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38-1058: The Lymantriinae (formerly called the Lymantriidae ) are a subfamily of moths of the family Erebidae . The taxon was erected by George Hampson in 1893. Many of its component species are referred to as "tussock moths" of one sort or another. The caterpillar, or larval, stage of these species often has a distinctive appearance of alternating bristles and haired projections. Many tussock moth caterpillars have urticating hairs (often hidden among longer, softer hairs), which can cause painful reactions if they come into contact with skin. The subfamily Lymantriinae includes about 350 known genera and over 2,500 known species found in every continent except Antarctica . They are particularly concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa , India , Southeast Asia , and South America . One estimate lists 258 species in Madagascar alone. Apart from oceanic islands, notable places that do not host lymantriines include

76-606: A family of marine ray-finned fishes . These fishes make up the Liparidae, which is classified within the order Scorpaeniformes. Widely distributed from the Arctic to Antarctic Oceans , including the oceans in between, the snailfish family contains more than 30 genera and about 410 described species, but there are also many undescribed species . Snailfish species can be found in depths ranging from shallow coastal waters to more than 8,300 m (27,200 ft), and species of

114-632: A shoal of Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis snailfish at a depth of approximately 7,700 m (25,300 ft) in the Japan Trench . These were, at the time, the deepest living fish ever recorded on film. The record was surpassed by a snailfish that was filmed at a depth of 8,145 m (26,722 ft) in December 2014 in the Mariana Trench , and extended in May 2017 when another was filmed at

152-477: A depth of 8,178 m (26,831 ft) in the Mariana Trench. The species in these deepest records remain undescribed , but it has been referred to as the "ethereal snailfish". The deepest-living described species is Pseudoliparis swirei , also of the Mariana Trench, which has been recorded to 8,076 m (26,496 ft). In 2023, the record was further extended when an unknown species of snailfish

190-511: A mutation in bglap which prevents cartilage calcification, revealed in their skulls. Further, their genome includes increased amounts of genes encoding enzymes for beta oxidation and transport proteins, thereby increasing membrane fluidity. Snailfish have an elongated, tadpole -like shape. Their heads are large in comparison to their body and they have small eyes. Their bodies are slender but deep and they taper to very small tails. The extensive dorsal and anal fins may merge or nearly merge with

228-496: A weight of 21 kg (46 lb), but most species are smaller. Snailfish are of no interest to commercial fisheries . It was difficult to initially study snailfish species that dwell at deeper levels because they would explode upon being brought to the surface, but researchers did manage to study the bones of the animal. Snailfish habitats vary widely. They are found in oceans worldwide, ranging from shallow intertidal zones to depths of more than 8,300 m (27,200 ft) in

266-540: Is a dynamic discipline, and recent phylogenetic studies have reclassified the family Lymantriidae as the subfamily Lymantriinae of the newly formed family Erebidae . The studies found that the family Lymantriidae form a specialized lineage within the Erebidae and is part of a clade that includes the litter moths ( Herminiinae ), the Aganainae , and the tiger and lichen moths ( Arctiinae ). The reclassification affected

304-602: Is absent in Paraliparis and Nectoliparis species. Research has revealed that maximum depth of living can be a significant predictor for loss of the pelvic disk in certain species of snailfish. Based on phylogenetic analysis, this ancestral feature has been lost three separate times in Snailfish. Snailfish range in size from Paraliparis australis at 5 cm (2.0 in) to Polypera simushirae at some 77 cm (30 in) in length. The latter species may reach

342-437: Is an example of a botanical subfamily. Detarioideae is a subdivision of the family Fabaceae (legumes), containing 84 genera. Stevardiinae is an example of a zoological subfamily. Stevardiinae is a large subdivision of the family Characidae , a diverse clade of freshwater fish . This biology article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Snailfish The snailfishes or sea snails are

380-918: Is known about snailfish courtship behavior but males of Careproctus pallidus are believed to wiggle their bodies as attractive or aggressive display. It is thought that in an environment so dark, it is hard to find and win contests for a mate. Therefore, snailfish use hydrodynamic signals that are felt by the mechanosensory lateral line to communicate. Larval snailfish feed on a mix of plankton , small and large copepods , and amphipods . The larval diet of three Beaufort Sea snailfish species contained 28 food categories, mainly copepods and amphipods. Snailfish prey can be grouped into six main categories: gammarid , krill , natantian decapods , other crustaceans, fish, and others. Size also affects snailfish diets; snailfish smaller than 50 mm primarily eat gammarids, while species larger than 100 mm primarily eat natantian decapods. Species larger than 150 mm have

418-555: Is likely the maximum depth possible for any vertebrate. There are indications that the larvae of at least some hadal snailfish species spend time in open water at relatively shallow depths, less than 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Reproductive strategies vary extensively among snailfish species, though it is thought that many abyssal benthic snailfish spawn seasonally and for relatively long intervals. As far as known, it appears that all species lay eggs that are relatively large in size (diameter up to 9.4 mm [0.37 in]) and

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456-580: Is to be given nomenclatural precedence over the family-group names Orgyiidae Wallengren, 1861, and Dasychiridae Packard, 1864, when applied to the same taxon. As pointed out, "Liparidae" once was an alternative family name for the Lymantriidae, but nowadays " Liparidae " is firmly established as the name of a family of fish, and according to the conventions of zoological taxonomy, family names have to be unique, even though they are permitted to coincide with botanical names. Subfamily Detarioideae

494-632: The Antilles and New Caledonia . Adult moths of this subfamily do not feed. They usually have muted colours (browns and greys), although some are white, and tend to be very hairy. Some females are flightless, and some have reduced wings. Usually, the females have a large tuft at the end of the abdomen. The males, at least, have tympanal organs . They are mostly nocturnal, but Schaefer lists 20 confirmed diurnal species and 20 more likely diurnal species (based on reduced eye size). The larvae are also hairy, often with hairs packed in tufts, and in many species

532-477: The Douglas-fir tussock moth Orgyia pseudotsugata, and the nun moth Lymantria monacha . They tend to have broader host plant ranges than most Lepidoptera. Most feed on trees and shrubs, but some are known from vines, herbs, grasses, and lichens. Most genera are classified into the following tribes, while others remain unclassified ( incertae sedis ): See also the list of Lymantriinae genera . Taxonomy

570-530: The Gulf of St. Lawrence . The single species in genus Rhodichthys is endemic to the Norwegian Sea . Other species are found on muddy or silty bottoms of continental slopes . Most snailfish species live in habitats no deeper than the bathyal zone (less than 4,000 m [13,000 ft] deep), but the family also includes the deepest-living species of fish. In October 2008, a UK-Japan team discovered

608-580: The Terpeniya Bay that purely eat zooplankton, setting them apart from other snailfish. The snailfish that live in the northern hemisphere also display a higher starvation tolerance, and while it is still being studied, it is suggested that this is due to the triglycerol and cholesterol levels in this species. The snailfish have different lipid concentrations depending on their habitat, making some of them better-suited for longer periods without feeding than others. The ambush hunting methods employed by

646-430: The hadal zone . This is a wider depth range than any other family of fish. They are strictly found in cold waters, meaning that species of tropical and subtropical regions strictly are deepwater. They are common in most cold marine waters and are highly resilient, with some species, such as Liparis atlanticus and Liparus gibbus , having type-1 antifreeze proteins . It is the most species-rich family of fish in

684-525: The Antarctic region, generally found in relatively deep waters (shallower Antarctic waters are dominated by Antarctic icefish ). The diminutive inquiline snailfish ( Liparis inquilinus ) of the northwestern Atlantic is known to live out its life inside the mantle cavity of the scallop Placopecten magellanicus . Liparis tunicatus lives amongst the kelp forests of the Bering Strait and

722-565: The Liparid family have been found in seven ocean trenches . The snailfish family, Liparidae, was first proposed by the American biologist Theodore Gill in 1861. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this family within superfamily Cyclopteroidea , part of the suborder Cottoidei of the order Scorpaeniformes . Other authorities do not recognise this superfamily and classify

760-462: The World: Volume 2 , Allen Watson, D. S. Fletcher and I. W. B. Nye wrote: Lymantriidae Hampson, [1893], Fauna Br. India (Moths) 1: 432. This family was first separated under the name Lariidae Newman, 1832, Sphinx vespiformis; an essay: 40, 44 (as Lariae), based on the nominal genus Laria Schrank, 1802, a junior homonym of Laria Scopoli, 1763. The next name established for this family

798-459: The Yap hadal snailfish and Mariana hadal snailfish have been found to contain an abundance of the fmo3 gene, which produces the trimethylamine N -oxide (TMAO) protein stabilizer. Analysis of Yap hadal snailfish reveals a loss of olfactory receptors and gain of taste receptors, possibly due to the fairly restricted availability of food in the deep-sea. Additionally, perhaps due to lack of light in

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836-464: The deep sea, the Yap genome includes fewer copies of crystallin genes, which encode proteins that sense light and assist in focused vision, in comparison to other teleosts. Meanwhile, Mariana hadal snailfish have lost several photoreceptor genes, decreasing their vision capabilities (especially in terms of color), and have completely lost the mc1r pigmentation gene, rendering them colorless. Mariana hadal snailfish also have adjusted to pressure due to

874-509: The developing eggs around in his mouth. Some other species of the genus Careproctus , are parasitic , laying their eggs in the gill cavities of king crabs . The eggs put pressure on the crabs gills which can cause the gill tissue to be damaged or die altogether. However, the survival of snailfish larvae has been shown to increase by the snailfish utilizing the crab host species as a way to care for and aerate their eggs. The eggs themselves are self-adhesive and tend to form masses that replicate

912-414: The eggs are covered by a froth that soon hardens or are camouflaged by material the female collects and sticks to them. In the larvae of some species, hairs are gathered in dense tufts along the back and this gives them the common name of tussocks or tussock moths . Lymantria means "destroyer", and several species are important defoliators of forest trees, including the spongy moth Lymantria dispar ,

950-556: The family by Ferguson, 1978, in Dominick et al., Moths Am. N. of Mexico 22 (2), the family name Lymantriidae has been adopted. Because of the overwhelming worldwide use of the name Lymantriidae an application has been submitted by D. S. Fletcher, I. W. B. Nye and D. C. Ferguson to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature requesting them to rule that the family-group name Lymantriidae Hampson, [1893]

988-436: The former family as a whole and largely kept the clade intact. This description clarifies the standing of the former name "Lymantriidae" relative to other proposed names, e.g. Liparidae and other currently unacceptable alternatives. It authoritatively explains the status of the family name Lymantriidae and its various alternatives as matters stood towards the end of the 20th century: In the 1980 The Generic Names of Moths of

1026-426: The hairs break off very easily and are extremely irritating to the skin (especially members of the genus Euproctis ). This highly effective defence serves the moth throughout its life cycle. The hairs are incorporated into the cocoon . An emerging adult female of some species collects and stores the hairs at the tip of the abdomen and uses them to camouflage and protect the eggs as they are laid. In other species,

1064-429: The head, part of the animals' lateral line system. The pectoral fins are large and provide the snailfish with its primary means of locomotion, although they are fragile. In some species such as the antarctic Paraliparis devries i, the pectoral fins have an expanded somatosensory system, including a taste bud. The snailfish are benthic fish with pelvic fins modified to form an adhesive disc; this nearly circular disc

1102-502: The highest proportion of fish in their diet. The largest snailfish species tend to be piscivorous . With the Okhotsk snailfish ( Liparis ochotensis ), the ratio between food intake and body weight changes as the organism grows; it is also highly seasonally variable. When the local environment experiences an increase in shrimp and crangonidae numbers, there is also a subsequent decrease in decapods. There are also snailfish localized to

1140-420: The last paragraph Liparidae was the most widely used during the nineteenth century; Orgyiidae and Dasychiridae had minor usage, but neither name became widely adopted. During the present century, Orgyiidae has been used occasionally in contrast with Lymantriidae, which has been used many hundreds of times throughout the world. In North America, the use of Liparidae has continued until, in the most recent revision of

1178-466: The morphology of the deep-sea snailfish, it may be evident that these snailfish have adapted to their extreme environment by having a short life span compared to other organisms in the same hadal environment. Many species are located in hadal trenches, which are inherently high-disturbance areas, including lots of seismic activity which can trigger turbidity flows. Because of this, they live significantly shorter lifespans than shallower species. Very little

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1216-475: The number of eggs is species dependent. The larger size of eggs in hadal snailfish species indicates continuous spawning. Some species deposit their egg masses among cold-water corals , kelp , stones, or xenophyophores and males will sometimes guard the egg mass. At least one species, Careproctus ovigerus of the North Pacific, is known to practice mouth brooding where the male snailfish carries

1254-493: The shape of the internal branchial chambers of crabs. Additionally, at least one species of snailfish that utilize the golden king crab as a host, Careproctus pallidus, has larvae with a lower energy content than normal for most marine fish. A possible explanation for starting life with less energy is due to the safety provided by the king crab, allowing the adult snailfish to not expend as much energy producing an energy-rich yolk sac. A different species, Careproctus rhodomelas ,

1292-640: The tail fin. Snailfish are scaleless with a thin, loose gelatinous skin which surrounds the spine and can vary in terms of size and shape between species. The gelatinous layer has a high water and low protein, lipid and carbohydrate content, therefore it can provide growth with low metabolic cost. This may aid species in avoiding predation and conserving energy, especially for deep sea snailfish who live in low energy conditions. Some species, such as Acantholiparis opercularis , have prickly spines as well. Their teeth are small and simple with blunt cusps. The deep-sea species have prominent, well-developed sensory pores on

1330-782: The two families within it, Cyclopteridae and Liparidae, within the infraorder Cottales alongside the sculpins , within the order Perciformes . An osteological analysis found that the genus Bathylutichthys was intermediate between the Psychrolutidae and the two families making up the Cyclopteroidea, meaning that those two families would not be supported as a superfamily within the Cottoidei . Species of deep-sea snailfish have been studied and compared to other ray-finned fishes (also known as teleosts) to analyze their adaptions to deep-sea conditions. The genomes of both

1368-411: Was Liparidae Boisduval, 1834, Icon. hist. Lèpid. nouv. ou peu connus 2: 134 (as Liparides), based on the nominal genus Liparis Ochsenheimer, 1810, a junior homonym of Liparis Scopoli, 1777. Neither of these family-group names may be used as a valid name, the type-genus in each case being a junior homonym. These names have also been established for the family: Of the family-group names listed in

1406-760: Was filmed at a depth of 8,336 m (27,349 ft) in the Izu–Ogasawara Trench . In general, snailfish (notably genera Notoliparis and Pseudoliparis ) are the most common and dominant fish family in the hadal zone . Through genomic analysis it was found that Pseudoliparis swirei possesses multiple molecular adaptions to survive the intense pressures of a deep sea environment, including pressure-tolerant cartilage , pressure-stable proteins, increased transport protein activity, higher cell membrane fluidity, and loss of eyesight and other visual characteristics such as color. However, because of biochemical restrictions, 8,000–8,500 m (26,200–27,900 ft)

1444-518: Was found to be a batch spawner, laying multiple batches of large eggs multiple times throughout its lifetime. After the eggs hatch, some species rapidly reach the adult size and only live for about one year, but others have life spans of more than a decade. Otolith analysis (the investigation of snailfish ear bone) gives an abundance of insight into longevity of life by seeing how it is broken into alternating translucent and opaque zones. This relays information about annual growth. By further examining

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