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48-514: It lies in the historical region of Těšín Silesia and was first mentioned in 1380 as Nowe Kunczicze (?). Later it was mentioned also wenig Kunczendorf (1388), Male Kuncicze (1476), Klein Kuntschitz (1652), Male Kunczicze (1674) and so on. Politically the village belonged initially to the Duchy of Teschen , formed in 1290 in the process of feudal fragmentation of Poland and was ruled by

96-474: A cease-fire was signed on 3 February. In this tense climate it was decided that a plebiscite would be held in the area asking its people which country the territory should join. Plebiscite commissioners arrived there at the end of January 1920 and after analysing the situation declared a state of emergency in the territory on 19 May 1920. The situation in the territory remained very tense. Mutual intimidation, acts of terror, beatings and even killings affected

144-575: A castle. The problem lay in exerting control and authority in each area when a leader could only be in one place at a time. To overcome this, they appointed castellans as their trusted vassals to manage a castle in exchange for obligations to the landlord, often a noble. In the 9th century, as fortifications improved and kings had difficulty making their subordinates pay their taxes or send the military aid they demanded, castellans grew in power, holding their fiefdoms without much concern for their overlord's demands. This changed as kings grew in power and as

192-521: A few. On 1 October 1938 Trans-Olza was annexed by Poland following the Munich Conference . On 1 September 1939 Zaolzie was annexed by Nazi Germany after it invaded Poland . During World War II Cieszyn Silesia was a part of Nazi Germany. Immediately after the war, its borders were returned to their 1920 state. Poland signed a treaty with Czechoslovakia in Warsaw on 13 June 1958 confirming

240-484: A free noble or a ministerialis , but either way, he administered the castle as a vassal . A ministerialis , was wholly subordinate to a lord and was under his control. Ministeriales replaced free nobles as castellans of Hohensalzburg under Conrad I of Abensberg ’s tenure as Archbishop of Salzburg from 1106 to 1147, beginning with Henry of Seekirchen in the 1130s. In the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary

288-1313: A local branch of Piast dynasty . In 1327 the duchy became a fee of the Kingdom of Bohemia , which after 1526 became part of the Habsburg monarchy . It witnessed heavy industrialization in the second half of the 19th century, several coal mines were dug here, most important was Alexander Coal Mine. According to the Austrian census of 1910 the village had 4,607 inhabitants, 4,568 of whom had permanent residence there. Census asked people for their native language, 198 (4.3%) were German-speaking, 3,480 (76.2%) were Czech-speaking and 890 (19.5%) were Polish-speaking. Most populous religious groups were Roman Catholics with 4,352 (94.5%) and Protestants with 215 (4.7%). 49°48′31″N 18°18′13″E  /  49.80861°N 18.30361°E  / 49.80861; 18.30361 Cieszyn Silesia Cieszyn Silesia , Těšín Silesia or Teschen Silesia ( Polish : Śląsk Cieszyński [ˈɕlɔ̃sk tɕɛˈʂɨj̃skʲi] ; Czech : Těšínské Slezsko [ˈcɛʃiːnskɛː ˈslɛsko] or Těšínsko [ˈcɛʃiːnsko] ; German : Teschener Schlesien or Olsagebiet )

336-423: A part of Upper Silesia . After Silesian Wars in the 18th century it was separated from the rest of Silesia, which began the process of forming its own specificity, to the extent that some contemporary authors claim that Cieszyn Silesia and Upper Silesia are separate regions. Cieszyn Silesia as a region consolidated in the 19th century, which later became a discrete eastern part of Austrian Silesia , crownland of

384-663: A sizeable Polish minority in Czechoslovakia and in practice created Trans-Olza , the eastern part of the Czech part of Cieszyn Silesia delimited by the Olza River. The division of 1920 had an immediate impact on the life of the region. Many families were divided by the new border. Several municipalities were divided between the two states— Cieszyn (PL) / Český Těšín (CS), Leszna Górna (PL) / Horní Líštná (CS), and Marklowice Górne (PL) / Dolní Marklovice (CS), to name

432-529: Is a historical region in south-eastern Silesia , centered on the towns of Cieszyn and Český Těšín and bisected by the Olza River . Since 1920 it has been divided between Poland and Czechoslovakia , and later the Czech Republic . It covers an area of about 2,280 square kilometres (880 sq mi) and has about 810,000 inhabitants, of which 1,002 square kilometres (387 sq mi) (44%)

480-536: Is also distinct for its dialect, the Cieszyn Silesian dialect , which differs from the other Silesian dialects spoken in Upper Silesia . It is a distinct dialect with predominantly Polish influences; Czech and German influences are also strong. The inhabitants of Cieszyn Silesia feel a strong regional (Cieszyn Silesian, Goral etc.) identity – locals will say they are (tu) stela (from here) – but

528-479: Is distinct in large part because of its Protestantism, which has an influence on the whole region. Some of the municipalities with a Protestant majority include those in the vicinity of Skoczów and Wisła , the only town in Poland with a Protestant majority. Protestant influence is reflected in the regional saying in the Cieszyn Silesian dialect "Dzierży sie twardo jak lutersko wiara kole Cieszyna." (Stays strong like

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576-561: Is in Poland, while 1,280 square kilometres (494 sq mi) (56%) is in the Czech Republic. The historical boundaries of the region are roughly the same as those of the former independent Duchy of Cieszyn . Currently, over half of Cieszyn Silesia forms one of the euroregions , the Cieszyn Silesia Euroregion , with the rest of it belonging to Euroregion Beskydy . From an administrative point of view,

624-776: Is in fact also partly rooted in a liberal and pluralistic attitude toward national and ethnic groups, liberal in comparison to other empires of that time, especially Prussia and the Russian Empire . Even in 2006 there were still portraits of Habsburg rulers on the wall in the assembly room of the Cieszyn local council. The most widespread folk costume in the area used to be a Cieszyn folk costume associated with Cieszyn Vlachs . In 1900 Cieszyn Silesia had 361,015 inhabitants, of whom 218,869 were Poles (60.6%), 85,553 Czechs (23.7%) and 56,240 Germans (15.6%). Castellan Philosophers Works A castellan , or constable ,

672-553: Is more densely populated than the southern part, which is more mountainous. The population density of Cieszyn Silesia is about 360/km (932/mi ). The southern, mountainous part of the region is home to the Silesian Gorals , the indigenous people of the region. They have their own distinct culture which has influenced the culture of whole region. Cieszyn Silesia is known for its religious pluralism. The most widespread religions are Roman Catholicism and Lutheranism . The region

720-572: The Biała River and Barania Góra mountain, the highest peak of the Polish part of the region at 1,220 metres (4,000 ft). The highest peak of the region is Lysá hora (1,323 m (4,341 ft)) in the Czech part. The region also borders Slovakia , along the Polom mountain range and Jablunkov Pass at Mosty u Jablunkova , and Moravia across the rivers Ostravice and Oder . Geomorphologically,

768-631: The Cisleithanian part of Austria-Hungary , which helped to form a distinct local identity based on language, religious and ethnic pluralism, and distinctiveness from other parts of Silesia . The region was inhabited by several ethnic groups. Most numerous were Poles (historically called also Wasserpolaks ), Czechs (mainly in the western part of the region), Germans (especially in the German language island of Bielsko-Biała ) and Jews . The northern part, strongly industrialised and urbanised,

816-569: The French Revolution . During the 19th and 20th centuries, châtelain was used to describe the owner of a castle or manor house, in many cases a figure of authority in his parish, akin to the English squire . In Germany the castellan was known as a Burgmann , or sometimes Hauptmann ("captain"), who reported to the lord of the castle, or Burgherr , also often known as the burgrave ( Burggraf ). The burgmann may have been either

864-467: The Habsburg Monarchy and Prussia it remained part of Austria , whereas most of Silesia became a part of Prussia. After the end of World War I , both of the two newly created independent states of Poland and Czechoslovakia claimed the area. Czechoslovakia claimed the area partly on historic and ethnic grounds, but especially on economic and strategic grounds. The area was important for

912-669: The Habsburg dynasty . From 1722, the dukes of Teschen hailed from the Dukes of Lorraine dynasty, from 1767 to 1822 from the Wettin dynasty , and from 1822 to 1918 from the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty. Cieszyn Silesia was cemented as a uniform historic, geopolitical, socio-cultural and economic entity during the period of Habsburg rule. It is distinct from the rest of Silesia because after the First Silesian War between

960-471: The Holy Roman Emperors replaced recalcitrant vassals with rival ministerial appointments. Usually the duties of a castellan consisted of military responsibility for the castle's garrison , maintaining defences and protecting the castle's lands, combined with the legal administration of local lands and workers including the castle's domestic staff. The responsibility applied even where there

1008-701: The Lodz Voivodeship , and Wojnicz now in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship or Otmuchów in Silesia . In France, castellans (known in French as châtelains ) who governed castellanies without a resident count , acquired considerable powers such that the position became hereditary. By the tenth century, the fragmentation of power had become so widespread that in Mâcon , for instance, where

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1056-767: The Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Anselm was the first such castellan, c. 1110. A castellan was established in Valletta on the island of Malta. In the Kingdom of Poland and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , castellans ( Polish : Kasztelan ) were the lowest rung of the territorial administration of the country and deferred to voivodes (with the exception of the Burgrave of Kraków (Polish Burgrabia krakowski ) who had precedence over

1104-633: The Piast dynasty . In 1327 Casimir I, Duke of Cieszyn , swore homage to the Bohemian king John of Bohemia , and the duchy became an autonomous fiefdom of the Kingdom of Bohemia and later the Bohemian Crown . Piast rule continued until 1653 and the death of the last Piast descendant, Elizabeth Lucretia, Duchess of Cieszyn , after which it lapsed directly to the Kings of Bohemia, at that time from

1152-616: The Voivode of Kraków ). Castellans were in charge of a subdivision of a voivodeship called the castellany (Polish Kasztelania ) until the 15th-century. From then on castellanies, depending on their size, either became provinces , or in the case of smaller domains were replaced by powiats and the castellan role became honorific and was replaced in situ by a Starosta . Castellans in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were of senatorial rank and were often appointed from

1200-520: The Czech invasion in 1919 was Poland's organising of elections to the Sejm (parliament) of Poland in the disputed area. The elections were to be held in the whole of Cieszyn Silesia. The Czechs claimed that the polls must not be held in the disputed area, as the delimitation was only interim and no sovereign rule should be executed there by any party. The Czech demand was rejected by the Poles and, following

1248-528: The Czechs, as the crucial railway line connecting Czech Silesia with Slovakia crossed the area (the Košice–Bohumín Railway , which was one of only two railroads that linked the Czech provinces to Slovakia at that time). The western area of Cieszyn Silesia is also very rich in coal . Many important coal mines , facilities and metallurgy factories are located there. The Polish side based its claim to

1296-726: The Lutheran faith around Cieszyn.) Several towns, especially Bielsko , Cieszyn and Fryštát , in the past had a larger Jewish community, but the local Jews were almost completely annihilated by the Nazis during World War II and the local Germans were all deported to Germany or Austria after the war. Today, many other religious, mostly Christian, denominations are present in small numbers, including Jehovah's Witnesses , Seventh-day Adventists and Pentecostals whose movement within Poland originated in Cieszyn Silesia. Cieszyn Silesia

1344-763: The Polish part of Cieszyn Silesia lies within the Silesian Voivodeship and comprises Cieszyn County , the western part of Bielsko County , and the western part of the town of Bielsko-Biała . The Czech part lies within the Moravian-Silesian Region and comprises the Karviná District , the eastern part of the Frýdek-Místek District , and the eastern parts of the Ostrava-City District and of

1392-637: The area of Cieszyn Silesia is located in the Western Carpathians and extends into the mesoregions: Major towns of the Polish part of the region include Cieszyn , Bielsko (western part of Bielsko-Biała ), Czechowice-Dziedzice , Skoczów , Strumień , Ustroń and Wisła . The Czech part of the region includes the eastern part of Ostrava (called Slezská Ostrava ), Bohumín , Český Těšín , Frýdek (the eastern part of Frýdek-Místek ), Havířov , Karviná , Orlová and Třinec . Historically Duchy of Teschen and therefore Cieszyn Silesia formed

1440-634: The area on ethnic criteria: a majority of the area's population was Polish according to the last (1910) Austrian census. Two local self-government councils, Polish and Czech, were created. Initially, both national councils claimed the whole of Cieszyn Silesia for themselves, the Polish Rada Narodowa Księstwa Cieszyńskiego in its declaration "Ludu śląski!" of 30 October 1918 and the Czech Národní výbor pro Slezsko in its declaration of 1 November 1918. On 31 October 1918, in

1488-538: The area. A plebiscite could not be held in this atmosphere. On 10 July both sides renounced the idea of plebiscite and entrusted the Conference of Ambassadors with the decision. Eventually 58.1% of the area of Cieszyn Silesia, along with 67.9% of the population, was taken over by Czechoslovakia on 28 July 1920 by decision of the Spa Conference . This decision divided a historically unified region, leaving

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1536-518: The border as it had existed on 1 January 1938. The Czech part of Cieszyn Silesia continued to be part of Czechoslovakia until the latter's dissolution in 1993 and since then has been part of the Czech Republic . The region is separated from the rest of Silesia (and Upper Silesia in particular) by the Vistula River (the part beginning in Strumień ) and from the region of Lesser Poland by

1584-497: The castellan of Uxelles annexed first Briançon , then Sennecey-le-Grand and finally l'Épervière. In other areas, castellans did not manage to rise to noble status and remained the local officer of a noble. During the Ancien Régime , castellans were heads of local royal administration, and their power was further delegated to their lieutenants. All remaining lordships and local royal administrators were suppressed during

1632-522: The castellan was called "várnagy", and in the Latin chronicles he appeared as "castellanus". The lord of the castle had very similar functions to those in German lands. In Hungary the King initially designated castellans from among his court for the administration of castles and estates. Later designation of castellans devolved to the most powerful noblemen. At one time there was a castellan nominated from among

1680-514: The castellanies of Ivry-la-Bataille , Nonancourt , Pacy-sur-Eure , Vernon and Gaillon , all in Normandy, which under in the treaty of Issoudun of 1195, after a war with King Richard I of England , were acquired for the French crown by Philip Augustus . Examples of castellanies in Poland include: Łęczyca and Sieradz (both duchies at one time), Spycimierz , Rozprza , Wolbórz now in

1728-478: The castellany was the basic unit of governance, there was no effective administrative level above it, so that the counts of Mâcon were largely ignored by their subordinate castellans from about 980 to 1030. In the 12th century châtelains had become "lords" in their own right and were able to expand their territories to include weaker castellanies. Thus the castellan of Beaujeu was able to take over lands in Lyons , or

1776-463: The city of Ostrava itself. Cieszyn Silesia covers the area of the former Duchy of Teschen, which existed from 1290 to 1918. Before 1290 the area constituted a castellany , which together with Castellany of Racibórz formed the Duchy of Racibórz in 1172. From 1202 it was a part of the united Duchy of Opole and Racibórz . From 1290 to 1653 the Duchy of Cieszyn/Teschen was ruled by the local branch of

1824-658: The death of her husband John de Bonvillars in 1287. The title of "governor" is retained in the English prison system , as a remnant of the medieval idea of the castellan as head of the local prison. During the Migration Period after the fall of the Western Roman Empire (third to sixth century), foreign tribes entered Western Europe, causing strife. The answer to recurrent invasion was to create fortified areas which evolved into castles . Some military leaders gained control of several areas, each with

1872-530: The death penalty, as when, in 1111, the Salzburg castellan caught the minister fomenting armed rebellion and had the offender blinded, "as one would a serf". Later the castellan came to serve as the representative of the people of his castellany. So happened in the case of the castellan of Bruges , when the burghers stood up for more privileges and liberties from the counts of Flanders . A particular responsibility in western Europe concerned jurisdiction over

1920-632: The newly created and independent central governments in Prague and Warsaw . The former was not satisfied with the situation and on 23 January 1919 invaded the area while both parties were engaged in much larger conflicts elsewhere, Poland in its war against the West Ukrainian National Republic and Czechoslovakia in the war with the Hungarian Soviet Republic over Upper Hungary . The impetus for

1968-500: The nobility, but not exclusively so. In Portugal, a castellan was known as an Alcaide . Later, the role of the alcaide became an honorary title awarded by the King of Portugal to certain nobles. As the honorary holder of the office of alcaide did not often live near the castle, a delegate started to be appointed to effectively govern it in his place. An honorary holder of the office became known as alcaide-mor (major alcaide ) and

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2016-413: The rejection, Czechs decided to resolve the issue by force. Czech units led by Colonel Josef Šnejdárek and Polish units commanded by General Franciszek Latinik clashed after the swift Czech advance near Skoczów where a battle took place on 28–30 January. It was inconclusive, and before the reinforced Czech forces could resume the attack on the town, they were pressed by Entente to stop operations and

2064-599: The resident Jewish communities bordering the English Channel . The Constable of the Tower of London and those castellans subordinate to the dukes of Normandy were responsible for their administration. Vivian Lipman posits four reasons for this: the castles provided defence, they were centres of administration, their dungeons were used as prisons, and castellans could turn to the Jewish community to borrow money as usury

2112-533: The vast majority declare themselves to be of Polish or Czech nationality in their respective national censuses. This is somewhat different from the situation in Upper Silesia where a tendency toward autonomy still exists . Local people however regard the Habsburg era rather fondly. The time of Maria Theresa and Franz Josef is viewed nostalgically as a time of justice, development, order and peace. This

2160-413: The wake of World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, most of the area was taken over by local Polish authorities. The short-lived interim agreement of 2 November 1918 reflected the inability of the two national councils to come to final delimitation , and on 5 November 1918 the area was divided between Poland and Czechoslovakia by another interim agreement. In 1919 the councils were absorbed by

2208-550: Was forbidden to Catholics. A castellany , or castellania, is a term denoting a district administered by a castellan. Castellanies appeared during the Middle Ages and in most current states are now replaced by a more modern type of county subdivision. The word is derived from castle and literally means the extent of land and jurisdiction attached to a given castle. There are equivalent, often cognate, terms in other languages. Examples of French châtelainies include

2256-425: Was no resident castellan at the castle, or if he was frequently absent. A castellan could exercise the power of the "ban" – that is, to hear court cases and collect fines, taxes from residents, and muster local men for the defence of the area or the realm. There are similarities with a lord of the manor . Castellans had the power to administer all local justice, including sentencing and punishments up to and including

2304-415: Was the governor of a castle in medieval Europe . Its surrounding territory was referred to as the castellany. The word stems from castellanus . A castellan was almost always male, but could occasionally be female, as when, in 1194, Beatrice of Bourbourg inherited her father's castellany of Bourbourg upon the death of her brother, Roger. Similarly, Agnes became the castellan of Harlech Castle upon

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