilitate money laundering and tax evasion by obscuring

1440-528: The conditions and benefits of free zones. Some special economic zones are called free ports or free trade ports . Sometimes they have historically been endowed with favorable customs regulations, such as the free port of Trieste , or the newer free trade port on Hainan Island . The definition should be understood in meaning The International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures (Revised Kyoto Convention) uses

1488-432: The effect that all actual territorial concessions were null and void. In 1954, the Free Territory of Trieste was dissolved and given to its neighbours, Italy and Yugoslavia. The European Union, in 2020, introduced new stricter rules to identify and report suspicious activities at free ports and zones in response to the "high incidence of corruption, tax evasion, and criminal activity", with a further review to take place in

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1536-657: The end of the 11th century. A second and more extensive period of establishment took place as a result of the decline of the Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm in the latter half of the 13th century. One of the beyliks , that of the Osmanoğlu of the Kayı branch of Oghuz Turks , from its capital in Bursa completed its incorporation of the other beyliks to form the Ottoman Empire by the late 15th century. The word beylik denotes

1584-470: The following year, The European Parliament suggested that increasing demand for free ports could be partly a response to global crackdowns on tax evasion. The European Commission in a report said that free ports were popular for the storage of art, precious stones, antiques, gold, and wine as alternative assets to cash, and posed an emerging threat in multiple ways: allowing counterfeiters to land consignments and tamper with loads and paperwork, then re-export

1632-436: The fortress may have been laid in late antiquity, but extensive rebuilding belongs to the early period of Ottoman occupation, when it served as a minor port for the fleet of Suleiman the Magnificent . The sea castle, which is located on an island about 400 meters east of the shore, consists of a tight cluster of five chambers encased in a massive irregular bastion. Attached is a badly damaged circuit wall that surrounds most of

1680-479: The holiday villages have private beaches which are kept clean and can also be used by outsiders for a small daily entrance fee. A number of beaches in Yumurtalık are also the nesting places for loggerhead sea turtle caretta caretta breed. In fact the amount of beach-front holiday property is also part of the problem, even though the sand is clean the turtles won't lay eggs in these busy beaches with neon-lit discothèques blasting out all night. Adequate protection for

1728-571: The increase of decorations in the interior and exterior spaces and the different placement of the courtyards and minarets . Karaman beylik also left noteworthy architectural works, such as Ulucami Mosque in Ermenek (1302), Hatuniye Madrassa in Karaman (1382), Akmedrese Madrassa in Niğde (1409), all of which respect a new style that considers and incorporates the exterior surroundings also. One of

1776-536: The inspiration of either a mullah or a general, trying to assert Islamic power, with the attacks on Byzantine territory further expanding the power sphere of the beyliks. As the Byzantine Empire weakened, their cities in Asia Minor became gradually less and less able to resist these attacks, and many Turks began to settle in western parts of Anatolia. As a result, many more beyliks were founded in these newly conquered realms, who engaged in power struggles with

1824-434: The island. The vaulted rooms and enclosures were probably storage areas for merchandise destined for Europe. Although there are the distinct traces of late antique foundations (e.g., dovetail sockets), the peculiar masonry and construction techniques of the sea castle are those typically used during Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and may date from the reported re-fortification of the harbour in A.D. 1282. The watchtower, which

1872-565: The lagoon. Free economic zone Free economic zones ( FEZ ), free economic territories ( FETs ) or free zones ( FZ ) are a class of special economic zone (SEZ) designated by the trade and commerce administrations of various countries . The term is used to designate areas in which companies are taxed very lightly or not at all to encourage economic activity . The taxation rules and duties are determined by each country. The World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) has content on

1920-603: The political climate of their era, art during the Anatolian beyliks flourished, probably forming the basis for Ottoman art . Although the artistic style of the Anatolian beyliks can be considered as representatives of a transition period between Seljuks and Ottomans, new trends were also acquired. Especially wandering traditional crafts artists and architects helped spread these new trends and localized styles to several beyliks across Anatolia, which resulted in innovative and original works particularly in architecture. Wood and stone carving, clay tiles and other similar decorative arts of

1968-503: The products without customs formalities, disguising the actual origin and nature of the goods and their supplier. The commission said they were also used for narcotics trafficking, the illegal ivory trade, people smuggling, VAT fraud, corruption and money laundering. "Legal businesses owned by criminals remain key to money-laundering activities... free ports are perceived as facilities that protect their clients'' identity and financial dealings, much as private banks used to." As an example,

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2016-482: The real beneficial owners of criminal assets, which hinders authorities' efforts to trace criminal profits and recover taxes. Anatolian beylik Anatolian beyliks ( Turkish : Anadolu beylikleri , Ottoman Turkish : Tavâif-i mülûk , Beylik ; Turkish pronunciation: [bejlic] ) were small principalities (or petty kingdoms ) in Anatolia governed by beys , the first of which were founded at

2064-571: The term “free zones” which the revised convention describes as “a part of the territory of a Contracting Party where any goods introduced are generally regarded, insofar as import duties and taxes are concerned, as being outside the customs territory ”. According to the World Bank, the main types of special economic zones are: An early type of special economic zone was free ports , these historically were endowed with favorable customs regulations. In modern times, free port has come to mean

2112-577: The turtle's nesting habitat continues to remain a critical question. These endangered species lay eggs only in Yumurtalık, in Akyatan beach in neighboring Karataş district and in İztuzu Beach in Dalyan in southwestern Turkey. In fact, the very name Yumurtalık means, among other things, egg nest in Turkish language . As well as tourism, the fertile agricultural lands that extend behind the coast are also

2160-479: The war between Armenia and Rome on one side and Iberia and Parthia on the other. A Greek inscription of the Roman period has been discovered there, and under Roman dominion it was a place of some importance. It was organized as part of the province of Cilicia . Apollonius of Tyana ( c.  15   – c.  100 ) made his early studies at Aegeae, when the city was at its cultural height. It

2208-606: Was Christianised at an early date, and while no longer retaining a residential bishop, remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church under the name of Aegeae. The Saints Cosmas and Damian are mentioned in Christian hagiography to have been twin brothers, physicians who practiced their profession in Aegeae, accepting no payment for their services, and eventually suffering martyrdom under Diocletian . In

2256-585: Was also established. The city was increasingly oppressed by the Mamluks and fell definitively into their hands in 1347. When European trade routes with the East moved away from the Mediterranean, the city and its harbour lost their importance. Subsequently, it was ruled by the Anatolian beylik of Ramadanids . Yumurtalık ( Ottoman Turkish : يمورطالق , meaning "Egglike") fell to the Ottoman Empire in

2304-467: Was at that stage relatively small and possessed modest military power. Along the Aegean coast , from North to South, were the principalities of Karasi , Saruhan , Aydin , Menteşe , and Teke . The Candar dynasty (later also known as Isfendiyar) reigned in the Black Sea region around the provinces of Kastamonu and Sinop in what was the Beylik of Candar. Under its eponymous founder, Osman I ,

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