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45-660: Trần (陳) or Tran is the second most common Vietnamese surname after Nguyen . More than 10% of all Vietnamese people share this surname. The Tran ruled the Trần dynasty , a golden era in Vietnam, and successfully repelled the Mongol invasions of Vietnam , introducing improvements to Chinese gunpowder . During the Tran dynasty, arts and sciences flourished, and Chữ Nôm was used for the first time in mainstream poetry. Emperor Trần Nhân Tông

90-854: A "first-name basis", which involves their given names, accompanied by proper kinship terms . In a few localities of Vietnam, for examples, in Hanoi 's Sơn Đồng commune (Hoài Đức district), Tân Lập commune (Đan Phượng district), Cấn Hữu, Tân Hoà, Cộng Hoà, commune (Quốc Oai district), and in Hưng Yên province 's Liên Khê commune (Khoái Châu district), there is a custom of daughters taking the fathers' middle names, not family names, as their surnames; therefore arise such female surnames such as Đắc, Đình, Sỹ, Tri, Ngọc, Văn, Tiếp, Doãn, Quế, Danh, Hữu, Khắc, etc. Sons, in contrast, bear their fathers' family names as surnames. There exist several explanations for this custom: Most Vietnamese have one middle name (tên đệm), but it

135-518: A Vietnamese name. Vietnamese names have corresponding Hán character adopted early on during Chinese rule . Vietnamese script is fully transliterated (romanized), because the previous script, chữ Nôm , was replaced by chữ Quốc ngữ , which was made compulsory during the French colonial era . The family name (tên họ) is positioned first and is passed on by the father to his children in a traditionally patrilineal order , but exceptions are possible. It

180-399: A broader range of names has been used, and people named Thị usually omit their middle name because they do not like to call it with their name. Thị is a most common female middle name, and most common amongst pre-1975 generation but less common amongst younger generations. Thị ( 氏 ) is an archaic Sino-Vietnamese suffix meaning "clan; family; lineage; hereditary house" and attached to

225-571: A closer relationship such as between family members or between close friends. The label "intimate" refers to a very close relationship such as that between spouses or lovers. Tôi was an archaic noun meaning "servant", as in vua tôi ("the monarch and his servants"). There are parallel self-deprecating first-person pronominalizations of words for "servant" in other languages, such as 奴 ( nù ) in Eastern Min and 僕 ( boku ) in Japanese. Tôi

270-404: A few terms can be used based on how young or old the stranger appears: anh (young or middle-aged men), chị or cô (young or middle-aged women), ông (old men) and bà (old women); the reciprocal term would be the true pronoun tôi . For rather young people in their early twenties, the non-kinship term bạn ("friend") is also a recognized usage. Singular kinship terms can be pluralized using

315-459: A friendly way toward children. When addressing a stranger, the speaker may have to consider whether this person is a bit or a lot older or younger than themself or their parents. This could be done by asking and knowing their age, or simply through guesswork. If the speaker is rather young and talking to a very old person, the speaker generally defaults to ông or bà for the addressee and cháu or con for themself. In formal contexts, however, only

360-436: A pluralizer. The parenthetical information next to these pronoun forms indicates information about the social status between the speaker and another person (or persons). Thus, "inferior to superior" indicates that the speaker is in an inferior or lower social status with respect another person (such as the hearer) who is in a superior or higher social status. The label "familiar" indicates that the speaker and another person are in

405-400: A pronoun. These terms usually have only one grammatical person meaning and unlike kinship terms, do not serve multiple roles. Words such as "doctor", "teacher", "owner", etc. can be used as a second-person personal pronoun when needed. When referring to themselves, Vietnamese speakers, like speakers of Chinese , Japanese , and Korean languages, tend to deprecate their position while elevating

450-476: A suffix, similar to China and Korea . In recent years, doctors are more likely than any other social group to be addressed by their family name, but that form of reference is more common in the north than in the south. Some extremely famous people are sometimes referred to by their family names, such as Hồ Chí Minh ( Bác Hồ —" Uncle Hồ " ) (however, his real surname is Nguyễn), Trịnh Công Sơn ( nhạc Trịnh —" Trịnh music " ), and Hồ Xuân Hương ( nữ sĩ họ Hồ —"

495-582: A woman's original family name, but now is used to simply indicate the female sex. For example, the name "Trần Thị Mai Loan" means "Mai Loan, a female person of the Trần family"; meanwhile, the name "Nguyễn Lê Thị An" means "An, a female person of the Nguyễn and Lê families". Some traditional male middle names may include Văn ( 文 ), Hữu ( 友 ), Đức ( 德 ), Thành ( 誠 ), Công ( 公 ), Minh ( 明 ), and Quang ( 光 ). The middle name can have several uses, with

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540-592: Is "elder brother", "elder sister" or "younger sibling" depends on their relation to the speaker's parent's: for example, if the addressee is the younger brother of the speaker's mother's, his children are also always the speaker's "younger siblings" regardless of the ages of those cousins. If the speaker is married, they also inherit their spouse's cousinship, which means they will become an "older brother" or "older sister" regardless of their "younger sibling" cousins' ages. Outside of actual kinship, kinship terms are used depending on age differences, in informal contexts, or in

585-531: Is considerably less arrogant than the second person forms tao , mày , mi , bay . The pronoun mình , when referring to the singular first person, is used only in intimate relationships, such as between spouses. The pronominal forms in the table above can be modified with chúng as in chúng mày , chúng nó . Exclusive/inclusive plural distinctions exist in the first person: chúng tôi and chúng tao are exclusive (i.e., me and them but not you), chúng ta and chúng mình are inclusive (i.e., you and me). Some of

630-417: Is estimated that there are around 100 family names in common use, but some are far more common than others. The name Nguyễn was estimated to be the most common (40%) in 2005. The reason the top three names are so common is that people tended to take the family names of emperors, to show loyalty to particular dynasties in history. Over many generations, those family names became permanent. The following are

675-408: Is highlighted in a Vietnamese proverb: Bé bằng củ khoai, cứ vai mà gọi (Small as a potato, but call by rank). In practice, age differences are commonplace, and some people may be hesitant to take advantage of their superior cousin status. Despite this complicated system of kinship, when talking about cousins, even most Vietnamese are only concerned about anh họ , chị họ or em họ . Whether someone

720-483: Is inherited from older generations and through marriage. In this regard, grandparents, aunts and uncles, nieces and nephews, etc. are a kind of closer "cousins" to the speaker; the further a relative is, the further back the speaker has to trace in order to know exactly if they should use "grandpa", "grandma", "uncle", "aunt", etc. Distant cousins with "grandparent status" that are younger than the speaker may be referred to as ông/bà trẻ ("young grandpa/ma"). This phenomenon

765-663: Is limited. Further, some historical names may be written using different chữ Hán ( Chinese characters ), but are still written the same in the modern Vietnamese alphabet. According to the English-language Chicago Manual of Style , Vietnamese names in are indexed according to the " given name , then surname + middle name ", with a cross-reference placed in regards to the family name. Ngô Đình Diệm would be listed as "Diệm, Ngô Đình" and Võ Nguyên Giáp would be listed as "Giáp, Võ Nguyên". In Vietnamese, Vietnamese names are also typically sorted using

810-464: Is often used formally and conveys the connotation of equal status, regardless of age. Another word with the same semantic development is tớ , although it is used informally among similarly aged peers. Mình is still used as a noun with its original meaning, "body". It is also used as a reflexive pronoun in all persons. For example, Tôi biết mình không giỏi ("I know I (myself) am not good"), Nó tự hỏi mình ("They ask themself"). The first person tôi

855-455: Is quite common to have two or more or to have no middle name at all. Middle names can be standalone (e.g. Văn or Thị ), but is often combined with the given name for a more meaningful overall name, where the middle name is part of the overall given name. In the past, the middle name was selected by parents from a fairly narrow range of options. Almost all women had Thị ( 氏 ) as their middle name, and many men had Văn ( 文 ). More recently,

900-435: Is some flexibility as to which kinship terms should be used for people not related to the speaker, often only one term applies to people related by blood or marriage, for up to three generations. Some kinship terms are: Except the terms for "father", "mother" and "child", all others, such as "elder brother", "elder sister", "younger sibling", "uncle", "aunt", "nephew/niece/grandchild", etc. are usable for cousins, and cousinship

945-680: Is the only pronoun that can be used in polite speech. The first person ta is often used when talking to oneself as in a soliloquy, but also indicates a higher status of the speaker (such as that of a high official, etc.). The other superior-to-inferior forms in the first and second persons ( tao , mày , mi , bay ) are commonly used in familiar social contexts, such as among family members (e.g. older sister to younger sister, etc.). These forms are otherwise considered impolite, and various forms of pronoun avoidance such as using kinship terms are used instead. The third person form nó (used to refer to animals, children, and scorned adults, such as criminals)

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990-552: Is the primary form of address for Vietnamese. It is chosen by parents and usually has a literal meaning in the Vietnamese language . Names often represent beauty, such as bird or flower names, or attributes and characteristics that the parents want in their child, such as modesty ( Khiêm , 謙). Typically, Vietnamese will be addressed with their given name, even in formal situations, although an honorific equivalent to "Mr.", "Mrs.", etc. will be added when necessary. That contrasts with

1035-534: Is tonal and so are Vietnamese names. Names with the same spelling but different tones represent different meanings, which can confuse people when the diacritics are dropped, as is commonly done outside Vietnam (e.g. Đoàn ( [ɗʷà:n] ) vs Doãn ( [zʷǎ:ˀn] ), both become Doan when diacritics are omitted). Additionally, some Vietnamese names can only be differentiated via context or with their corresponding chữ Hán , such as 夏 (Hạ) or 賀 (Hạ). Anyone applying for Vietnamese nationality must also adopt

1080-468: The Vietnamese alphabet . Some more well-known saints' names are derived further into names that sound more Vietnamese or easier to pronounce for Vietnamese speakers. Some names may appear the same if simplified into a basic ASCII script, as for example on websites, but are different names: Typically, as in the above examples, it is middle or the last personal given name which varies, as almost any Hán-Nôm character may be used. The number of family names

1125-567: The Vietnamese population. The following list includes less-common surnames in alphabetical order which make up the other 10% (2005), now 16.3% (2022): In Vietnamese culture, women keep their family names once they marry, whilst the progeny tend to have the father's family name, although names can often be combined from a father's and mother's family name, e.g. Nguyễn Lê, Phạm Vũ, Kim Lý etc. In formal contexts, people are referred to by their full name. In more casual contexts, people are always on

1170-409: The audience still in use include quý khách (valued customer), quý vị (esteemed guests). Bạn (friend) is also popular among young people as a way of addressing each other. Vietnamese speakers also refer to themselves and others by name, eliminating the need for personal pronouns altogether. For example: Directly translated into English, the conversation would run thus: A normal translation of

1215-405: The audience. While many of these terms are obsolete, some remain in widespread usage. The most prominent is tôi , literally meaning "servant". It is used as a fairly neutral term for "I" (neither very friendly, nor very formal). Tớ , also meaning "servant", is also popular among young people to refer to themselves with close friends (used in conjunction with cậu for "lad"). Pronouns that elevate

1260-456: The conversation into English would be: While always referring to oneself or the audience by name would be considered strange in English, in Vietnamese it is considered friendly and slightly respectful, especially between acquaintances of different genders who are not very close (as to use even more familiar terms such as tao , mày ), or between young girls. Referring to oneself by name is also

1305-653: The family name, in formal religious contexts. Out of respect, clergy are usually referred to by saints' name. The saint's name also functions as a posthumous name , used instead of an individual's given name in prayers after their death. The most common saints' names are taken from the New Testament , such as Phêrô (Peter, or Pierre in French), Phaolô (Paul), Gioan (John), Maria (Mary), and Anna or they may remain as they are without Vietnamisation. Saints' names are respelled phonetically according to

1350-557: The forms ( ta , mình , bay ) can be used to refer to a plural referent, resulting in pairs with overlapping reference (e.g., both ta and chúng ta mean "inclusive we"). The other class of pronouns are known as "absolute" pronouns. These cannot be modified with the pluralizer chúng . Many of these forms are literary and archaic, particularly in the first and second person. Unlike the first type of pronoun, these absolute third person forms ( y , hắn , va ) refer only to animate referents (typically people). The form y can be preceded by

1395-409: The fourth being most common nowadays: The first three are not as common in the present-day as they are seen as too rigid and strictly conforming to family naming systems. Most middle names utilise the fourth, having a name to simply imply some positive characteristics. In most cases, the middle name is formally part of the given name (tên gọi). For example, the name "Đinh Quang Dũng" is separated into

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1440-511: The given name Kim Phúc . The Rade people in Vietnam's Central Highlands have a unique first name structure, with male names starting with the letter Y, and female names starting with the letter H. For examples, Y-Abraham, Y-Samuel, H'Mari, H'Sarah. Vietnamese Catholics are given a saint's name at baptism ( Vietnamese : tên thánh (holy name) or tên rửa tội (baptism name) ). Boys are given male saints' names, while girls are given female saints' names. This name appears first, before

1485-476: The high frequency of the same surnames in Vietnamese names, it has also become more popular to refer by middle and given name, which together officially is the given name. For example, Lê Mạnh Cường can be referred to as Mạnh Cường or simply as Cường . Since 2023, names in Vietnamese passports have been split into two lines, with the middle name treated as part of the given name. Vietnamese pronouns#Kinship terms Vietnamese terms of reference may imply

1530-424: The listener to sound respectful. True pronouns are categorized into two classes depending on if they can be preceded by the plural marker chúng , bọn, or các . Like other Asian pronominal systems, Vietnamese pronouns indicate the social status between speakers and others in the conversation in addition to grammatical person and number . The table below shows the first class of pronouns that can be preceded by

1575-497: The most common family names among Vietnamese, with their chữ Quốc ngữ spelling, and their corresponding Hán-Nôm characters, which are now obsolete. The figures are from a 2022 study 100 họ phổ biến ở Việt Nam (100 Most Popular Surnames/Family Names In Vietnam) from the Vietnamese Social Science Publisher ( Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội ). In 2005, these 14 names had accounted for around 90% of

1620-407: The plural marker các , as in các anh . When speaking to an audience in a formal context, kinship terms are often strung together to cover common individual relationships: các anh chị em refers to an audience of roughly the same age, while các ông bà anh chị em , sometimes abbreviated ÔBACE , refers to an audience of all ages. In Vietnamese, virtually any noun used for a person can be used as

1665-419: The pluralizer in southern dialects in which case it is more respectful than nó . The absolute pronoun người ta has a wider range of reference as "they, people in general, (generic) one, we, someone". Kinship terms are the most popular ways to refer to oneself and others. Anyone can be referred to using kinship terms, not just the speaker's relatives. The Vietnamese kinship terms are quite complex. While there

1710-473: The poetess with the family name Hồ " ). Traditionally, people in Vietnam, particularly North Vietnam, addressed parents using the first child's name: Mr and Mrs Anh or Master Minh. When being addressed within the family, children are sometimes referred to by their birth number, starting with one in the north but two in the south. That practice is less common recently, especially in the north. Double names are also common. For example, Phan Thị Kim Phúc has

1755-471: The preferred way used by music artists, or even actors, models, etc. However, in a kinship context, people with a lower rank cannot address their superiors by name. With the abolition of the monarchy in 1945, some pronouns, such as the royal trẫm and others related to royalty and Confucianism , have fallen out of use and are no longer applicable. Archaic pronouns include: With the exception of tôi , pronouns typically go hand-in-hand with another: when one

1800-536: The same order. But at the present, Vietnamese names are commonly indexed according " middle-name given-name then SURNAME " in Western name order , or " SURNAME then middle-name given-name " in Eastern name order , to determine exactly the part of surname, especially in media (TV, website, SNS) at events of sports games. This method is similar to Chinese names or Korean names in events. For example: Due to

1845-595: The situation in many other cultures in which the family name is used in formal situations, but it is a practice similar to usage in Icelandic usage and, to some degree, Polish . It is similar to the Latin-American and southern European custom of referring to women as " Doña/Dona " and men as " Don/Dom ", along with their first name. Addressing someone by the family name is rare. In the past, women were usually called by their (maiden) family name, with thị (氏) as

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1890-433: The social relationship between the speaker and the person being referred to, differences in age, and even the attitude of the speaker toward that person. Thus a speaker must carefully assess these factors to decide the appropriate term. Strangers may ask each other about age when they first meet to establish proper terms of address. If the speaker does not know the listener, there are certain pronoun pairs to address oneself and

1935-406: The surname "Đinh" and the given name "Quang Dũng". In a normal name list, those two parts of the full name are put in two different columns. However, in daily conversation, the last word in a given name with a title before it is used to call or address a person: "Ông Dũng", "Anh Dũng", etc., with "Ông" and "Anh" being words to address the person and depend on age, social position, etc. The given name

1980-453: The whole name, the given name, or a hierarchic pronoun , which usually connotes a degree of family relationship or kinship – but referring via given name is most common, as well as if degree of family relationship or kinship is unknown. In more informal contexts or in the Western world, given name can be written first then family name e.g. Châu Bùi or Thanh Trần . The Vietnamese language

2025-681: Was a great reformer of Chu Nom and the first emperor to use Chu Nom in Vietnamese poetry. Vietnamese surname Traditional Vietnamese personal names generally consist of three parts, used in Eastern name order . But not every name is conformant. For example: The "family name first" written order is usual throughout the East Asian cultural sphere or Sinosphere ; but "middle names" are less common in Chinese and Korean names and uncommon in Japanese names . Persons can be referred to by

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