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49-561: In 1718, the 3rd year of the Kyōhō era, the 36th Buddhist monk of Zōjōji called Yūten ( 祐天 , yūten ) died. One of his disciples, Yumi ( 祐海 , yumi ) , built Yūtenji as his shrine and made him the founder. 5 minutes walk from Yūtenji railway station on the Tokyu Toyoko Line . 35°38′11″N 139°41′48″E  /  35.636331°N 139.696647°E  / 35.636331; 139.696647 This article about

98-464: A 13-gun salute from Susquehanna . Major Zeilin's Marines presented arms, and a band played " Hail Columbia ". President Fillmore's letter was formally received by hatamoto Toda "Izu-no-kami" Ujiyoshi and by Ido "Iwami-no-kami" Hiromichi. Perry's squadron eventually departed on 17 July for the Chinese coast, promising to return for a reply. After Perry's departure, an extensive debate ensued within

147-489: A Buddhist place of worship is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to religion in Japan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a Japanese religious building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ky%C5%8Dh%C5%8D Period of Japanese history (1716–1736) "Kyoho" redirects here. For

196-652: A letter from the President of the United States, he would only deal with officials of sufficient stature and authority. On 10 July, yoriki Kayama Eizaemon, pretending to be the Uraga bugyō , called on Susquehanna and was allowed to meet Captain Franklin, whom he advised to travel to Nagasaki , as this was the designated port for all foreign contact. Kayama was told that unless a suitable official came to receive

245-571: A letter urging Japan to end the isolation policy on its own before change would be forced from the outside. Between 1790 and 1853, at least twenty-seven U.S. ships, including three warships, visited Japan, only to be turned away. There were increased sightings and incursions of foreign ships into Japanese waters, and this led to considerable internal debate in Japan on how best to meet this potential threat to Japan's economic and political sovereignty. In May 1851, American Secretary of State Daniel Webster authorized Commodore John H. Aulick , commander of

294-671: A petition-box ( 目安箱 , meyasubako ) at the office of the machi-bugyō in Heian-kyō . 1720 ( Kyōhō 5, 6th month ): The 26th High Priest of Nichiren Shōshū , Nichikan Shōnin , who is considered a great reformer of the sect, inscribed the Gohonzon which the lay Buddhist organisation SGI uses to bestow upon its members, after the Nichiren Shōshū priesthood, under the leadership of 67th High Priest Nikken , refused to do so. 1721 ( Kyōhō 6 ): Edo population of 1.1 million

343-591: A report of the expedition in three volumes, titled Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan . This was written by Francis L. Hawks under Perry's supervision, using the written materials compiled by Perry and his colleagues during the expedition. It was first presented as a report to the United States Senate in 1856 and later published commercially. Perry

392-546: A subsequent American naval incursion. Although he had told the Japanese that he would return the following year, Perry soon learned that Russian Vice-Admiral Yevfimiy Putyatin had called in at Nagasaki shortly after he departed from Edo Bay, and had spent a month attempting to force the Japanese to sign a treaty before his return. He also was told by both the British and French that they intended to accompany him to Japan in

441-626: Is different from Wikidata Articles containing Japanese-language text Perry Expedition The Perry Expedition ( Japanese : 黒船来航 , kurofune raikō , "Arrival of the Black Ships ") was a diplomatic and military expedition in two separate voyages (1852–1853 and 1854–1855) to the Tokugawa shogunate (徳川幕府) by warships of the United States Naval corps . The goals of this expedition included exploration, surveying, and

490-539: Is world's largest city. 1730 ( Kyōhō 15 ): The Tokugawa shogunate officially recognizes the Dojima Rice Market in Osaka; and bakufu supervisors ( nengyoji ) are appointed to monitor the market and to collect taxes. The transactions relating to rice exchanges developed into securities exchanges, used primarily for transactions in public securities. The development of improved agriculture production caused

539-662: The American East India Squadron , to attempt to return seventeen shipwrecked Japanese sailors residing in San Francisco , which might provide the opportunity for opening commercial relations with Japan. On May 10, 1851, Webster drafted a letter addressed to the "Japanese Emperor" with assurances that the expedition had no religious purpose but was only to request "friendship and commerce" and supplies of coal needed by American ships en route to China. The letter also boasted of American expansion across

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588-577: The Convention of Kanagawa which opened the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American ships, provided for care of shipwrecked sailors, and the establishment of an American consulate in Shimoda. The treaty was signed on the Japanese side by Hayashi Akira . Perry then dispatched the Saratoga home with the signed treaty, while the rest of the squadron went to survey Hakodate, Shimoda and the site of

637-597: The Morrison in 1837), who provided Chinese-language translations of Perry's official letters, and rendezvoused with Plymouth and Saratoga . He continued to Shanghai (May 4–17), where he met with the Dutch-born American diplomat Anton L. C. Portman, who translated his official letters into the Dutch language , and rendezvoused with Susquehanna . Perry then switched his flag to Susquehanna and called on

686-840: The Ryukyu islands from May 17–26. Ignoring the claims of Satsuma Domain to the islands, as well as his own orders, he threatened and bluffed local authorities by threatening to attack with 200 troops unless he were allowed trading rights and land for a coaling station. Perry landed his Marines, whom he drilled on the beach for hours at a time, and demanded an audience with the Ryukyu King Shō Tai at Shuri Castle . Knowing that his every action would be reported to Japanese authorities in Edo , Perry carefully avoided meeting with low-ranked officials and made much use of military ceremony and shipboard hospitality to demonstrate both American military power and

735-765: The Commodore's chief of staff with the title "Captain of the Fleet". Major Jacob Zeilin (future commandant of the United States Marine Corps ) was the ranking Marine officer, and was stationed on Mississippi . Perry also received permission to take government stores as gifts for the natives, especially obsolete small arms. These included 40 M1819 Hall rifles (with 4,000 cartridges), 20 percussion pistols (with 2,000 cartridges), 20 artillery swords, 20 muskets with Maynard percussion locks and 40 light cavalry sabers, as well as 100 Colt revolvers . Perry chose

784-1213: The History of the Civilization of Japan, p. 352 . References [ edit ] Adams, Thomas Francis Morton. (1953). Japanese Securities Markets: A Historical Survey . Tokyo: Seihei Okuyama. OCLC 4376900 Foreign Press Center. (1997). Japan: Eyes on the Country, Views of the 47 Prefectures . Tokyo: Foreign Press Center/Japan. Hall, John Whitney . (1988). Early Modern Japan ( The Cambridge History of Japan , Vol. 4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN   9780521223553 ; OCLC 489633115 Hayami, Akira, Osamu Saitō, Ronald P Toby. (2004) The Economic History of Japan: 1600–1990 , Vol. 1, Emergence of Economic Society in Japan, 1600–1859 . Oxford: Oxford University Press . ISBN   9780198289050 ; OCLC 314513300 Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia . Cambridge: Harvard University Press . ISBN   978-0-674-01753-5 ; OCLC 48943301 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard A.B. (1956). Kyoto:

833-663: The Japanese food markets. 1735 ( Kyōhō 20 ): Sweet potatoes were introduced into the Japanese diet. Notes [ edit ] ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). " Kyōhō " Japan Encyclopedia, p. 584 , p. 584, at Google Books ; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Archived 2012-05-24 at archive.today . ^ Titsingh, Issac. (1834). Annales des empereurs to japon , pp. 416–417. ^ Bowman, John Stewart. (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture , p. 142. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto:

882-529: The Japanese guard boats around the American squadron did not disperse. He also presented the Japanese with a white flag and a letter which told them that in case they chose combat, the Americans would necessarily vanquish them. The Japanese government was paralyzed due to the incapacitation by illness of Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyoshi and by political indecision on how to handle the unprecedented threat to

931-612: The Japanese tried to treat him as they had the unfortunate Commodore Biddle. Perry also refused to allow any professional diplomats to accompany the expedition. He asked the German painter Wilhelm Heine and pioneer daguerreotype photographer Eliphalet M. Brown Jr. to join the expedition as official artists. Agricultural specialist Dr. James Morrow was assigned by the US State Department. Several Japanese castaways were also taken on as unofficial interpreters. The expedition

980-591: The North American continent and its technical prowess and was signed by President Fillmore. However, Aulick became involved in a diplomatic row with a Brazilian diplomat and quarrels with the captain of his flagship, and was relieved of his command before he could undertake the Japan expedition. His replacement, Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry , was a senior-ranking officer in the United States Navy, and had extensive diplomatic experience. Perry

1029-761: The Northern Court, which retained Gentoku until 1332. Not recognized by the Southern Court. Genchū discontinued upon reunification of the Northern and Southern Courts in 1392 and Meitoku retained until 1394. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyōhō&oldid=1258755774 " Categories : Japanese eras 1710s in Japan 1720s in Japan 1730s in Japan 1710s neologisms Hidden categories: Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with short description Short description

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1078-564: The Old Capital, 794–1869 , p. 320. ^ Foreign Press Center. (1997). Japan: Eyes on the Country, Views of the 47 Prefectures , p. 127. ^ Adams, Thomas. (1953). Japanese Securities Markets: A Historical Survey , p. 11. ^ Adams, p. 12. ^ Hayami, Akira et al. (2004) The Economic History of Japan: 1600–1990 , p. 67. ^ Hall, John. (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan , p. 456. ^ Takekoshi, Yosaburō. (1930). Economic Aspects of

1127-8622: The Old Capital, 794–1869 . Kyoto: Ponsonby-Fane Memorial. OCLC 36644 Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822 . London: RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN   978-0-203-09985-8 ; OCLC 65177072 Takekoshi, Yosaburō. (1930). Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan . London: Allen & Unwen, republished by Routledge ISBN   0415323789 / ISBN   9780415323789 Titsingh, Isaac . (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran ; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon . Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691 . External links [ edit ] National Diet Library , "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection Preceded by Shōtoku ( 正徳 ) Era or nengō Kyōhō ( 享保 ) 1716–1736 Succeeded by Genbun ( 元文 ) v t e Japanese era names ( nengō ) by period 538–1264 Asuka Heian Heian (cont'd) Heian (cont'd) Heian (cont'd) Heian (cont'd) Kamakura (cont'd) 645–650 Taika 650–654 Hakuchi 686–686 Shuchō 701–704 Taihō 704–708 Keiun 708–715 Wadō   Nara 715–717 Reiki 717–724 Yōrō 724–729 Jinki 729–749 Tenpyō 749 Tenpyō-kanpō 749–757 Tenpyō-shōhō 757–765 Tenpyō-hōji 765–767 Tenpyō-jingo 767–770 Jingo-keiun 770–781 Hōki 781–782 Ten'ō 782–806 Enryaku 806–810 Daidō 810–824 Kōnin 824–834 Tenchō 834–848 Jōwa 848–851 Kashō 851–854 Ninju 854–857 Saikō 857–859 Ten'an 859–877 Jōgan 877–885 Gangyō 885–889 Ninna 889–898 Kanpyō 898–901 Shōtai 901–923 Engi 923–931 Enchō 931–938 Jōhei 938–947 Tengyō 947–957 Tenryaku 957–961 Tentoku 961–964 Ōwa 964–968 Kōhō 968–970 Anna 970–973 Tenroku 973–976 Ten'en 976–978 Jōgen 978–983 Tengen 983–985 Eikan 985–987 Kanna 987–988 Eien 988–990 Eiso 990–995 Shōryaku 995–999 Chōtoku 999–1004 Chōhō 1004–1012 Kankō 1012–1017 Chōwa 1017–1021 Kannin 1021–1024 Jian 1024–1028 Manju 1028–1037 Chōgen 1037–1040 Chōryaku 1040–1044 Chōkyū 1044–1046 Kantoku 1046–1053 Eishō 1053–1058 Tengi 1058–1065 Kōhei 1065–1069 Jiryaku 1069–1074 Enkyū 1074–1077 Jōhō 1077–1081 Jōryaku 1081–1084 Eihō 1084–1087 Ōtoku 1087–1094 Kanji 1094–1096 Kahō 1096–1097 Eichō 1097–1099 Jōtoku 1099–1104 Kōwa 1104–1106 Chōji 1106–1108 Kajō 1108–1110 Tennin 1110–1113 Ten'ei 1113–1118 Eikyū 1118–1120 Gen'ei 1120–1124 Hōan 1124–1126 Tenji 1126–1131 Daiji 1131–1132 Tenshō 1132–1135 Chōshō 1135–1141 Hōen 1141–1142 Eiji 1142–1144 Kōji 1144–1145 Ten'yō 1145–1151 Kyūan 1151–1154 Ninpei 1154–1156 Kyūju 1156–1159 Hōgen 1159–1160 Heiji 1160–1161 Eiryaku 1161–1163 Ōhō 1163–1165 Chōkan 1165–1166 Eiman 1166–1169 Nin'an 1169–1171 Kaō 1171–1175 Jōan 1175–1177 Angen 1177–1181 Jishō 1181–1182 Yōwa 1182–1184 Juei 1184–1185 Genryaku   Kamakura 1185–1190 Bunji 1190–1199 Kenkyū 1199–1201 Shōji 1201–1204 Kennin 1204–1206 Genkyū 1206–1207 Ken'ei 1207–1211 Jōgen 1211–1213 Kenryaku 1213–1219 Kempo 1219–1222 Jōkyū 1222–1224 Jōō 1224–1225 Gennin 1225–1227 Karoku 1227–1229 Antei 1229–1232 Kangi 1232–1233 Jōei 1233–1234 Tenpuku 1234–1235 Bunryaku 1235–1238 Katei 1238–1239 Ryakunin 1239–1240 En'ō 1240–1243 Ninji 1243–1247 Kangen 1247–1249 Hōji 1249–1256 Kenchō 1256–1257 Kōgen 1257–1259 Shōka 1259–1260 Shōgen 1260–1261 Bun'ō 1261–1264 Kōchō 1264– present Kamakura (cont'd) Nanboku-chō Nanboku-chō Muromachi (cont'd) Momoyama Edo (cont'd) Modern Japan 1264–1275 Bun'ei 1275–1278 Kenji 1278–1288 Kōan 1288–1293 Shōō 1293–1299 Einin 1299–1302 Shōan 1302–1303 Kengen 1303–1306 Kagen 1306–1308 Tokuji 1308–1311 Enkyō 1311–1312 Ōchō 1312–1317 Shōwa 1317–1319 Bunpō 1319–1321 Gen'ō 1321–1324 Genkō 1324–1326 Shōchū 1326–1329 Karyaku 1329–1331 Gentoku 1331–1334 Genkō 1332–1333 Shōkyō Northern Court 1334–1338 Kenmu 1338–1342 Ryakuō 1342–1345 Kōei 1345–1350 Jōwa 1350–1352 Kannō 1352–1356 Bunna 1356–1361 Enbun 1361–1362 Kōan 1362–1368 Jōji 1368–1375 Ōan 1375–1379 Eiwa 1379–1381 Kōryaku 1381–1384 Eitoku 1384–1387 Shitoku 1387–1389 Kakei 1389–1390 Kōō 1390–1394 Meitoku Southern Court 1334–1336 Kenmu 1336–1340 Engen 1340–1346 Kōkoku 1346–1370 Shōhei 1370–1372 Kentoku 1372–1375 Bunchū 1375–1381 Tenju 1381–1384 Kōwa 1384–1392 Genchū   Muromachi 1394–1428 Ōei 1428–1429 Shōchō 1429–1441 Eikyō 1441–1444 Kakitsu 1444–1449 Bun'an 1449–1452 Hōtoku 1452–1455 Kyōtoku 1455–1457 Kōshō 1457–1460 Chōroku 1460–1466 Kanshō 1466–1467 Bunshō 1467–1469 Ōnin 1469–1487 Bunmei 1487–1489 Chōkyō 1489–1492 Entoku 1492–1501 Meiō 1501–1521 Bunki 1504–1521 Eishō 1521–1528 Daiei 1528–1532 Kyōroku 1532–1555 Tenbun 1555–1558 Kōji 1558–1570 Eiroku 1570–1573 Genki 1573–1592 Tenshō 1592–1596 Bunroku 1596–1615 Keichō   Edo 1615–1624 Genna 1624–1644 Kan'ei 1644–1648 Shōhō 1648–1652 Keian 1652–1655 Jōō 1655–1658 Meireki 1658–1661 Manji 1661–1673 Kanbun 1673–1681 Enpō 1681–1684 Tenna 1684–1688 Jōkyō 1688–1704 Genroku 1704–1711 Hōei 1711–1716 Shōtoku 1716–1736 Kyōhō 1736–1741 Genbun 1741–1744 Kanpō 1744–1748 Enkyō 1748–1751 Kan'en 1751–1764 Hōreki 1764–1772 Meiwa 1772–1781 An'ei 1781–1789 Tenmei 1789–1801 Kansei 1801–1804 Kyōwa 1804–1818 Bunka 1818–1830 Bunsei 1830–1844 Tenpō 1844–1848 Kōka 1848–1854 Kaei 1854–1860 Ansei 1860–1861 Man'en 1861–1864 Bunkyū 1864–1865 Genji 1865–1868 Keiō 1868–1912 Meiji 1912–1926 Taishō 1926–1989 Shōwa 1989–2019 Heisei 2019–present Reiwa Not recognized by

1176-547: The United States. The Japanese responded with gold-lacquered furniture and boxes, bronze ornaments, silk and brocade garments, porcelain goblets, and upon learning of Perry's personal hobby, a collection of seashells. Cultural displays were also performed on both sides, with the American sailors aboard the Powhatan putting on a minstrel show , while a number of high-ranking sumo wrestlers performed feats of strength and held exhibition matches. Finally, on 31 March, Perry signed

1225-465: The black-hulled paddle-wheeled Mississippi as his flagship , and cleared Hampton Roads , Virginia on 24 November 1852. Perry made port calls at Madeira (December 11–15), St Helena (January 10–11), Cape Town (January 24 – February 3), Mauritius (February 18–28), Ceylon (March 10–15), Singapore (March 25–29), and Macao and Hong Kong (April 7–28). There he met with American-born Sinologist Samuel Wells Williams (who had been to Japan with

1274-526: The capital of Edo , and position their guns towards the town of Uraga. He also fired blank shots from his 73 cannons, which he claimed was in celebration of the American Independence Day. Perry's ships were equipped with new Paixhans shell guns , cannons capable of wreaking great explosive destruction with every shell. The American ships were almost surrounded by Japanese guard boats; however, Perry ordered that any attempt at boarding

1323-471: The decision by President Fillmore to dispatch an expedition to Japan. The Americans were also driven by concepts of manifest destiny and the desire to impose the "benefits" of Western civilization and the Christian religion on what they perceived as backward Asian nations. By the early 19th century, the Japanese policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge. In 1844, Dutch King William II sent

1372-437: The document, Perry would land troops and march on Edo, to deliver the letter in person. Kayama asked for three days in order to respond. The actual Uraga bugyō , Ido Hiromichi , sent a report to the shōgun and advised that his defenses were totally inadequate to repel the Americans by force. In the meantime, Perry began a campaign of intimidation, by sending boats to survey the surrounding area, and threatened to use force if

1421-406: The establishment of diplomatic relations and negotiation of trade agreements with various nations of the region. Opening contact with the government of Japan was considered a top priority of the expedition, and was one of the key reasons for its inception. The expedition was commanded by Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry , under orders from President Millard Fillmore . Perry's primary goal

1470-533: The expedition, Japan's burgeoning trade routes with the world led to the cultural trend of Japonisme , in which aspects of Japanese culture influenced art in Europe and America . Growing commerce between America and China , the presence of American whalers in waters off Japan, and the increasing monopolization of potential coaling stations by European colonial powers in Asia were all contributing factors in

1519-570: The future consulate. After departing from Shimoda, the fleet returned to the Ryukyu Islands, where Perry swiftly drafted the "Compact between the United States and the Ryukyu Kingdom," which was formally signed on 11 July 1854. After Perry returned to the United States in 1855, Congress voted to grant him a reward of $ 20,000 (~$ 737,000 in 2022) in appreciation of his work in Japan. Perry used part of this money to prepare and publish

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1568-487: The nation's capital. On 11 July, senior rōjū Abe Masahiro temporized, deciding that simply accepting a letter from the Americans would not constitute a violation of Japanese sovereignty. The decision was conveyed to Uraga, and Perry was asked to move his fleet slightly southwest to the beach at Kurihama (in modern-day Yokosuka ), where he was allowed to land on 14 July. Perry went ashore with considerable pomp, landing with 250 sailors and Marines in 15 ships’ boats after

1617-598: The peaceful intent of his expedition. Perry left with promises that the islands would be completely open to trade with the United States. Continuing on the Ogasawara Islands in mid-June, Perry met with the local inhabitants and even purchased a plot of land. Perry finally reached Uraga at the entrance to Edo Bay in Japan on 8 July 1853. His fleet at this time consisted of four vessels: Susquehanna , Mississippi , Plymouth and Saratoga . As he arrived, Perry ordered his ships to steam past Japanese lines towards

1666-559: The poll also failed to provide Abe with an answer, as of the 61 known responses, 19 were in favor of accepting the American demands, and 19 were equally opposed. Of the remainder, 14 gave vague responses expressing concern of possible war, 7 suggested making temporary concessions and two advised that they would simply go along with whatever was decided. The only universal recommendation was that steps be taken immediately to bolster Japan's coastal defenses. Fortifications were hurriedly built close to current day Odaiba in order to protect Edo from

1715-584: The price of rice to fall in mid- Kyohō . August 3, 1730 ( Kyōhō 15, 20th day of the 6th month ): A fire broke out in Muromachi and 3,790 houses were burnt. Over 30,000 looms in Nishi-jin were destroyed. The bakufu distributed rice. 1732 ( Kyōhō 17 ): The Kyōhō famine was the consequence after swarms of locusts devastated crops in agricultural communities around the inland sea. 1733 ( Kyōhō 18 ): Ginseng grown in Japan begins to be available in

1764-711: The renowned Japanologist Philipp Franz von Siebold . Siebold spent eight years working, teaching, and studying at the isolated Dutch island-trading post of Dejima in Nagasaki harbour before returning to Leiden in the Netherlands. Perry also demanded greater latitude in his orders from Webster, a demand the Secretary of State granted just before his death in October 1852. Perry thus sailed for Japan with "full and discretionary powers," including possible use of force if

1813-464: The shogunal court on how to respond to the American's implied threats. Shōgun Tokugawa Ieyoshi died days after Perry's departure, and was succeeded by his sickly young son, Tokugawa Iesada , leaving effective administration in the hands of the Council of Elders ( rōjū ) led by Abe Masahiro. Abe felt that it was currently impossible for Japan to resist the American demands by military force, and yet

1862-411: The spring to ensure that the Americans did not obtain any exclusive privileges. Perry thus returned on 13 February 1854 with eight vessels and 1600 men. The fleet had lost Plymouth of the original four, and now also included: Lexington , Macedonian , Powhatan , Vandalia , and Southampton . Supply arrived loaded with coal and stores on 19 March, bringing the total strength to nine. By

1911-636: The time of Perry's return, the Tokugawa shogunate had decided to accept virtually all the demands in Fillmore's letter. However, negotiators procrastinated for weeks over the site for negotiations, with Perry insisting on Edo, and the Japanese offering various other locations. Perry eventually lost his temper and threatened to bring 100 ships (more than the actual size of the US Navy at the time) within 20 days to war on Japan. Both sides eventually compromised on

1960-525: The tiny village of Yokohama , where a purpose-built hall was erected. Perry landed on 8 March with 500 sailors and Marines in 27 ships' boats, with three bands playing " The Star-Spangled Banner ." Three weeks of negotiation ensued, accompanied by diplomatic gestures such as the exchange of state gifts. The Americans presented the Japanese with a miniature steam locomotive , a telegraph apparatus, various agricultural tools, and small arms, as well as one hundred gallons of whiskey, clocks, stoves, and books about

2009-3099: The type of grape, see Kyoho (grape) . Part of a series on the History of Japan [REDACTED] Shōsōin Periods Paleolithic before 14,000 BC Jōmon 14,000–1000 BC Yayoi 1000 BC – 300 AD Kofun 300–538 AD Asuka 538–710 Nara 710–794 Heian Former Nine Years' War Later Three-Year War Genpei War 794–1185 Kamakura Jōkyū War Mongol invasions Genkō War Kenmu Restoration 1185–1333 Muromachi Nanboku-chō period Sengoku period 1336–1573 Azuchi–Momoyama Nanban trade Imjin War Battle of Sekigahara 1573–1603 Edo (Tokugawa) Tokugawa shogunate Invasion of Ryukyu Siege of Osaka Sakoku Perry Expedition Convention of Kanagawa Bakumatsu Meiji Restoration Boshin War 1603–1868 Meiji Ryūkyū Disposition Invasion of Taiwan (1874) Satsuma Rebellion First Sino-Japanese War Treaty of Shimonoseki Triple Intervention Invasion of Taiwan (1895) Colonization of Taiwan Boxer Rebellion Russo-Japanese War Treaty of Portsmouth Japan–Korea Treaty Colonization of Korea 1868–1912 Taishō World War I Intervention in Siberia Great Kantō earthquake 1912–1926 Shōwa Militarism Financial crisis Nanking incident Mukden Incident Invasion of Manchuria May 15 incident February 26 incident Anti-Comintern Pact Tripartite Pact Second Sino-Japanese War World War II Attack on Pearl Harbor Pacific War Atomic bombings Soviet–Japanese War Surrender of Japan Occupation of Japan Postwar Japan Anpo protests Economic miracle Asset price bubble 1926–1989 Heisei Lost Decades Great Hanshin earthquake Cool Japan Tōhoku earthquake Imperial transition 1989–2019 Reiwa COVID-19 pandemic Abe assassination Noto earthquake 2019–present Topics Capital punishment Currency Earthquakes Economy Era names Education Empire Foreign relations Geography Historiography Religion Buddhism Christianity Islam Judaism Shinto Military Naval Politics Post-war Science and technology Sports World Heritage Sites Glossary History Timeline v t e Kyōhō ( 享保 ) , also pronounced Kyōho ,

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2058-407: Was a Japanese era name ( 年号 , nengō , "year name") after Shōtoku and before Genbun . This period spanned the years from July 1716 through April 1736. The reigning emperors were Nakamikado -tennō ( 中御門天皇 ) and Sakuramachi -tennō ( 桜町天皇 ) . Change of era [ edit ] 1716 Kyōhō gannen ( 享保元年 ) : The era name of Kyōhō (meaning "Undergoing and Supporting")

2107-431: Was also promoted to the rank of rear-admiral on the retired list (when his health began to fail) as a reward for his services. He was known to have suffered severe arthritis that left him in frequent pain, that on occasion prevented him from fulfilling his duties. Perry spent his last years preparing for publication of his account of the Japan expedition, announcing its completion on 28 December 1857. Two days later he

2156-576: Was assigned the steam warships Mississippi , Susquehanna , and Powhatan , the armed store steamships Lexington , Supply , and Southampton , and the sailing sloops Macedonian , Plymouth , and Saratoga . To command his fleet, Perry chose officers with whom he had served in the Mexican–American War . Commander Franklin Buchanan was captain of Susquehanna and Joel Abbot was captain of Macedonian . Commander Henry A. Adams became

2205-534: Was created in response to the death of Tokugawa Ietsugu . The previous era ended and the new one commenced in Shōtoku 6, on the 22nd day of the 6th month. Events of the Kyōhō era [ edit ] 1717 ( Kyōhō 2 ): Kyōhō reforms are directed and overseen by Shōgun Yoshimune . 1718 ( Kyōhō 3 ): The bakufu repaired the Imperial mausolea. 1718 ( Kyōhō 3, 8th month ): The bakufu established

2254-411: Was reluctant to take any action on his own authority for such an unprecedented situation. Attempting to legitimize any decision taken, Abe polled all of the daimyōs for their opinions. This was the first time that the Tokugawa shogunate had allowed its decision-making to be a matter of public debate, and had the unforeseen consequence of portraying the shogunate as weak and indecisive. The results of

2303-662: Was to be repelled. One boat carried a large sign in French ordering the American fleet to depart immediately. On 9 July, a yoriki from the Uraga bugyō , Nakajima Saburosuke, accompanied by interpreter Hori Tatsunosuke , rowed out to Susquehanna , but were at first refused permission to come on board. After some negotiation, they were permitted to board, where they displayed the order that no foreign ships were allowed into Japanese ports. Perry remained in his cabin and refused to meet them, sending word through his officers that as he carried

2352-460: Was to force an end to Japan's 220-year-old policy of isolation and to open Japanese ports to American trade, through the use of gunboat diplomacy if necessary. The Perry Expedition led directly to the establishment of diplomatic relations between Japan and the western Great Powers , and eventually to the collapse of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of the Emperor . Following

2401-530: Was well aware of the difficulties involved in attempting to establish relations with Japan and initially protested that he would prefer to command the Mediterranean Squadron of the U.S. Navy instead of being assigned to yet another attempt to open Japan, which he considered unlikely to succeed. Relevant precedents included: In advance of his voyage, Perry read widely amongst available books about Japan. His research also included consultation with

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