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39-617: There are technically two separate commissions; the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China. Under the arrangement of " one institution with two names ", both commissions have identical personnel, organization and function, and operate under both the party and state systems. The commission's parallel hierarchy allows

78-400: A Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organization, so that in effect one institution has two or more governmental brands to use selectively for political, historical, or bureaucratic reasons. This type of arrangement was historically common until the mid-1980s, but has been extensively revived by reforms which began in 2017. Generally, the purpose of retaining the name of the state institution

117-671: A consequence of the Cultural Revolution , the Party CMC became the sole military overseeing body, and the National Defence Council was abolished in 1975. Deng Xiaoping 's efforts to institutionally separate the CCP and the state led to the establishment of today's State CMC , which was created in 1982 by the constitution of the People's Republic of China in order to formalize the role of the military within

156-715: A large internal structure and is a retained name for the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology ). According to scholar Anne-Marie Brady , the State Council Information Office is an example of a "public face" for "foreign propaganda work" of the Central Propaganda Department of the Chinese Communist Party . Chinese public universities' internal CCP committee and the universities' office of

195-575: A name" is when an organization that has absorbed another can continue to use said organization's name for bureaucratic purposes. For example, the United Front Work Department (UFWD) (a communist party institution) uses the name of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office (OCAO) (a state institution), which it absorbed in 2018, when making statements related to overseas Chinese affairs. In this case,

234-543: A state councillor) all assist the premier. Each vice premier oversees certain areas of administration in support of the premier. In practice, the vice premiers and State Councillors assume responsibility for one or more sectors or issues, and remain in contact with the various bodies responsible for policy related to that area. This allows the Standing Committee to oversee a wide range of government functions. Each State Councillor performs duties as designated by

273-503: Is also sometimes referred to as "one institution, two brands." Within Chinese bureaucratic nomenclature, "one institution with two names" is distinct from "co-located offices" ( Chinese : 合署办公 ; pinyin : héshǔ bàngōng ). In the latter situation, two institutions or agencies retain their distinct structure and personnel, and only share office spaces and physical resources. An organization can acquire an additional name when it

312-527: Is extremely opaque, and its meetings are almost never publicized. The CMC is composed of a chairman, vice chairpersons, and other members. The CMC chairman is usually concurrently the CCP general secretary . The most important chain of command runs from the CMC to the 15 general departments and, in turn, to each of the service branches ( ground , navy and air forces ). In addition, the CMC also has direct control over

351-726: Is frequently dropped from the title. As a commission, it ranks higher in the party hierarchy than departments such as the Organization or United Front Departments. In 1937 the CCP Central Revolutionary Military Commission was created after the Chinese Soviet Republic 's Chinese Red Army were integrated into the Kuomintang 's army for the anti-Japanese war, and it later evolved into the Central Military Commission after

390-409: Is responsible for multiple duties or uses an additional name when dealing with foreign institutions. This happens when two institutions or offices merged, with the original institution taking on the responsibilities and duties of the merged office by using only its existing resources. Such organizations usually do not have separate leadership or staff because of additional names. "Externally retaining

429-400: Is so that the party institution has the option of using it where it may be legally or aesthetically appropriate. For example, one name can be used domestically and another used when dealing with institutions outside China. The arrangement can be achieved by either " adding a name " ( 加挂牌子 ; jiā guà páizi ) or " externally retaining a name " ( 对外保留牌子 ; duìwài bǎoliú páizi ). The arrangement

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468-628: The 7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 1945. In this period, the committee was always chaired by Mao Zedong . In the September 1949 reorganization, military leadership was transferred to a government body, the People's Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central People's Government . The final coexistence of two military committees was set in 1954, as the CCP Central Military Commission

507-623: The CCP constitution , the members of the Party CMC are elected by the CCP's Central Committee . In practice, membership is very closely controlled by the CCP's Politburo Standing Committee . Similarly, the State CMC is constitutionally elected by the National People's Congress (NPC) and theoretically reports to the NPC and its Standing Committee , but is in practice indistinguishable from the Party CMC. This difference in elections results in

546-472: The Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The State Council is legally required to implement the policies of the CCP. Aside from a few, members of the State Council are also members of the CCP's Central Committee . The State Council is described by the Chinese constitution as the executive organ of the National People's Congress (NPC), as well as the "highest state administrative organ". Constitutionally,

585-592: The Ministry for National Defense but does not control the People's Liberation Army, which is instead controlled by the Central Military Commission (CMC). The State Council previously had joint command over the People's Armed Police (PAP) together with the CMC, principally through the Ministry of Public Security , though 2018 reforms placed the PAP solely under CMC command. The plenary session of

624-412: The National People's Congress , the highest organ of state power . It is composed of the premier, vice premiers, state councilors, ministers, chairpersons of commissions, the auditor-general, the governor of the People's Bank of China, and the secretary-general. The premier is responsible for the State Council and exercises overall leadership of its work. The secretary-general of the State Council, under

663-688: The Politburo has ultimate authority. In 2024, during the second session of the 14th National People's Congress , the Organic Law of the State Council was amended to mandate the CCP Central Committee 's leadership over the State Council. The amended law also stipulates the State Council must follow the CCP's ideology and policies. The State Council is composed of the premier , several vice premiers , several state councillors , ministers of ministries, directors of committees,

702-717: The Rocket Forces , the three arms of service that were previously part of the former Strategic Support Forces ( Aerospace Force , Information Support Force and Cyberspace Force ), the National Defense University , and the Academy of Military Sciences . Prior to 2016, the PLA was governed by four general departments. These were abolished after the military reforms in 2016 by order of Chairman Xi Jinping, replaced with 15 departments that report directly to

741-501: The CCP to supervise the political and military activities of the PLA, including issuing directives on senior appointments, troop deployments and arms spending. The CMC is chaired by Xi Jinping , the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and paramount leader . Almost all the members are senior generals, but the most important posts have always been held by the party's most senior leaders (who are civilians under

780-417: The CMC. The new 15 departments are: The Joint Staff Department is the nerve center of the entire Chinese military command and control system, responsible for daily administrative duties of the CMC. The General Office processes all CMC communications and documents, coordinate meetings, and convey orders and directives to other subordinate organs. The Central Military Commission Joint Operations Command Center

819-551: The Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China. However, under the arrangement of " one institution with two names ", both commissions have identical personnel, organization and function. The commission's parallel hierarchy allows the CCP to supervise the political and military activities of the PLA, including issuing directives on senior appointments, troop deployments and arms spending. The CMC

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858-654: The PLA: Assessing Chinese Military Reforms . Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press. ISBN   978-1070233420 . One institution with two names " One institution with two names " ( Chinese : 一个机构两块牌子 ; pinyin : yīgè jīgòu liǎng kuài páizi ; lit. 'one agency two signs') is a bureaucratic arrangement in the Chinese government wherein a government agency exists in name only, and its functions are in practice performed by another agency or

897-611: The Premier. The secretary-general heads the General Office which handles the day-to-day work of the State Council. The State Council includes 26 constituent departments, and oversees the province-level governments throughout China. Each ministry supervises one sector. Commissions outrank ministries and set policies for and coordinate the related activities of different administrative organs. Offices deal with matters of ongoing concern. The establishment, dissolution, or merger of

936-434: The State Council meets every six months, composed of all members of the State Council. Between meetings it is guided by an Executive Meeting of the State Council  [ zh ] which is held two to three times a month, and can be called at the discretion of the premier. The Executive Meeting is composed of the premier, vice premiers, state councilors, and the secretary-general. (first-ranked) The Plenary Meeting of

975-600: The armed forces of the People's Republic of China, including the People's Liberation Army (PLA), the People's Armed Police (PAP), and the Militia. In China's state-party-military tripartite political system, the CMC itself is a decision-making body whose day-to-day affairs are not nearly as transparent as that of the Central Committee or the State Council . As one of China's three main decision-making bodies

1014-487: The auditor general, and the secretary-general . The premier leads the State Council and is appointed by the NPC upon the nomination by the president , though in practice the premier is chosen within the CCP leadership, including the Politburo Standing Committee . The vice premiers (one executive and generally three others), state councillors, and a secretary-general (who normally also serves as

1053-422: The constituent departments are proposed by the premier and decided by the NPC or its Standing Committee. Bureaus and administrations rank below ministries. In addition to the ministries, there are 38 centrally administered government organizations that report directly to the state council. The heads of these organizations attend full meetings of the state committee on an irregular basis. The State Council controls

1092-456: The four traditional general departments were dissolved by order of Chairman Xi Jinping, and in their place 15 new departments were created as part of the ongoing modernization of the PLA. According to the Law of the People's Republic of China on National Defense, the CMC exercises leadership over border, maritime, air and other critical security defense. The CMC has the ultimate command authority over

1131-737: The government structure. Both the National Defense Commission and State CMC have been described as 'consultative' bodies. Contrarily to the National Defense Council, however, the party and state CMCs are almost identical in leadership, composition, and powers. The Commission included the post of secretary-general until 1992. This post was held by Yang Shangkun (1945–1954), Huang Kecheng (1954–1959), Luo Ruiqing (1959–1966), Ye Jianying (1966–1977), Luo Ruiqing (1977–1979), Geng Biao (1979–1981), Yang Shangkun (1981–1989), Yang Baibing (1989–1992). In 2016,

1170-542: The leadership of the premier, is responsible for handling the daily work of the State Council and heads the General Office of the State Council. The executive meeting of the State Council, consisting of the premier, vice premiers, state councillors and the secretary-general, meets two to three times a month, while the plenary session, consisting of all members of the State Council, meets every six months. The State Council directly oversees provincial-level People's Governments, and in practice maintains membership with top levels of

1209-416: The main functions of the State Council are to formulate administrative measures, issue decisions and orders, and monitor their implementation; draft legislative bills for submission to the NPC or its Standing Committee; and prepare the economic plan and the state budget for deliberation and approval by the NPC. The State Council has flexibility in decision-making, especially with regard to economic matters, but

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1248-812: The only difference in membership between the two bodies, as party organs, such as the Party Congress and the Central Committee assemble at different times than the National People's Congress. For example, some were elected into the Party CMC in the 16th Party Congress in November 2002, but they entered the State CMC in March 2003, when the 1st Session of the 10th NPC convened. Saunders, Phillip C.; Ding, Arthur S.; Scobell, Andrew; Yang, Andrew N.D.; Joel, Wuthnow, eds. (2019). Chairman Xi Remakes

1287-609: The organization may have a separate nominal leadership team for the nominal organization, that concurrently can also serve in the leadership of the bigger organization (e.g. Chen Xu both officially serves as the director of the OCAO and a deputy head of the UFWD). In some cases, the nominal organization can seemingly retain their internal structures (e.g. the China National Space Administration seemingly has

1326-481: The president increasingly operate as one institution with two names. State Council of the People%27s Republic of China The State Council of the People's Republic of China , also known as the Central People's Government , is the chief administrative authority and the national cabinet of China . It is constitutionally the highest administrative organ of the country and the executive organ of

1365-551: The principle that the Party commands the Gun ) to ensure the loyalty of the armed forces. The CMC is housed in the Ministry of National Defense compound ("August 1st or 'Eight-One' Building") in western Beijing . The party military committee dates back to October 1925, and while operating under various degrees of authority and responsibility, was consistently named the CCP Central Military Commission. Among Western commentators, “Affairs”

1404-489: The rank of general by the virtue of their office. The make-up of the current Central Military Commission of the CCP was determined at the 20th Party Congress held in October 2022; the state commission was confirmed at the 1st Session of the 14th National People's Congress . As of 2024, China's Ministry of National Defense lists its high command as: Political Commissioner: PLAGF Gen Zheng Xuan (郑璇) According to

1443-401: The relative influence of the CMC can vary depending on the time period and the leaders. Unlike in most countries, the Central Military Commission is not an organizational equivalent of other government ministries. Although China does have a Ministry of National Defense , it exists solely for liaison with foreign militaries and does not have command authority. There are two separate commissions;

1482-636: Was re-established, while state military authority rested into a National Defense Council of the People's Republic of China chaired by the President in keeping with the 1954 Constitution. As Mao Zedong was also the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and led military affairs as a whole, the CMC and NDC's day-to-day work was carried out by its first-ranking vice-chairman, a post which was occupied by Lin Biao until his death in 1971, then by Ye Jianying . As

1521-562: Was separated from the Joint Staff in the 2015 reforms and made directly commanded by the CMC. As well as serving as the command center for overall PLA joint operations, it supervises the Joint Operation Command Organs of each of the five command theaters. According to military regulations, the chairman of the CMC shall be conferred with no military rank, while vice chairmen and members of the CMC are conferred

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