Tariq ( Arabic : طارق ) is an Arabic word and given name.
48-522: The word is derived from the Arabic verb طرق , ( ṭaraqa ), meaning "to strike", and into the agentive conjugated doer form طارق , ( ṭāriq ), meaning "striker". It became popular as a name after Tariq ibn Ziyad , a Muslim military leader who conquered Iberia in the Battle of Guadalete in 711 AD. Ṭariq is used in classical Arabic to refer to a visitor at night (a visitor "strikes"
96-465: A Wati language wherein the correlating verb classes are presented below also by their imperative verbal endings -la, -∅, -ra and -wa respectively Ngarla , a member of the Ngayarda sub-family of languages has a binary conjugation system labelled: In the case of Ngarla, there is a notably strong correlation between conjugation class and transitivity, with transitive/ditransitive verbs falling in
144-505: A cognate of the word substantive as the basic term for noun (for example, Spanish sustantivo , "noun"). Nouns in the dictionaries of such languages are demarked by the abbreviation s. or sb. instead of n. , which may be used for proper nouns or neuter nouns instead. In English, some modern authors use the word substantive to refer to a class that includes both nouns (single words) and noun phrases (multiword units that are sometimes called noun equivalents ). It can also be used as
192-624: A noun is a word that represents a concrete or abstract thing, such as living creatures, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, and ideas. A noun may serve as an object or subject within a phrase, clause, or sentence. In linguistics , nouns constitute a lexical category ( part of speech ) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The syntactic occurrence of nouns differs among languages. In English, prototypical nouns are common nouns or proper nouns that can occur with determiners , articles and attributive adjectives , and can function as
240-544: A or an (in languages that have such articles). Examples of count nouns are chair , nose , and occasion . Mass nouns or uncountable ( non-count ) nouns differ from count nouns in precisely that respect: they cannot take plurals or combine with number words or the above type of quantifiers. For example, the forms a furniture and three furnitures are not used – even though pieces of furniture can be counted. The distinction between mass and count nouns does not primarily concern their corresponding referents but more how
288-445: A person , place , thing , event , substance , quality , quantity , etc., but this manner of definition has been criticized as uninformative. Several English nouns lack an intrinsic referent of their own: behalf (as in on behalf of ), dint ( by dint of ), and sake ( for the sake of ). Moreover, other parts of speech may have reference-like properties: the verbs to rain or to mother , or adjectives like red ; and there
336-411: A counterpart to attributive when distinguishing between a noun being used as the head (main word) of a noun phrase and a noun being used as a noun adjunct . For example, the noun knee can be said to be used substantively in my knee hurts , but attributively in the patient needed knee replacement . A noun can co-occur with an article or an attributive adjective . Verbs and adjectives cannot. In
384-586: A few Uralic and Australian Aboriginal languages , predicative adjectives and copular complements take affixes that are identical to those used on predicative verbs, but their negation is different. For example, in Turkish : Under negation, that becomes (negative affixes in bold): Therefore, the person agreement affixes used with predicative adjectives and nominals in Turkic languages are considered to be nonverbal in character. In some analyses, they are viewed as
432-515: A form of person agreement that is distinct from that used on ordinary predicative verbs . Although that is a form of conjugation in that it refers back to the person of the subject, it is not "verbal" because it always derives from pronouns that have become clitic to the nouns to which they refer. An example of nonverbal person agreement, along with contrasting verbal conjugation, can be found from Beja (person agreement affixes in bold): Another example can be found from Ket : In Turkic , and
480-418: A form of verbal takeover by a copular strategy. These common grammatical categories affect how verbs can be conjugated: Here are other factors that may affect conjugation: Indo-European languages usually inflect verbs for several grammatical categories in complex paradigms , although some, like English, have simplified verb conjugation to a large extent. Below is the conjugation of the verb to be in
528-463: A language. Nouns may be classified according to morphological properties such as which prefixes or suffixes they take, and also their relations in syntax – how they combine with other words and expressions of various types. Many such classifications are language-specific, given the obvious differences in syntax and morphology. In English for example, it might be noted that nouns are words that can co-occur with definite articles (as stated at
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#1732790847114576-417: A noun that represents a unique entity ( India , Pegasus , Jupiter , Confucius , Pequod ) – as distinguished from common nouns (or appellative nouns ), which describe a class of entities ( country , animal , planet , person , ship ). In Modern English, most proper nouns – unlike most common nouns – are capitalized regardless of context ( Albania , Newton , Pasteur , America ), as are many of
624-525: A similar verbal paradigm. Some historic verb forms are used by Shakespeare as slightly archaic or more formal variants ( I do , thou dost , he doth ) of the modern forms. Some languages with verbal agreement can leave certain subjects implicit when the subject is fully determined by the verb form. In Spanish , for instance, subject pronouns do not need to be explicitly present, but in French, its close relative, they are obligatory. The Spanish equivalent to
672-586: A singular or a plural verb and referred to by a singular or plural pronoun, the singular being generally preferred when referring to the body as a unit and the plural often being preferred, especially in British English, when emphasizing the individual members. Examples of acceptable and unacceptable use given by Gowers in Plain Words include: Concrete nouns refer to physical entities that can, in principle at least, be observed by at least one of
720-401: A specific sex. The gender of a pronoun must be appropriate for the item referred to: "The girl said the ring was from her new boyfriend , but he denied it was from him " (three nouns; and three gendered pronouns: or four, if this her is counted as a possessive pronoun ). A proper noun (sometimes called a proper name , though the two terms normally have different meanings) is
768-470: A subclass of nouns parallel to prototypical nouns ). For example, in the sentence "Gareth thought she was weird", the word she is a pronoun that refers to a person just as the noun Gareth does. The word one can replace parts of noun phrases, and it sometimes stands in for a noun. An example is given below: But one can also stand in for larger parts of a noun phrase. For example, in the following example, one can stand in for new car . Nominalization
816-748: Is a phrase usually headed by a common noun, a proper noun, or a pronoun. The head may be the only constituent, or it may be modified by determiners and adjectives . For example, "The dog sat near Ms Curtis and wagged its tail" contains three NPs: the dog (subject of the verbs sat and wagged ); Ms Curtis (complement of the preposition near ); and its tail (object of wagged ). "You became their teacher" contains two NPs: you (subject of became ); and their teacher . Nouns and noun phrases can typically be replaced by pronouns , such as he, it, she, they, which, these , and those , to avoid repetition or explicit identification, or for other reasons (but as noted earlier, current theory often classifies pronouns as
864-494: Is a process whereby a word that belongs to another part of speech comes to be used as a noun. This can be a way to create new nouns, or to use other words in ways that resemble nouns. In French and Spanish, for example, adjectives frequently act as nouns referring to people who have the characteristics denoted by the adjective. This sometimes happens in English as well, as in the following examples: For definitions of nouns based on
912-426: Is also the traditional term for a group of verbs that share a similar conjugation pattern in a particular language (a verb class ). For example, Latin is said to have four conjugations of verbs. This means that any regular Latin verb can be conjugated in any person, number, tense, mood, and voice by knowing which of the four conjugation groups it belongs to, and its principal parts. A verb that does not follow all of
960-487: Is called a lemma . The term conjugation is applied only to the inflection of verbs, and not of other parts of speech (inflection of nouns and adjectives is known as declension ) . Also it is generally restricted to denoting the formation of finite forms of a verb – these may be referred to as conjugated forms , as opposed to non-finite forms , such as an infinitive , gerund , or participle which respectively comprise their own grammatical categories . Conjugation
1008-527: Is derived from the Latin term, through the Anglo-Norman nom (other forms include nomme , and noun itself). The word classes were defined partly by the grammatical forms that they take. In Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin, for example, nouns are categorized by gender and inflected for case and number . Because adjectives share these three grammatical categories , adjectives typically were placed in
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#17327908471141056-442: Is little difference between the adverb gleefully and the prepositional phrase with glee . A functional approach defines a noun as a word that can be the head of a nominal phrase, i.e., a phrase with referential function, without needing to go through morphological transformation. Nouns can have a number of different properties and are often sub-categorized based on various of these criteria, depending on their occurrence in
1104-424: Is the notion of conjugation classes, which are a set of groups into which each lexical verb falls. They determine how a verb is conjugated for Tense–aspect–mood . The classes can but do not universally correspond to the transitivity or valency of the verb in question. Generally, of the two to six conjugation classes in a Pama-Nyungan language, two classes are open with a large membership and allow for new coinages, and
1152-410: Is usually the most irregular verb. The similarities in corresponding verb forms may be noticed. Some of the conjugations may be disused, like the English thou -form, or have additional meanings, like the English you -form, which can also stand for second person singular or be impersonal . son One common feature of Pama–Nyungan languages , the largest family of Australian Aboriginal languages ,
1200-419: The head of a noun phrase . According to traditional and popular classification, pronouns are distinct from nouns, but in much modern theory they are considered a subclass of nouns. Every language has various linguistic and grammatical distinctions between nouns and verbs . Word classes (parts of speech) were described by Sanskrit grammarians from at least the 5th century BC. In Yāska 's Nirukta ,
1248-874: The l -class and intransitive/semi-transitive verbs in the ∅- class. These classes even extend to how verbs are nominalized as instruments with the l- class verb including the addition of an /l/ before the nominalizing suffix and the blank class remaining blank: l-class example: Kunyjarta-lu Woman- ERG mara hand ku-rnu CAUS - PST parnu-nga 3SG - GEN warnta stick pirri-lpunyjarri, dig- INS kurni-rnu throw- PST kunyjarta woman kurri teenager Kunyjarta-lu mara ku-rnu parnu-nga warnta pirri-lpunyjarri, kurni-rnu kunyjarta kurri Woman-ERG hand CAUS-PST 3SG-GEN stick dig-INS throw-PST woman teenager ‘(The) woman caused her digging stick to be in (the) hand (i.e. picked up her digging stick), (and) threw (it) at (the) girl.’ ∅-class example Noun In grammar ,
1296-441: The senses ( chair , apple , Janet , atom ), as items supposed to exist in the physical world. Abstract nouns , on the other hand, refer to abstract objects : ideas or concepts ( justice , anger , solubility , duration ). Some nouns have both concrete and abstract meanings: art usually refers to something abstract ("Art is important in human culture"), but it can also refer to a concrete item ("I put my daughter's art up on
1344-443: The sex or social gender of the noun's referent, particularly in the case of nouns denoting people (and sometimes animals), though with exceptions (the feminine French noun personne can refer to a male or a female person). In Modern English, even common nouns like hen and princess and proper nouns like Alicia do not have grammatical gender (their femininity has no relevance in syntax), though they denote persons or animals of
1392-594: The French je suis (I am) can be simply soy (lit. "am"). The pronoun yo (I) in the explicit form yo soy is used only for emphasis or to clear ambiguity in complex texts. Some languages have a richer agreement system in which verbs agree also with some or all of their objects. Ubykh exhibits verbal agreement for the subject, direct object, indirect object, benefaction and ablative objects ( a.w3.s.xe.n.t'u.n , you gave it to him for me ). Basque can show agreement not only for subject, direct object and indirect object but it also can exhibit agreement for
1440-759: The adjectives happy and serene ; circulation from the verb circulate ). Illustrating the wide range of possible classifying principles for nouns, the Awa language of Papua New Guinea regiments nouns according to how ownership is assigned: as alienable possession or inalienable possession. An alienably possessed item (a tree, for example) can exist even without a possessor. But inalienably possessed items are necessarily associated with their possessor and are referred to differently, for example with nouns that function as kin terms (meaning "father", etc.), body-part nouns (meaning "shadow", "hair", etc.), or part–whole nouns (meaning "top", "bottom", etc.). A noun phrase (or NP )
1488-401: The definite article is le for masculine nouns and la for feminine; adjectives and certain verb forms also change (sometimes with the simple addition of -e for feminine). Grammatical gender often correlates with the form of the noun and the inflection pattern it follows; for example, in both Italian and Romanian most nouns ending in -a are feminine. Gender can also correlate with
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1536-498: The famous poets Imru' al-Qais and Jarir ibn Atiyah . Gibraltar is the Spanish derivation of the Arabic name Jabal Aṭtāriq (جبل طارق), meaning "Mountain of Tariq". Grammatical conjugation In linguistics , conjugation ( / ˌ k ɒ n dʒ ʊ ˈ ɡ eɪ ʃ ən / ) is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (alteration of form according to rules of grammar ). For instance,
1584-525: The following, an asterisk (*) in front of an example means that this example is ungrammatical. Nouns have sometimes been characterized in terms of the grammatical categories by which they may be varied (for example gender , case , and number ). Such definitions tend to be language-specific, since different languages may apply different categories. Nouns are frequently defined, particularly in informal contexts, in terms of their semantic properties (their meanings). Nouns are described as words that refer to
1632-474: The forms that are derived from them (the common noun in "he's an Albanian "; the adjectival forms in "he's of Albanian heritage" and " Newtonian physics", but not in " pasteurized milk"; the second verb in "they sought to Americanize us"). Count nouns or countable nouns are common nouns that can take a plural , can combine with numerals or counting quantifiers (e.g., one , two , several , every , most ), and can take an indefinite article such as
1680-482: The fridge"). A noun might have a literal (concrete) and also a figurative (abstract) meaning: "a brass key " and "the key to success"; "a block in the pipe" and "a mental block ". Similarly, some abstract nouns have developed etymologically by figurative extension from literal roots ( drawback , fraction , holdout , uptake ). Many abstract nouns in English are formed by adding a suffix ( -ness , -ity , -ion ) to adjectives or verbs ( happiness and serenity from
1728-583: The house door). Due to the heat of travel in the Arabian Peninsula , visitors would generally arrive at night. The use of the word appears in several places including the Quran, where ṭāriq is used to refer to the brilliant star at night, because it comes out visiting at night, and this is the common understanding of the word nowadays due to the Qur'an. It can also be found in many poems. For example, from
1776-622: The listener as the implicit benefactor: autoa ekarri digute means "they brought us the car" (neuter agreement for the listener), but autoa ekarri ziguten means "they brought us the car" (agreement for feminine singular listener). Languages with a rich agreement morphology facilitate relatively free word order without leading to increased ambiguity. The canonical word order in Basque is subject–object–verb , but all permutations of subject, verb and object are permitted. In some languages, predicative adjectives and copular complements receive
1824-402: The most complex conjugations, although some fusional languages such as Archi can also have extremely complex conjugation. Typically the principal parts are the root and/or several modifications of it ( stems ). All the different forms of the same verb constitute a lexeme , and the canonical form of the verb that is conventionally used to represent that lexeme (as seen in dictionary entries)
1872-596: The noun ( nāma ) is one of the four main categories of words defined. The Ancient Greek equivalent was ónoma (ὄνομα), referred to by Plato in the Cratylus dialog , and later listed as one of the eight parts of speech in The Art of Grammar , attributed to Dionysius Thrax (2nd century BC). The term used in Latin grammar was nōmen . All of these terms for "noun" were also words meaning "name". The English word noun
1920-467: The nouns present those entities. Many nouns have both countable and uncountable uses; for example, soda is countable in "give me three sodas", but uncountable in "he likes soda". Collective nouns are nouns that – even when they are treated in their morphology and syntax as singular – refer to groups consisting of more than one individual or entity. Examples include committee , government , and police . In English these nouns may be followed by
1968-675: The other hand I goes , you goes etc. are not grammatical in standard English. (Things are different in some English dialects that lack agreement.) A few English verbs have no special forms that indicate subject agreement ( I may , you may , he may ), and the verb to be has an additional form am that can only be used with the pronoun I as the subject. Verbs in written French exhibit more intensive agreement morphology than English verbs: je suis (I am), tu es ("you are", singular informal ), elle est (she is), nous sommes (we are), vous êtes ("you are", plural), ils sont (they are). Historically, English used to have
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2016-501: The present tense (of the infinitive, if it exists, and indicative moods), in English , German , Yiddish , Dutch , Afrikaans , Icelandic , Faroese , Swedish , Norwegian , Latvian , Bulgarian , Serbo-Croatian , Polish , Slovenian , Macedonian , Urdu or Hindi , Persian , Latin , French , Italian , Spanish , Portuguese , Russian , Albanian , Armenian , Irish , Ukrainian , Ancient Attic Greek and Modern Greek . This
2064-540: The remainder are closed and of limited membership. In Wati languages , verbs generally fall into four classes: They are labelled by using common morphological components of verb endings in each respective class in infinitival forms. In the Wanman language these each correspond to la , ya , rra , and wa verbs respectively. See also a similar table of verb classes and conjugations in Pitjantjatjara,
2112-458: The same class as nouns. Similarly, the Latin term nōmen includes both nouns (substantives) and adjectives, as originally did the English word noun , the two types being distinguished as nouns substantive and nouns adjective (or substantive nouns and adjective nouns , or simply substantives and adjectives ). (The word nominal is now sometimes used to denote a class that includes both nouns and adjectives.) Many European languages use
2160-405: The standard conjugation patterns of the language is said to be an irregular verb . The system of all conjugated variants of a particular verb or class of verbs is called a verb paradigm ; this may be presented in the form of a conjugation table . Verbal agreement , or concord , is a morpho - syntactic construct in which properties of the subject and/or objects of a verb are indicated by
2208-461: The start of this article), but this could not apply in Russian , which has no definite articles. In some languages common and proper nouns have grammatical gender, typically masculine, feminine, and neuter. The gender of a noun (as well as its number and case, where applicable) will often require agreement in words that modify or are used along with it. In French for example, the singular form of
2256-989: The verb break can be conjugated to form the words break , breaks , and broke . While English has a relatively simple conjugation, other languages such as French and Arabic or Spanish are more complex, with each verb having dozens of conjugated forms. Some languages such as Georgian and Basque have highly complex conjugation systems with hundreds of possible conjugations for every verb. Verbs may inflect for grammatical categories such as person , number , gender , case , tense , aspect , mood , voice , possession , definiteness , politeness , causativity , clusivity , interrogatives , transitivity , valency , polarity , telicity , volition , mirativity , evidentiality , animacy , associativity, pluractionality , and reciprocity . Verbs may also be affected by agreement , polypersonal agreement , incorporation , noun class , noun classifiers , and verb classifiers . Agglutinative and polysynthetic languages tend to have
2304-417: The verb form. Verbs are then said to agree with their subjects (resp. objects). Many English verbs exhibit subject agreement of the following sort: whereas I go , you go , we go , they go are all grammatical in standard English, he go is not (except in the subjunctive , as "They requested that he go with them"). Instead, a special form of the verb to go has to be used to produce he goes . On
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